Determinants of outcome in lumbar spinal stenosis surgery

References

• Aalto TJ, Malmivaara A, Kovacs F, Herno A, Alen M, Salmi L, et al. Preoperative predictors for postoperative clinical outcome in lumbar spinal stenosis: systematic review. Spine 2006; 31(18): E648–663.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Agt HM, Essink-Bot ML, Krabbe PF, Bonsel GJ. Test-retest reliability of health state valuations collected with the EuroQol questionnaire. Soc Sci Med 1994; 39(11): 1537–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airaksinen O, Herno A, Turunen V, Saari T, Suomlainen O. Surgical outcome of 438 patients treated surgically for lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1997; 22(19): 2278–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albee F. Transplantation of portion of the tibia into the spine for Pott´s disease. JAMA 1911(57): 885–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ammendolia C, Stuber K, Tomkins-Lane C, Schneider M, Rampersaud YR, Furlan AD, et al. What interventions improve walking ability in neurogenic claudication with lumbar spinal stenosis? A systematic review. Eur Spine J 2014; 23(6): 1282-301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amundsen T, Weber H, Nordal HJ, Magnaes B, Abdelnoor M, Lilleâs F. Lumbar spinal stenosis: conservative or surgical management?: A prospective 10-year study. Spine 2000; 25(11): 1424–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreisek G, Hodler J, Steurer J. Uncertainties in the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. Radiology 2011; 261(3): 681–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreisek G, Imhof M, Wertli M, Winklhofer S, Pfirrmann CWA, Hodler J, et al. A systematic review of semiquantitative and qualitative radiologic criteria for the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201(5): W735–746.
   Google Scholar
• Arnoldi CC, Brodsky AE, Cauchoix J, Crock HV, Dommisse GF, Edgar MA, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis and nerve root entrapment syndromes. Definition and classification. Clin Orthop 1976; (115): 4–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athiviraham A, Yen D, Scott C, Soboleski D. Clinical correlation of radiological spinal stenosis after standardization for vertebral body size. Clin Radiol 2007; 62(8): 776–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atlas SJ, Deyo RA, Keller RB, Chapin AM, Patrick DL, Long JM, et al. The Maine Lumbar Spine Study, Part II. 1-year outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1996; 21(15): 1787–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Robson D, Deyo RA, Singer DE. Surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: four-year outcomes from the maine lumbar spine study. Spine 2000; 25(5): 556–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atlas SJ, Tosteson TD, Blood EA, Skinner JS, Pransky GS, Weinstein JN. The impact of workers’ compensation on outcomes of surgical and nonoperative therapy for patients with a lumbar disc herniation: SPORT. Spine 2010; 35(1): 89–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axelsson P, Karlsson BS. Intervertebral mobility in the progressive degenerative process. A radiostereometric analysis. Eur Spine J 2004; 13(6): 567–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae HW, Rajaee SS, Kanim LE. Nationwide trends in the surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2013; 38(11): 916–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet 2012; 379(9814): 482–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros AJD, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003; 3: 21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barz T, Melloh M, Staub LP, Lord SJ, Lange J, Röder CP, et al. Nerve root sedimentation sign: evaluation of a new radiological sign in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2010; 35(8): 892–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoist M. The natural history of lumbar degenerative spinal stenosis. Jt Bone Spine Rev Rhum 2002; 69(5): 450–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson K, Hartz AJ. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(25): 1878–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlemann U, Jeszenszky DJ, Bühler DW, Harms J. The role of lumbar lordosis, vertebral end-plate inclination, disc height, and facet orientation in degenerative spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord 1999; 12(1): 68–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird HA, Eastmond CJ, Hudson A, Wright V. Is generalized joint laxity a factor in spondylolisthesis? Scand J Rheumatol 1980; 9(4): 203–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birkmeyer NJO, Weinstein JN, Tosteson ANA, Tosteson TD, Skinner JS, Lurie JD, et al. Design of the Spine Patient outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine 2002; 27(12): 1361–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black N. Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare. BMJ 1996; 312: 1215-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72(3): 403–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden SD, Riew KD, Yamaguchi K, Branch TP, Schellinger D, Wiesel SW. Orientation of the lumbar facet joints: association with degenerative disc disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996; 78(3): 403–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolender NF, Schönström NS, Spengler DM. Role of computed tomography and myelography in the diagnosis of central spinal stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67(2): 240–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bombardier C. Outcome assessments in the evaluation of treatment of spinal disorders: summary and general recommendations. Spine 2000; 25(24): 3100–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazier J, Jones N, Kind P. Testing the validity of the Euroqol and comparing it with the SF-36 health survey questionnaire. Qual Life Res 1993; 2(3): 169–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bridwell KH, Sedgewick TA, O’Brien MF, Lenke LG, Baldus C. The role of fusion and instrumentation in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord 1993; 6(6): 461–72.
   Google Scholar
• Burström K, Johannesson M, Diderichsen F. Health-related quality of life by disease and socio-economic group in the general population in Sweden. Health Policy 2001a; 55(1): 51–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burström K, Johannesson M, Diderichsen F. Swedish population health-related quality of life results using the EQ-5D. Qual Life Res 2001b; 10(7): 621–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao T, Pham K, Steward O, Gupta R. Chronic nerve compression injury induces a phenotypic switch of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2008; 506(2): 180–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaput C, Padon D, Rush J, Lenehan E, Rahm M. The significance of increased fluid signal on magnetic resonance imaging in lumbar facets in relationship to degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine 2007; 32(17): 1883–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Chiro G, Schellinger D. Computed tomography of spinal cord after lumbar intrathecal introduction of metrizamide (computer-assisted myelography). Radiology 1976; 120(1): 101–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho BY, Murovic JA, Park J. Imaging correlation of the degree of degenerative L4-5 spondylolisthesis with the corresponding amount of facet fluid. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11(5): 614–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cinotti G, Postacchini F, Fassari F, Urso S. Predisposing factors in degenerative spondylolisthesis. A radiographic and CT study. Int Orthop 1997; 21(5): 337–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cleveland M, Bosworth DM, Thompson FR. Pseudarthrosis in the lumbosacral spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1948; 30A(2): 302–12.
   Google Scholar
• Coast J, Peters TJ, Richards SH, Gunnell DJ. Use of the EuroQoL among elderly acute care patients. Qual Life Res 1998; 7(1): 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobo Soriano J, Sendino Revuelta M, Fabregate Fuente M, Cimarra Díaz I, Martínez Ureña P, Deglané Meneses R. Predictors of outcome after decompressive lumbar surgery and instrumented posterolateral fusion. Eur Spine J 2010; 19(11): 1841–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, Chu H, Westreich D, Richardson D, et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39(2): 417–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(25): 1887–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornefjord M, Byröd G, Brisby H, Rydevik B. A long-term (4- to 12-year) follow-up study of surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J 2000; 9(6): 563–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cressman MR, Pawl RP. Serpentine myelographic defect caused by a redundant nerve root. Case report. J Neurosurg 1968; 28: 391-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai LY. Orientation and tropism of lumbar facet joints in degenerative spondylolisthesis. Int Orthop 2001; 25(1): 40–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danielson B, Frennered K, Irstam L. Roentgenologic assessment of spondylolisthesis. I. A study of measurement variations. Acta Radiol 1988; 29(3): 345–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson B, Frennered K, Selvik G, Irstam L. Roentgenologic assessment of spondylolisthesis. II. An evaluation of progression. Acta Radiol 1989; 30(1): 65–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson B, Willén J. Axially loaded magnetic resonance image of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic individuals. Spine 2001; 26(23): 2601–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delamarter RB, Bohlman HH, Dodge LD, Biro C. Experimental lumbar spinal stenosis. Analysis of the cortical evoked potentials, microvasculature, and histopathology. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72(1): 110–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deyo RA, Nachemson A, Mirza SK. Spinal-fusion surgery - the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(7): 722–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, Mirza S, Martin BI. United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine 2005; 30(12): 1441–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA. Back surgery--who needs it? N Engl J Med 2007; 356(22): 2239–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA. Treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a balancing act. Spine J 2010; 10(7): 625–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI, Kreuter W, Goodman DC, Jarvik JG. Trends, major medical complications, and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults. JAMA 2010; 303(13): 1259–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Martin BI, Kreuter W, Jarvik JG, Angier H, Mirza SK. Revision surgery following operations for lumbar stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93(21): 1979–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond GA. Randomized Trials, Observational registries, and the foundations of evidence-based medicine. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113(8): 1436-41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donath J, Vogl A. Untersuchungen über den chondrodystrophischen Zwergwuchs Weiner. Wien Arch Intern Med 1925; 10: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Dorman P, Slattery J, Farrell B, Dennis M, Sandercock P. Qualitative comparison of the reliability of health status assessments with the EuroQol and SF-36 questionnaires after stroke. United Kingdom Collaborators in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 1998; 29(1): 63–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstein S. Fusion for spinal stenosis: a personal view. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84(1): 9–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Englbrecht M, Tarner IH, van der Heijde DM, Manger B, Bombardier C, Muller-Ladner U. Measuring pain and efficacy of pain treatment in inflammatory arthritis: a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol Suppl 2012; 90(0): 3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Essink-Bot ML, Krabbe PF, Bonsel GJ, Aaronson NK. An empirical comparison of four generic health status measures. The Nottingham Health Profile, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, the COOP/WONCA charts, and the EuroQol instrument. Med Care 1997; 35(5): 522–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EuroQol Group. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990; 16(3): 199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O’Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 1980; 66(8): 271–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine 2000; 25(22): 2940–2952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazal A, Yoo A, Bendo JA. Does the presence of the nerve root sedimentation sign on MRI correlate with the operative level in patients undergoing posterior lumbar decompression for lumbar stenosis? Spine J 2013; 13(8): 837–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feffer HL, Wiesel SW, Cuckler JM, Rothman RH. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. To fuse or not to fuse. Spine 1985; 10(3): 287–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenton JJ, Jerant AF, Bertakis KD, Franks P. The cost of satisfaction: a national study of patient satisfaction, health care utilization, expenditures, and mortality. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172(5): 405–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, Brower R, Montgomery DM, Kurz LT. 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation. Spine 1997; 22(24): 2807–12.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman MK, Hilibrand AS, Blood EA, Zhao W, Albert TJ, Vaccaro AR, et al. The impact of diabetes on the outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of patients in the spine patient outcomes research trial. Spine 2011; 36(4): 290–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritzell P, Hägg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A, Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: Lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine 2001; 26(23): 2521–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Försth P, Michaëlsson K, Sandén B. Does fusion improve the outcome after decompressive surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis?: A two-year follow-up study involving 5390 patients. Bone Jt J 2013; 95-B(7): 960–5.
   Google Scholar
• Geisser ME, Haig AJ, Tong HC, Yamakawa KSJ, Quint DJ, Hoff JT, et al. Spinal canal size and clinical symptoms among persons diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin J Pain 2007; 23(9): 780–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghogawala Z, Benzel EC, Amin-Hanjani S, Barker FG 2nd, Harrington JF, Magge SN, et al. Prospective outcomes evaluation after decompression with or without instrumented fusion for lumbar stenosis and degenerative Grade I spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine 2004; 1(3): 267–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giantomaso T, Makowsky L, Ashworth NL, Sankaran R. The validity of patient and physician estimates of walking distance. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17(4): 394–401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Graaf I, Prak A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Thomas S, Peul W, Koes B. Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review of the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Spine 2006; 31(10): 1168–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grob D, Humke T, Dvorak J. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Decompression with and without arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77(7): 1036–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE, Pope MH. Etiology of spondylolisthesis. Assessment of the role played by lumbar facet joint morphology. Spine 1993; 18(1): 80–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Rowshan K, Chao T, Mozaffar T, Steward O. Chronic nerve compression induces local demyelination and remyelination in a rat model of carpal tunnel syndrome. Exp Neurol 2004; 187(2): 500–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadra BE. Wiring the spinous processes in Pott’s disease. Trans Am Orthop Assoc 1891; (4): 206–10.
   Google Scholar
• Haig AJ, Tomkins CC. Diagnosis and management of lumbar spinal stenosis. JAMA 2010; 303(1): 71–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haig AJ, Park P, Henke PK, Yamakawa KSJ, Tomkins-Lane C, Valdivia J, et al. Reliability of the clinical examination in the diagnosis of neurogenic versus vascular claudication. Spine J 2013; 13(12): 1826–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haig AJ. Diagnostic tests the NASS stenosis guidelines. Spine J 2014; 14(1): 200–1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haldeman S. Commentary: is patient satisfaction a reasonable outcome measure? Spine J 2012; 12(12): 1138–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall S, Bartleson JD, Onofrio BM, Baker HL Jr, Okazaki H, O’Duffy JD. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical features, diagnostic procedures, and results of surgical treatment in 68 patients. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103(2): 271–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara N, Oka H, Yamazaki T, Takeshita K, Murakami M, Hoshi K, et al. Predictors of residual symptoms in the lower extremities after decompression surgery on lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J 2010; 19: 1849-54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harmon PH. Indications for spinal fusion in lumbar diskopathy, instability and arthrosis. I. Anatomic and functional pathology and review of literature. Clin Orthop 1964; 34: 73–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrington PR. Treatment of scoliosis. Correction and internal fixation by spine instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1962; 44-A: 591–610.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegewa K, Kitahara K, Hara T, Takano K, Shimoda H. Biomechanical evaluation of segmental instability in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J 2009; 18(4): 465–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Shimoda H, Kitahara K, Sasaki K, Homma T. What are the reliable radiological indicators of lumbar segmental instability? J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93(5): 650–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Kitahara K, Shimoda H, Ishii K, Homma T. Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis is not always unstable. A clinico-biomechanical evidence. International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine; Presented at the annual meeting, Seoul Korea, june 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Herkowitz HN, Kurz LT. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. A prospective study comparing decompression with decompression and intertransverse process arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73(6): 802–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herno A, Airaksinen O, Saari T, Luukkonen M. Lumbar spinal stenosis: a matched-pair study of operated and non-operated patients. Br J Neurosurg 1996; 10(5): 461–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbs R. An operation for progressive spinal deformities. NY Med J 1911: (93): 1013–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hilibrand AS, Rand N. Degenerative lumbar stenosis: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999; 7(4): 239–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoeffner EG, Mukherji SK, Srinivasan A, Quint DJ. Neuroradiology back to the future: spine imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33(6): 999–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurri H, Slätis P, Soini J, Tallroth K, Alaranta H, Laine T, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: assessment of long-term outcome 12 years after operative and conservative treatment. J Spinal Disord 1998; 11(2): 110–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurst NP, Jobanputra P, Hunter M, Lambert M, Lochhead A, Brown H. Validity of Euroqol--a generic health status instrument--in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Economic and Health Outcomes Research Group. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33(7): 655–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurst NP, Kind P, Ruta D, Hunter M, Stubbings A. Measuring health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: validity, responsiveness and reliability of EuroQol (EQ-5D). Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(5): 551–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hägg O, Fritzell P, Nordwall A, Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. The clinical importance of changes in outcome scores after treatment for chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2003; 12(1): 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iguchi T, Kurihara A, Nakayama J, Sato K, Kurosaka M, Yamasaki K. Minimum 10-year outcome of decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2000; 25(14): 1754–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imada K, Matsui H, Tsuji H. Oophorectomy predisposes to degenerative spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995; 77(1): 126–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irwin ZN, Hilibrand A, Gustavel M, McLain R, Shaffer W, Myers M, et al. Variation in surgical decision making for degenerative spinal disorders. Part I: lumbar spine. Spine 2005; 30(19): 2208–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishimoto Y, Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Yamada H, Nagata K, Hashizume H, et al. Associations between radiographic lumbar spinal stenosis and clinical symptoms in the general population: the Wakayama Spine Study. Osteoarthr Cartil 2013; 21(6): 783–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iversen MD, Daltroy LH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The prognostic importance of patient pre-operative expectations of surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Patient Educ Couns 1998; 34(2): 169–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakola AS, Sørlie A, Gulati S, Nygaard OP, Lydersen S, Solberg T. Clinical outcomes and safety assessment in elderly patients undergoing decompressive laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective study. BMC Surg 2010; 10: 34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansson K-A, Blomqvist P, Granath F, Németh G. Spinal stenosis surgery in Sweden 1987-1999. Eur Spine J 2003; 12(5): 535–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansson K-A, Németh G, Granath F, Jönsson B, Blomqvist P. Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) before and one year after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91(2): 210–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, Modic MT, Malkasian D, Ross JS. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(2): 69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsson K. Lumbar spinal stenosis. A clinical, radiological and neurophysiological investigation. Malmö: Lund University; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsson KE, Udén A, Rosén I. The effect of decompression on the natural course of spinal stenosis. A comparison of surgically treated and untreated patients. Spine 1991; 16(6): 615–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnsson KE, Rosén I, Udén A. The natural course of lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1992; (279): 82–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junghanns H. Spondylolisthesen ohne Spalt im Zwischengelenkstück: Pseudospondylolisthesen. Arch für Orthop Unf-Chir 1931; 29(1): 118–27.
   Google Scholar
• Jönsson B. Lumbar nerve root compression syndromes. Symptoms, signs and surgical results. Lund: Lund University; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Jönsson B, Strömqvist B. Motor affliction of the L5 nerve root in lumbar nerve root compression syndromes. Spine 1995; 20(18): 2012–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jönsson B, Annertz M, Sjöberg C, Strömqvist B. A prospective and consecutive study of surgically treated lumbar spinal stenosis. Part II: Five-year follow-up by an independent observer. Spine 1997; 22(24): 2938–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalichman L, Cole R, Kim DH, Li L, Suri P, Guermazi A, et al. Spinal stenosis prevalence and association with symptoms: the Framingham Study. Spine J 2009; 9(7): 545–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapellen PJ, Beall DP. Imaging Evaluation of Low Back Pain: Important Imaging Features Associated With Clinical Symptoms. Semin Roentgenol 2010; 45(3): 218–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz JN, Dalgas M, Stucki G, Katz NP, Bayley J, Fossel AH, et al. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Diagnostic value of the history and physical examination. Arthritis Rheum 1995a; 38(9): 1236–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Brick GW, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN, Fossel AH, et al. Clinical correlates of patient satisfaction after laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1995b; 20(10): 1155–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Lew RA, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN, Brick GW, et al. Lumbar laminectomy alone or with instrumented or noninstrumented arthrodesis in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Patient selection, costs, and surgical outcomes. Spine 1997; 22(10): 1123–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz JN, Stucki G, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN. Predictors of surgical outcome in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1999; 24(21): 2229–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H-J, Kim S-C, Kang K-T, Chang B-S, Lee C-K, Yeom JS. Influence of educational attainment on pain intensity and disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: mediation effect of pain catastrophizing. Spine 2014; 39(10): E637-44.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Wedge JH, Yong-Hing K, Reilly J. Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis. Spine 1978; 3(4): 319–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Farfan HF. Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop 1982; (165): 110–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinstück FS, Grob D, Lattig F, Bartanusz V, Porchet F, Jeszenszky D, et al. The influence of preoperative back pain on the outcome of lumbar decompression surgery. Spine 2009; 34(11): 1198–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knaub MA, Won DS, McGuire R, Herkowitz HN. Lumbar spinal stenosis: indications for arthrodesis and spinal instrumentation. Instr Course Lect 2005; 54: 313–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knutsson B, Michaëlsson K, Sandén B. Obesity is associated with inferior results after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 2633 patients from the Swedish spine register. Spine 2013; 38(5): 435–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsson F. The instability associated with disk degeneration in the lumbar spine. Acta Radiol. 1944; (25): 593–609.
