Experimental evidence of false-positive Comet test results due to TiO₂ particle – assay interactions

References

• Asharani PV, Low Kah Mun G, Hande MP, Valiyaveettil S. 2009. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 3:279–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasik A, Lankoff A, Piskulak A, Adamowska K, Lisowska H, Wojcik A. 2005. Aluminum-induced micronuclei and apoptosis in human peripheral-blood lymphocytes treated during different phases of the cell cycle. Environ Toxicol 20:402–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya K, Davoren M, Boertz J, Schins RP, Hoffmann E, Dopp E. 2009. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and dna-adduct formation but not dna-breakage in human lung cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 6:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Von Mikecz A. 2005. Formation of nucleoplasmic protein aggregates impairs nuclear function in response to Sio2 nanoparticles. Exp Cell Res 305:51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. 2009. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of dna damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 25:5–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionisi F, Golay PA, Elli M, Fay LB. 1999. Stability of cyclopropane and conjugated linoleic acids during fatty acid quantification in lactic acid bacteria. Lipids 34:1107–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson K, Poland CA, Schins RP. 2010. Possible genotoxic mechanisms of nanoparticles: criteria for improved test strategies. Nanotoxicology 4:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel J. 2000. Cell biology of tetrahymena thermophila. Methods Cell Biol 62:27–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez L, Sanderson BJ, Kirsch-Volders M. 2011. Adaptations of the in vitro mn assay for the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Mutagenesis 26:185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassian VH, O'shaughnessy PT, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS. 2007. Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 To 5 Nm. Environ Health Perspect 115:397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greim H, Norppa H. 2010. Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials–conclusions. Nanotoxicology 4:421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurr JR, Wang AS, Chen CH, Jan KY. 2005. Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 213:66–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez JC, Martín-González A, Diaz S, Ortega R. 2003. Ciliates as apotentialsource of cellular and molecular biomarkers/biosensors for heavy metal pollution. Eur J Protistol 39:461–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook RD, Murphy KE, Morrow JB, Cole KD. 2008. Trophic transfer of nanoparticles in a simplified invertebrate food web. Nat Nanotechnol 3:352–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahru A, Dubourguier HC, Blinova I, Ivask A, Kasemets K. 2008. Biotests and biosensors for ecotoxicology of metal oxide nanoparticles: a minireview. Sensors 8:5153–5170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ, Chung HW. 2008. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger P53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 49:399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson HL. 2010. The comet assay in nanotoxicology research. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:651–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lah B, Malovrh S, Narat M, Cepeljnik T, Marinsek-Logar R. 2004. Detection and quantification of genotoxicity in wastewater-treated tetrahymena thermophila using the comet assay. Environ Toxicol 19:545–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsiedel R, Kapp MD, Schulz M, Wiench K, Oesch F. 2009. Genotoxicity investigations on nanomaterials: methods, preparation and characterization of test material, potential artifacts and limitations–many questions, some answers. Mutat Res 681:241–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Van Ravenzwaay B, Schulz M, Wiench K, Champ S, 2010. Gene toxicity studies on titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials used for Uv-protection in cosmetic formulations. Nanotoxicology 4:364–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel CP, Ischiropoulos H, Bondy SC. 1992. Evaluation of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol 5:227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MH, Hsu TS, Yang PM, Tsai MY, Perng TP, Lin LY. 2009. Comparison of organic and inorganic germanium compounds in cellular radiosensitivity and preparation of germanium nanoparticles as a radiosensitizer. Int J Radiat Biol 85:214–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N. 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311:622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Villasante C, Rellan-Alvarez R, Del Campo FF, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Hernandez LE. 2005. Cellular damage induced by cadmium and mercury in medicago sativa. J Exp Bot 56:2239–2251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkovic J, Kuzma T, Rade K, Novak S, Filipic M. 2011a. Pre-irradiation of anatase Tio2 particles with uv enhances their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in human hepatoma Hepg2 cells. J Hazard Mater 196:145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkovic J, Zegura B, Stevanovic M, Drnovsek N, Uskokovic D, Novak S, 2011b. Dna damage and alterations in expression of dna damage responsive genes induced by Tio2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma Hepg2 cells. Nanotoxicology 5:341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathya TN, Vardhini NV, Balakrishnamurthy P. 2010. Revolution of ‘Nano’ in in-vitro genetic toxicology. J Cell Tissue Res 10:2389–2396.
   Google Scholar
• Sauvant MP, Pepin D, Piccinni E. 1999. Tetrahymena pyriformis: a tool for toxicological studies. A review. Chemosphere 38:1631–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz TW. 1997. Influence of the energy relationship of organic compounds on toxicity to the cladoceran daphnia magna and the fish pimephales promelas. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 38:336–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone V, Johnston H, Schins RP. 2009. Development of in vitro systems for nanotoxicology: methodological considerations. Crit Rev Toxicol 39:613–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice RR, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H, 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:206–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouiller B, Reliene R, Westbrook A, Solaimani P, Schiestl RH. 2009. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce dna damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice. Cancer Res 69:8784–8789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Kreutzer DA, Essigmann JM. 1998. Mutagenicity and repair of oxidative DNA damage: insights from studies using defined lesions. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 400:99–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warheit DB, Donner EM. 2010. Rationale of genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials: regulatory requirements and appropriateness of available oecd test guidelines. Nanotoxicology 4:409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojewodzka M, Buraczewska I, Kruszewski M. 2002. A modified neutral comet assay: elimination of lysis at high temperature and validation of the assay with anti-single-stranded DNA antibody. Mutat Res 518:9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar