301
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants among illicit drug users

, &
Pages 109-116 | Received 30 Jul 2012, Accepted 14 Feb 2013, Published online: 09 Apr 2013

References

  • Advokat CD, Guidry D, Martino L. Licit and illicit use of medications for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in undergraduate college students. Journal of American College Health 2008; 56: 601–606
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2005). 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: Detailed findings (No. AIHW cat. no. PHE 66.). Canberra: AIHW.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008). 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: Detailed findings. Canberra: AIHW.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2011). 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Canberra: AIHW.
  • Barrett SP, Darredeau C, Bordy LE, Pihl RO. Characteristics of methylphenidate misuse in a university student sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 2005; 50: 457–461
  • Black, E., Dunn, M., Degenhardt, L., Campbell, G., George, J., Kinner, S., … Urbancic-Kenny, A. (2008). Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2007: Findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) (Australian Drug Trends Series No. 10). Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.
  • Black E, Roxburgh A, Degenhardt L, Bruno R, Campbell G, de Graaff B, White N, et al. Australian drug trends 2007. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2008
  • Carise D, Dugosh KL, McLellan AT, Camilleri A, Woody GE, Lynch KG. Prescription OxyContin abuse among patients entering addiction treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1750–1756
  • Cicero TJ, Inciardi JA, Munoz A. Trends in abuse of Oxycontin and other opioid analgesics in the United States: 2002–2004. The Journal of Pain 2005; 6: 662–672
  • Currie CL, Schopflocher DP, Wild TC. Prevalence and correlates of 12-month prescription drug misuse in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 56: 27–34
  • Darke S. Self-report among injecting drug users: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998; 51: 253–263, discussion 267–258
  • Darke S, Hall W. Levels and correlates of polydrug use among heroin users and regular amphetamine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1995; 39: 231–235
  • Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J. Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008; 27: 253–262
  • Darke S, Topp L, Ross J. The injection of methadone and benzodiazepines among Sydney injecting drug users 1996–2000: 5-year monitoring of trends from the Illicit Drug Reporting System. Drug and Alcohol Review 2002; 21: 27–32
  • Darke S, Torok M, Kaye S, Ross J, McKetin R. Comparative rates of violent crime among regular methamphetamine and opioid users: Offending and victimization. Addiction 2010; 105: 916–919
  • Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Black E, Bruno R, Campbell G, Kinner S, Fetherston J. The epidemiology of methamphetamine use and harm in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008; 27: 243–252
  • Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J, Kessler RC, Gazzaniga M, Campbell P, Farah MJ. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Nature 2008; 456: 702–705
  • Habibzadeh A, Alizadeh M, Malek A, Maghbooli L, Shoja MM, Ghabili K. Illicit methylphenidate use among Iranian medical students: Prevalence and knowledge. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2011; 5: 71–76
  • Hall W, Hando J. Route of administration and adverse effects of amphetamine use among young adults in Syndney, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 1994; 13: 277–284
  • Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Smith SL. The neuropharmacology of ADHD drugs in vivo: Insights on efficacy and safety. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57: 608–618
  • Jones JD, Vosburg SK, Manubay JM, Comer SD. Oxycodone abuse in New York City: Characteristics of intravenous and intranasal users. The American Journal on Addictions 2011; 20: 190–195
  • Judson R, Langdon SW. Illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students: Prescription status, motives, theory of planned behaviour, knowledge and self-diagnostic tendencies. Psychology Health & Medicine 2009; 14: 97–104
  • Kaye S, Darke S. The diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants: What do we know and why should we care?. Addiction 2012; 107: 467–477
  • Kollins SH. Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: A review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003; 64: 14–18
  • Kollins SH. Abuse liability of medications used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). American Journal on Addictions 2007; 16: 35–42
  • Kroutil LA, Van Brunt DL, Herman-Stahl MA, Heller DC, Bray RM, Penne MA. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006; 84: 135–143
  • Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A. Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. Brain and Behavior 2012; 2: 661–677
  • Ledgerwood DM, Goldberger BA, Risk NK, Lewis CE, Price RK. Comparison between self-report and hair analysis of illicit drug use in a community sample of middle-aged men. Addictive Behaviors 2008; 33: 1131–1139
  • Lord S, Downs G, Furtaw P, Chaudhuri A, Silverstein A, Gammaitoni A, Budman S. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and stimulants among student pharmacists. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2009; 49: 519–528
  • McCabe SE, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ. Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Addictive Behaviors 2007; 32: 562–575
  • McCabe SE, Knight JR, Teter CJ, Wechsler H. Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. [Erratum appeared in Addiction, 2005 Apr;100(4):573]. Addiction 2005; 100: 96–106
  • McCabe SE, Teter CJ. Drug use related problems among nonmedical users of prescription stimulants: A web-based survey of college students from a Midwestern university. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2007; 91: 69–76
  • McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2006; 38: 43–56
  • McCabe SE, West BT, Teter CJ, Cranford JA, Ross-Durow PL, Boyd CJ. Adolescent nonmedical users of prescription opioids: Brief screening and substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors 2012; 37: 651–656
  • MIMS Australia Pty Ltd. (2011). MIMS Online. Retrieved 12 May 2011, from CMPMedica Australia Pty Ltd: https://www.mimsonline.com.au
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (2005). Prescription drugs. Abuse and addiction (No. 05-4881). NIDA Research Report Series. U.S. Department of Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
  • Nissen SE. ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 354: 1445–1448
  • Novak SP, Kroutil LA, Williams RL, Van Brunt DL. The nonmedical use of prescription ADHD medications: Results from a national Internet panel. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2007; 2: 32
  • O'Brien S, Black E, Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Campbell G, de Graaff B, White N, et al. Australian Drug Trends 2006. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2007
  • Paulozzi LJ. Opioid analgesic involvement in drug abuse deaths in American metropolitan areas. American Journal of Public Health 2006; 96: 1755–1757
  • Paulozzi LJ, Ryan GW. Opioid analgesics and rates of fatal drug poisoning in the United States. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2006; 31: 506–511
  • Poulin C. From attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to medical stimulant use to the diversion of prescribed stimulants to non-medical stimulant use: Connecting the dots. Addiction 2007; 102: 740–751
  • Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hoyle RH, McCabe SE, Swartzwelder HS. The misuse and diversion of prescribed ADHD medications by college students. Journal of Attention Disorders 2009; 13: 144–153
  • Sepulveda DR, Thomas LM, McCabe SE, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ. Misuse of prescribed stimulant medication for ADHD and associated patterns of substance use: Preliminary analysis among college students. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2011; 24: 551–560
  • Sindicich N, Burns L. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2009: Findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2010
  • Sindicich N, Burns L. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2010: Findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drug Reporting System (EDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2011
  • Sindicich N, Burns L. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2011: Findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2012
  • Sindicich N, Burns L, Stafford J, George J, Kong F, Matthews A, White N, et al. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2008: Findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2009
  • SPSS Inc. (2009). PASW Statistics Version 18.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
  • Stafford J, Burns L. Australian drug trends 2009: Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2010
  • Stafford J, Burns L. Australian drug trends 2010. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2011
  • Stafford J, Burns L. Australian drug trends 2011. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2012a
  • Stafford J, Burns L. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2012b
  • Stafford J, Sindicich N, Burns L, Cassar J, Cogger S, de Graaff B, White N, et al. Australian drug trends 2008. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2009
  • Vetter VL, Elia J, Erickson C, Berger S, Blum N, Uzark K, American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing., et al. Cardiovascular monitoring of children and adolescents with heart disease receiving medications for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [corrected]: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation 2008; 117: 2407–2423
  • Welp EA, Bosman I, Langendam MW, Totte M, Maes RA, van Ameijden EJ. Amount of self-reported illicit drug use compared to quantitative hair test results in community-recruited young drug users in Amsterdam. Addiction 2003; 98: 987–994
  • Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Fusillo S, et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008; 47: 21–31
  • Wilens TE, Gignac M, Swezey A, Monuteaux MC, Biederman J. Characteristics of adolescents and young adults with ADHD who divert or misuse their prescribed medications. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 45: 408–414
  • World Health Organisation (1997). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Core Version 2.1. Geneva: World Health Organisation.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.