   Google Scholar
• Kornblum MB, Fischgrun JS, Herkowitz HN, Abraham DA, Berkower DL, Ditkoff JS. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective long-term study comparing fusion and pseudarthrosis. Spine 2004; 29: 726-33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs FM, Urrútia G, Alarcón JD. Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine 2011; 36(20): E1335–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, Gilbert TJ, Summers JT, Toton JF, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). Spine J 2013; 13(7): 734–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunogi J, Hasue M. Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression. Spine 1991; 16(11): 1312–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurd MF, Lurie JD, Zhao W, Tosteson T, Hilibrand AS, Rihn J, et al. Predictors of treatment choice in lumbar spinal stenosis: a spine patient outcomes research trial study. Spine 2012; 37(19): 1702–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange F. Support for the spondylitic spine by means of buried steel bars attached to the vertebrae. Am J Orthop Surg 1910; (8): 344–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lattig F, Fekete TF, Grob D, Kleinstück FS, Jeszenszky D, Mannion AF. Lumbar facet joint effusion in MRI: a sign of instability in degenerative spondylolisthesis? Eur Spine J 2012a; 21(2): 276–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lattig F, Fülöp Fekete T, Kleinstück FS, Porchet F, Jeszenszky D, Mannion AF. Lumbar facet joint effusion on MRI as a sign of unstable degenerative spondylolisthesis: should it influence the treatment decision? J Spinal Disord Tech 2012b; published online 24 luly 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ, Cramer H. Clinically meaningful differences in pain, disability and quality of life for chronic nonspecific neck pain - a reanalysis of 4 randomized controlled trials of cupping therapy. Complement Ther Med 2013; 21(4): 342–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MN, Julian JA. Registries that show efficacy: good, but not good enough. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(33): 5316–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJ, D’Agostino R, Cohen ML, Dickersin K, Emerson SS, Farrar JT, et al. The prevention of missing data in clinical trails. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1355-60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi JS, Wiltse LL, Reynolds J, Widell EH, Spencer C 3rd. Treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine 1985; 10(9): 821–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Love JG. Intraspinal protrusion of intervertebral discs. Arch Surg 1940; 40(3): 454.
   Google Scholar
• Lønne G, Odengard B, Johnsen LG, Solberg TK, Kvistad KA, Nygaard OP. MR evaluation of lumbar spinal stenosis: is rapid visual assessment as good as area measurement? Eur Spine J. 2014; 23: 1320-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macnab I. Spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch; the so-called pseudo-spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1950; 32(3): 325–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malmivaara A, Slätis P, Heliövaara M, Sainio P, Kinnunen H, Kankare J, et al. Surgical or nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis? A randomized controlled trial. Spine 2007; 32(1): 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannion AF, Mutter UM, Fekete TF, Porchet F, Jeszenszky D, Kleinstück FS. Validity of a single-item measure to assess leg or back pain as the predominant symptom in patients with degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 2014a; 23(4): 882–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannion AF, Leivseth G, Brox JI, Fritzell P, Hägg O, Fairbank JC. ISSLS Prize Winner: Long-term follow-up suggests spinal fusion is associated with increased adjacent segment disk degeneration but without influence on clinical outcome: results of a combined follow-up of from 4 randomized controlled trials. Spine 2014b; 39: 1373-83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardjetko SM, Connolly PJ, Shott S. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. A meta-analysis of literature 1970-1993. Spine 1994; 19(20 Suppl): 2256S–2265S.
   Google Scholar
• Mariconda M, Zanforlino G, Celestino GA, Brancaleone S, Fava R, Milano C. Factors influencing the outcome of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13(2): 131–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin CR, Gruszczynski AT, Braunsfurth HA, Fallatah SM, O’Neil J, Wai EK. The surgical management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Spine 2007; 32(16): 1791–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsudaira K, Yamazaki T, Seichi A, Takeshita K, Hoshi K, Kishimoto J, et al. Spinal stenosis in grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparative study of outcomes following laminoplasty and laminectomy with instrumented spinal fusion. J Orthop Sci 2005; 10(3): 270–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsunaga S, Sakou T, Morizono Y, Masuda A, Demirtas AM. Natural history of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Pathogenesis and natural course of the slippage. Spine 1990; 15(11): 1204–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsunaga S, Ijiri K, Hayashi K. Nonsurgically managed patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis: a 10-to 18-year follow-up study. J Neurosurgery 2000; 93(2 suppl):194-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattei TA. A gaze beyond the surface: acknowledging the little we know about radiographic parameters for evaluation of lumbar spinal stenosis. Neurosurgery 2013; 72(1): E135–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• May S, Comer C. Is surgery more effective than non-surgical treatment for spinal stenosis, and which non-surgical treatment is more effective? A systematic review. Physiotherapy 2013; 99(1): 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor AH, Hughes SPF. The evaluation of the surgical management of nerve root compression in patients with low back pain: Part 2: patient expectations and satisfaction. Spine 2002; 27(13): 1471–1476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyerding HW. Spondylolisthesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932; 54: 371-7.
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto H, Sumi M, Uno K, Tadokoro K, Mizuno K. Clinical outcome of nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis, and predictive factors relating to prognosis, in a 5-year minimum follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech 2008; 21(8): 563–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulholland RC. Scientific basis for the treatment of low back pain. Ann R Coll Surg 2007; 89(7): 677–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulholland RC. The myth of lumbar instability: the importance of abnormal loading as a cause of low back pain. Eur Spine J 2008; 17(5): 619–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munting E, Röder C, Sobottke R, Dietrich D, Aghayev E, on behalf of the Spine Tango Contributors. Patient outcomes after laminotomy, hemilaminectomy, laminectomy and laminectomy with instrumented fusion for spinal canal stenosis: a propensity score-based study from the Spine Tango registry. Eur Spine J, published online May 20, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Murata M, Morio Y, Kuranobu K. Lumbar disc degeneration and segmental instability: a comparison of magnetic resonance images and plain radiographs of patients with low back pain. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1994; 113(6): 297–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadeau M, Rosas-Arellano MP, Gurr KR, Bailey SI, Taylor DC, Grewal R, et al. The reliability of differentiating neurogenic claudication from vascular claudication based on symptomatic presentation. Can J Surg 2013; 56(6): 372–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman PH. Spondylolisthesis, its cause and effect. Ann R Coll Surg 1955; 16(5): 305–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng LCL, Tafazal S, Sell P. The effect of duration of symptoms on standard outcome measures in the surgical treatment of spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J 2007; 16(2): 199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon JE. Spinal stenosis. London: Edward Arnold; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Offierski CM, MacNab I. Hip-Spine syndrome. Spine 1983; 8: 316-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogikubo O, Forsberg L, Hansson T. The relationship between the cross-sectional area of the cauda equina and the preoperative symptoms in central lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2007; 32(13): 1423–1428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okoro T, Qureshi A, Sell B, Sell P. The accuracy of assessment of walking distance in the elective spinal outpatients setting. Eur Spine J 2010; 19(2): 279–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olmarker K, Rydevik B, Holm S, Bagge U. Effects of experimental graded compression on blood flow in spinal nerve roots. A vital microscopic study on the porcine cauda equina. J Orthop Res 1989; 7(6): 817–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park P, Garton HJ, Gala VC, Hoff JT, McGillicuddy JE. Adjacent segment disease after lumbar or lumbosacral fusion: review of the literature. Spine 2004; 29: 1938-44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DK, An HS, Lurie JD, Zhao W, Tosteson A, Tosteson TD, et al. Does multilevel lumbar stenosis lead to poorer outcomes?: a subanalysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) lumbar stenosis study. Spine 2010; 35(4): 439–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parke WW, Gammell K, Rothman RH. Arterial vascularization of the cauda equina. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981; 63(1): 53–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker SL, Adogwa O, Paul AR, Anderson WN, Aaronson O, Cheng JS, et al. Utility of minimum clinically important difference in assessing pain, disability, and health state after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 14(5): 598–604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson AM, Lurie JD, Blood EA, Frymoyer JW, Braeutigam H, An H, et al. Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trail: radiographic predictors of clinical outcomes after operative or non-operative treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine 2008; 33: 2759-66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson A, Blood E, Lurie J, Abdu W, Sengupta D, Frymoyer JW, et al. Predominant leg pain is associated with better surgical outcomes in degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis: results from the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine 2011; 36(3): 219–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson A, Lurie J, Tosteson T, Zhao W, Abdu W, Weinstein JN. Who should have surgery for spinal stenosis? Treatment effect predictors in SPORT. Spine 2012; 37(21): 1791–802.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedowitz RA, Garfin SR, Massie JB, Hargens AR, Swenson MR, Myers RR, et al. Effects of magnitude and duration of compression on spinal nerve root conduction. Spine 1992; 17(2): 194–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porter RW. Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication. Spine 1996; 21(17): 2046–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter RW, Hibbert C, Evans C. The natural history of root entrapment syndrome. Spine 1984; 9(4): 418–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Posner I, White AA 3rd, Edwards WT, Hayes WC. A biomechanical analysis of the clinical stability of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine. Spine 1982; 7(4): 374–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radcliff KE, Rihn J, Hilibrand A, DiIorio T, Tosteson T, Lurie JD, et al. Does the duration of symptoms in patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis affect outcomes?: analysis of the Spine Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2011; 36(25): 2197–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ranstam J, Kärrholm J, Pulkkinen P, Mäkelä K, Espehaug B, Pedersen AB, et al. Statistical analysis of arthroplasty data. I. Introduction and background. Acta Orthop 2011; 82(3): 253–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick DK, Watters WC 3rd, Sharan A, Mummaneni P, Dailey AT, Wang JC, et al Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 9: Lumbar fusion for stenosis with spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurgery Spine 2014a; 21: 54-61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resnick DK, Watters WC 3rd, Mummaneni P, Dailey AT, Choundhri TF, Eck JC, et al. Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 10: Lumbar fusion for stenosis without spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurgery Spine 2014b; 21: 62-64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983; 70(1): 41–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg NJ. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. Predisposing factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975; 57(4): 467–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman KJ. Epidemiology. An introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95 Suppl 1: S144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Camille R, Roy-Camille M, Demeulenaere C. [Osteosynthesis of dorsal, lumbar, and lumbosacral spine with metallic plates screwed into vertebral pedicles and articular apophyses]. Presse Médicale 1970; 78(32): 1447–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rydevik B. Neurophysiology of cauda equina compression. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1993; 251: 52–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samsa G, Edelman D, Rothman ML, Williams GR, Lipscomb J, Matchar D. Determining clinically important differences in health status measures: a general approach with illustration to the Health Utilities Index Mark II. PharmacoEconomics 1999; 15(2): 141–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandén B, Försth P, Michaëlsson K. Smokers show less improvement than nonsmokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 4555 patients from the Swedish spine register. Spine 2011; 36(13): 1059–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarpyener M. Congenital stricture of the spinal canal. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1945(29): 70–9.
   Google Scholar
• Satomi K, Hirabayashi K, Toyama Y, Fujimura Y. A clinical study of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Radiographic analysis and choice of treatment. Spine 1992; 17(11): 1329–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schellinger D, Di Chiro G, Axelbaum SP, Twigg HL, Ledley RS. Early clinical experience with the ACTA scanner. Radiology 1975; 114(2): 257–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol 2009; 20(4): 488–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schizas C, Theumann N, Burn A, Tamsey R, Wardlaw D, Smith FW, et al. Qualitative grading of severity of lumbar spinal stenosis based on the morphology of the dural sac on magnetic resonance images. Spine 2010; 35: 1919–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönström N, Bolender NF, Spengler DM, Hansson TH. Pressure changes within the cauda equina following constriction of the dural sac. An in vitro experimental study. Spine 1984; 9(6): 604–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schönström NS, Bolender NF, Spengler DM. The pathomorphology of spinal stenosis as seen on CT scans of the lumbar spine. Spine 1985; 10(9): 806–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schönström N. The narrow lumbar spinal canal and the size of the cauda equina in man: a clinical and experimental study. Thesis Göteborg : Gothenburg University; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Schönström N, Hansson T. Pressure changes following constriction of the cauda equina. An experimental study in situ. Spine 1988; 13(4): 385–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schönström N, Lindahl S, Willén J, Hansson T. Dynamic changes in the dimensions of the lumbar spinal canal: an experimental study in vitro. J Orthop Res 1989; 7(1): 115–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta DK, Herkowitz HN. Degenerative spondylolisthesis: review of current trends and controversies. Spine 2005; 30(6 Suppl): S71–81.
   Google Scholar
• Senn S, Graf E, Caputo A. Stratification for the propensity score compared with linear regression techniques to assess the effect of treatment or exposure. Stat Med 2007; 26(30): 5529–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah BR, Laupacis A, Hux JE, Austin PC. Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58(6): 550–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrack B, Hughes RA. Reliability of distance estimation by doctors and patients: cross sectional study. BMJ 1997; 315(7123): 1652–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siccard J, Forestier J. Methode radiographique d’exploration de la cavite epidurale par le lipiodol. Rev Neurol 1921(37): 1264–6.
   Google Scholar
• Singh K, Samartzis D, Vaccaro AR, Nassr A, Andersson GB, Yoon ST, et al. Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective, control-matched, cohort radiographic analysis. Spine J 2005; 5(6): 615–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinikallio S, Aalto T, Airaksinen O, Herno A, Kröger H, Viinamäki H. Depressive burden in the preoperative and early recovery phase predicts poorer surgery outcome among lumbar spinal stenosis patients: a one-year prospective follow-up study. Spine 2009; 34(23): 2573–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sirvanci M, Bhatia M, Ganiyusufoglu KA, Duran C, Tezer M, Ozturk C, et al. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: correlation with Oswestry Disability Index and MR imaging. Eur Spine J 2008; 17(5): 679–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solberg T, Johnsen LG, Nygaard ØP, Grotle M. Can we define success criteria for lumbar disc surgery?: estimates for a substantial amount of improvement in core outcome measures. Acta Orthop 2013; 84(2): 196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg TK, Sørlie A, Sjaavik K, Nygaard ØP, Ingebrigtsen T. Would loss to follow-up bias the outcome evaluation of patients operated for degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine? Acta Orthop 2011; 82(1): 56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Spall HGC, Toren A, Kiss A, Fowler RA. Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: a systematic sampling review. JAMA 2007; 297(11): 1233–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt KF, Keller TS, Szpalski M, Vandeputte K, Gunzburg R. A predictive model for outcome after conservative decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J 2004; 13(1): 14–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiger F, Becker H-J, Standaert CJ, Balague F, Vader J-P, Porchet F, et al. Surgery in lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: indications, outcomes and complications. A systematic review. Eur Spine J 2014; 23(5): 945-73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strömqvist B, Jönsson B. Computerized follow-up after surgery for degenerative lumbar spine diseases. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1993; 251: 138–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strömqvist B, Fritzell P, Hägg O, Jönsson B, Swedish Society of Spinal Surgeons. The Swedish Spine Register: development, design and utility. Eur Spine J 2009; 18 Suppl 3: 294–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strömqvist B, Fritzell P, Hägg O, Jönsson B, Sandén B, Swedish Society of Spinal Surgeons. Swespine: the Swedish spine register: the 2012 report. Eur Spine J 2013a; 22(4): 953–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömqvist B, Berg S, Gerdhem P, Johnsson R, Möller A, Sahlstrand T, et al. X-stop versus decompressive surgery for lumbar neurogenic intermittent claudication: randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Spine 2013b; 38(17): 1436–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stucki G, Liang MH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Relative responsiveness of condition-specific and generic health status measures in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995; 48(11): 1369–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri P, Rainville J, Kalichman L, Katz JN. Does this older adult with lower extremity pain have the clinical syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis? JAMA 2010; 304(23): 2628–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Ishida Y, Ohmori K, Sakai H, Hashizume Y. Redundant roots of the cauda equina: clinical aspects and consideration of pathogenesis. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 521-28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomkins-Lane CC, Battié MC. Validity and reproducibility of self-report measures of walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2010; 35: 2097-2102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins-Lane CC, Battié MC, Hu R, Macedo L. Pathoanatomical characteristics of clinical lumbar spinal stenosis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2014; 27(2): 223-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanderlinden RG. Subarticular entrapment of the dorsal root ganglion as a cause of sciatic pain. Spine 1984; 9(1): 19–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbiest H. Sur certaines formes rares de compression de la queue de cheval. Les sténoses osseuses du canal vertebral, in Hommage a Clovis Vincent. Maloine Paris 1949: 161–74.
   Google Scholar
• Verbiest H. A radicular syndrome from developmental narrowing of the lumbar vertebral canal. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1954; 36(2): 230–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbiest H. Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. A review of twenty-seven years’ experience. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1977; 59(2): 181–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbiest H. The significance and principles of computerized axial tomography in idiopathic developmental stenosis of the bony lumbar vertebral canal. Spine 1979; 4(4): 369–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbiest H. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Andersson G, McNeill TW, Editors. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Wai EK, Howse K, Pollock JW, Dornan H, Vexler L, Dagenais S. The reliability of determining ”leg dominant pain”. Spine J 2009; 9(6): 447–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473-83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51(11): 903–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE Jr. SF-36 health survey update. Spine 2000; 25(24): 3130–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson CJ, Phillips D, Hands L, Collin J. Claudication distance is poorly estimated and inappropriately measured. Br J Surg 1997; 84(8): 1107–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watters WC. If, When, and How to Fuse When Treating Lumbar Degenerative Stenosis. Semin Spine Surg 2011; 23(4): 218–21.
   Google Scholar
• Watters WC 3rd, Baisden J, Gilbert TJ, Kreiner S, Resnick DK, Bono CM, et al. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J 2008; 8(2): 305–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Olson PR, Bronner KK, Fisher ES. United States’ trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992-2003. Spine 2006; 31(23): 2707–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Hanscom B, Tosteson ANA, Blood EA, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(22): 2257–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson ANA, Blood E, Hanscom B, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(8): 794–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Zhao W, Blood EA, Tosteson ANA, et al. Surgical compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. four-year results in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized and observational cohorts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91(6): 1295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson A, Blood E, Herkowitz H, et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis four-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2010; 35(14): 1329–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willén J, Danielson B. The diagnostic effect from axial loading of the lumbar spine during computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with degenerative disorders. Spine 2001; 26(23): 2607–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willén J, Wessberg PJ, Danielsson B. Surgical results in hidden lumbar spinal stenosis detected by axial loaded computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: an outcome study. Spine 2008; 33(4): E109–115.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson E, Morley R, Lucas A, Carpenter J. Propensity scores: from naive enthusiasm to intuitive understanding. Stat Methods Med Res 2012; 21(3): 273–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltse LL, Newman PH, Macnab I. Classification of spondylolisis and spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1976; (117): 23–9.
   Google Scholar
• Yamashita K, Hayashi J, Ohzono K, Hiroshima K. Correlation of patient satisfaction with symptom severity and walking ability after surgical treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2003; 28(21): 2477–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamashita K, Ohzono K, Hiroshima K. Patient satisfaction as an outcome measure after surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis: testing the validity and discriminative ability in terms of symptoms and functional status. Spine 2006; 31(22): 2602–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yone K, Sakou T, Kawauchi Y, Yamaguchi M, Yanase M. Indication of fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients and its significance. Spine 1996; 21(2): 242–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yone K, Sakou T. Usefulness of Posner’s definition of spinal instability for selection of surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord 1999; 12(1): 40–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yong-Hing K, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. The pathophysiology of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Orthop Clin North Am 1983; 14(3): 491–504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yukawa Y, Lenke LG, Tenhula J, Bridwell KH, Riew KD, Blanke K. A comprehensive study of patients with surgically treated lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A(11): 1954–9.
   Google Scholar
• Zanoli G, Jönsson B, Strömqvist B. SF-36 scores in degenerative lumbar spine disorders: analysis of prospective data from 451 patients. Acta Orthop 2006a; 77(2): 298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoli G, Nilsson LT, Strömqvist B. Reliability of the prospective data collection protocol of the Swedish Spine Register: test-retest analysis of 119 patients. Acta Orthop 2006b; 77(4): 662–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoli G, Strömqvist B, Jönsson B. Visual analog scales for interpretation of back and leg pain intensity in patients operated for degenerative lumbar spine disorders. Spine 2001; 26(21): 2375–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar