3,530
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Supplementum

Internal fixation of fragility fractures of the femoral neck

Ex vivo biomechanical studies

References

  • Aamodt A, Lund-Larsen J, Eine J, Andersen E, Benum P, Husby OS. Changes in proximal femoral strain after insertion of uncemented standard and customised femoral stems. An experimental study in human femora. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001; 83 (6):921-9.
  • Abolhassani F, Moayyeri A, Naghavi M, Soltani A, Larijani B, Shalmani HT. Incidence and characteristics of falls leading to hip fracture in Iranian population. Bone 2006; 39 (2):408-13.
  • Allen MR, Burr DB. Human femoral neck has less cellular periosteum, and more mineralized periosteum, than femoral diaphyseal bone. Bone 2005; 36 (2):311-6.
  • Alves T, Neal JW, Weinhold PS, Dahners LE. Biomechanical comparison of 3 possible fixation strategies to resist femoral neck shortening after fracture. Orthopedics 2010; 33 (4):233-7.
  • Aminian A, Gao F, Fedoriw WW, Zhang LQ, Kalainov DM, Merk BR. Vertically oriented femoral neck fractures: mechanical analysis of four fixation techniques. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21 (8):544-8.
  • Augat P, Simon U, Liedert A, Claes L. Mechanics and mechano-biology of fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16 Suppl 2: S36-43.
  • Baitner AC, Maurer SG, Hickey DG, Jazrawi LM, Kummer FJ, Jamal J, et al. Vertical shear fractures of the femoral neck- A biomechanical study. Clin Orthop 1999; (367):300-5.
  • Benterud JG, Alho A, Hoiseth A. Implant/bone constructs in femoral neck osteotomy. An autopsy study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1994; 113 (2):97-100.
  • Bergmann G, Deuretzbacher G, Heller M, Graichen F, Rohlmann A, Strauss J, et al. Hip contact forces and gait patterns from routine activities. J Biomech 2001; 34 (7):859-71.
  • Berkes M B, Little M T, Lazaro L E, Cymerman R M, Helfet D L, Lorich D G. Catastrophic failure after open reduction internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with a novel locking plate implant. Journal [serial online]. 2012 Date. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430524.
  • Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P3rd, Swiontkowski MF, Berry DJ, Haidukewych G, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87 (9):2122-30.
  • Biber R, Brem M, Bail HJ. Targon Femoral Neck for femoral-neck fracture fixation: lessons learnt from a series of one hundred and thirty five consecutive cases. Int Orthop 2014; 38 (3):595-9.
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Measurement error. BMJ 1996; 313 (7059):744.
  • Bonewald LF. The amazing osteocyte. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26 (2):229-38.
  • Bramlet DG, Wheeler D. Biomechanical evaluation of a new type of hip compression screw with retractable talons. J Orthop Trauma 2003; 17 (9):618-24.
  • Brandt E, Verdonschot N. Biomechanical analysis of the sliding hip screw, cannulated screws and Targon1 FN in intracapsular hip fractures in cadaver femora. Injury 2011; 42 (2):183-7.
  • Brandt E, Verdonschot N, van Vugt A, van Kampen A. Biomechanical analysis of the percutaneous compression plate and sliding hip screw in intracapsular hip fractures: experimental assessment using synthetic and cadaver bones. Injury 2006; 37 (10):979-83.
  • Brandt E, Verdonschot N, van Vugt A, van Kampen A. Biomechanical analysis of the sliding hip screw, cannulated screws and Targon((R)) FN in intracapsular hip fractures in cadaver femora. Injury 2010.
  • Cartner JL, Hartsell ZM, Ricci WM, Tornetta P3rd. Can we trust ex vivo mechanical testing of fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens? The effect of postfreezing delays. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25 (8):459-61.
  • Chapman JR, Harrington RM, Lee KM, Anderson PA, Tencer AF, Kowalski D. Factors affecting the pullout strength of cancellous bone screws. J Biomech Eng 1996; 118 (3):391-8.
  • Cheng J, Edwards LJ, Maldonado-Molina MM, Komro KA, Muller KE. Real longitudinal data analysis for real people: Building a good enough mixed model. Stat Med 2010; 29 (4):504-20.
  • Claes L, Reusch M, Gockelmann M, Ohnmacht M, Wehner T, Amling M, et al. Metaphyseal fracture healing follows similar biomechanical rules as diaphyseal healing. J Orthop Res 2011; 29 (3):425-32.
  • Clarke B. Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2008; 3 Suppl 3: S131-9.
  • Cristofolini L, Juszczyk M, Taddei F, Viceconti M. Strain distribution in the proximal human femoral metaphysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2009; 223 (3):273-88.
  • Cristofolini L, Viceconti M, Cappello A, Toni A. Mechanical validation of whole bone composite femur models. J Biomech 1996; 29 (4):525-35.
  • Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002; 359 (9319):1761-7.
  • Curtis R, Goldhahn J, Schwyn R, Regazzoni P, Suhm N. Fixation principles in metaphyseal bone--a patent based review. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16 Suppl 2: S54-64.
  • Damany DS, Parker MJ, Chojnowski A. Complications after intracapsular hip fractures in young adults. A meta-analysis of 18 published studies involving 564 fractures. Injury 2005; 36 (1):131-41.
  • Dargent-Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H, Baudoin C, Schott AM, Hausherr E, et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996; 348 (9021):145-9.
  • Davy DT, Kotzar GM, Brown RH, Heiple KG, Goldberg VM, Heiple KGJr., et al. Telemetric force measurements across the hip after total arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70 (1):45-50.
  • Deneka DA, Simonian PT, Stankewich CJ, Eckert D, Chapman JR, Tencer AF. Biomechanical comparison of internal fixation techniques for the treatment of unstable basicervical femoral neck fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1997; 11 (5):337-43.
  • Duda GN, Heller M, Albinger J, Schulz O, Schneider E, Claes L. Influence of muscle forces on femoral strain distribution. J Biomech 1998; 31 (9):841-6.
  • Eberle S, Gabel J, Hungerer S, Hoffmann S, Patzold R, Augat P, et al. Auxiliary locking plate improves fracture stability and healing in intertrochanteric fractures fixated by intramedullary nail. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2012; 27 (10):1006-10.
  • Eberle S, Gerber C, von Oldenburg G, Hogel F, Augat P. A biomechanical evaluation of orthopaedic implants for hip fractures by finite element analysis and in-vitro tests. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2010; 224 (H10):1141-52.
  • Eberle S, Wutte C, Bauer C, von Oldenburg G, Augat P. Should extramedullary fixations for hip fractures be removed after bone union? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011.
  • Egol KA, Kubiak EN, Fulkerson E, Kummer FJ, Koval KJ. Biomechanics of locked plates and screws. J Orthop Trauma 2004; 18 (8):488-93.
  • Engesæter LB, Gjertsen JE, Kvinnesland I, Kvamsdal LB. The Norwegian Hip Fracture Register, annual report. The Norwegian Hip Fracture Register, annual report. The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register; 2013; 126.
  • Eschler A, Brandt S, Gierer P, Mittlmeier T, Gradl G. Angular stable multiple screw fixation (Targon FN) versus standard SHS for the fixation of femoral neck fractures. Injury 2014; 45 Suppl 1: S76-80.
  • Fresvig T, Ludvigsen P, Steen H, Reikeras O. Fibre optic Bragg grating sensors: an alternative method to strain gauges for measuring deformation in bone. Med Eng Phys 2008; 30 (1):104-8.
  • Frihagen F, Nordsletten L, Madsen JE. Hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation for intracapsular displaced femoral neck fractures: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 335 (7632):1251-4.
  • Frost HM. Bone’s mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec 2003; 275 (2):1081-101.
  • Garden RS. Low-Angle Fixation in Fractures of the Femoral Neck. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British Volume 1961; 43 (4):647-63.
  • Garden RS. Stability and Union in Subcapital Fractures of the Femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1964; 46:630-47.
  • Gardner MP, Chong AC, Pollock AG, Wooley PH. Mechanical evaluation of large-size fourth-generation composite femur and tibia models. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38 (3):613-20.
  • Gautier E, Perren SM, Cordey J. Effect of plate position relative to bending direction on the rigidity of a plate osteosynthesis. A theoretical analysis. Injury 2000; 31 Suppl 3: C14-20.
  • Giannoudis P, Tzioupis C, Almalki T, Buckley R. Fracture healing in osteoporotic fractures: is it really different? A basic science perspective. Injury 2007; 38 Suppl 1: S90-9.
  • Gjertsen JE. Rapport. In: The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register Rapport. ( Ed. Engesaeter LB). The Norwegian Hip Fracture Register: Bergen, Norway; 2011;107-35.
  • Gjertsen JE, Fevang JM, Matre K, Vinje T, Engesaeter LB. Clinical outcome after undisplaced femoral neck fractures. Acta Orthop 2011; 82 (3):268-74.
  • Gjertsen JE, Vinje T, Engesaeter LB, Lie SA, Havelin LI, Furnes O, et al. Internal screw fixation compared with bipolar hemiarthroplasty for treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (3):619-28.
  • Glassner PJ, Tejwani NC. Failure of proximal femoral locking compression plate: a case series. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25 (2):76-83.
  • Goldhahn J, Feron JM, Kanis J, Papapoulos S, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, et al. Implications for Fracture Healing of Current and New Osteoporosis Treatments: An ESCEO Consensus Paper. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90 (5):343-53.
  • Goldhahn J, Suhm N, Goldhahn S, Blauth M, Hanson B. Influence of osteoporosis on fracture fixation--a systematic literature review. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19 (6):761-72.
  • Gullberg B, Johnell O, Kanis JA. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7 (5):407-13.
  • Haleem S, Heinert G, Parker MJ. Pressure sores and hip fractures. Injury 2008; 39 (2):219-23.
  • Haynes RC, Poll RG, Miles AW, Weston RB. An experimental study of the failure modes of the Gamma Locking Nail and AO Dynamic Hip Screw under static loading: a cadaveric study. Med Eng Phys 1997; 19 (5):446-53.
  • Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B, Looker A, Marcus R, Matkovic V, et al. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11 (12):985-1009.
  • Heiner AD. Structural properties of fourth-generation composite femurs and tibias. J Biomech 2008; 41 (15):3282-4.
  • Heller MO, Bergmann G, Kassi JP, Claes L, Haas NP, Duda GN. Determination of muscle loading at the hip joint for use in pre-clinical testing. J Biomech 2005; 38 (5):1155-63.
  • Holroyd C, Cooper C, Dennison E. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2008; 22 (5):671-85.
  • Holzer G, von Skrbensky G, Holzer LA, Pichl W. Hip fractures and the contribution of cortical versus trabecular bone to femoral neck strength. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24 (3):468-74.
  • Hopley C, Stengel D, Ekkernkamp A, Wich M. Primary total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular hip fractures in older patients: systematic review. BMJ 2010; 340: c2332.
  • Hunt S, Martin R, Woolridge B. Fatigue Testing of a New Locking Plate for Hip Fractures. J Med Biol Eng 2012; 32 (2):117-22.
  • Jazrawi LM, DeWal H, Kummer FJ, Koval KJ. Laboratory evaluation of hip fracture fixation devices. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 2001; 60 (3-4):114-23.
  • Johansson T. Internal Fixation Compared with Total Hip Replacement for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures: A Minimum Fifteen-Year Follow-up Study of a Previously Reported Randomized Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96 (6):e46.
  • Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17 (12):1726-33.
  • Kauffman JI, Simon JA, Kummer FJ, Pearlman CJ, Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ. Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with posterior comminution: a biomechanical study. J Orthop Trauma 1999; 13 (3):155-9.
  • Keating J. Femoral neck fractures. In: Rockwood and Green’s: Fractures in Adults ( Ed. Bucholz RW, Court-Brown C.M. , Heckman J.D. , Tornetta P.). Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010; 2;1561-92.
  • Khan SK, Khanna A, Parker MJ. Posterior multifragmentation of the femoral neck: does it portend a poor outcome in internally fixed intracapsular hip fractures? Injury 2009; 40 (3):280-2.
  • Klenerman L, Marcuson RW. Intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1970; 52 (3):514-7.
  • Korver RJ, Wieland AW, Kaarsemaker S, Nieuwenhuis JJ, Janzing HM. Clinical experience, primary results and pitfalls in the treatment of intracapsular hip fractures with the Targon(R) FN locking plate. Injury 2013; 44 (12):1926-9.
  • Koval KJ, Sala DA, Kummer FJ, Zuckerman JD. Postoperative weight-bearing after a fracture of the femoral neck or an intertrochanteric fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80 (3):352-6.
  • Krischak GD, Augat P, Beck A, Arand M, Baier B, Blakytny R, et al. Biomechanical comparison of two side plate fixation techniques in an unstable intertrochanteric osteotomy model: Sliding Hip Screw and Percutaneous Compression Plate. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007; 22 (10):1112-8.
  • Kubiak EN, Fulkerson E, Strauss E, Egol KA. The evolution of locked plates. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 Suppl 4:189-200.
  • Lawrence VA, Hilsenbeck SG, Noveck H, Poses RM, Carson JL. Medical complications and outcomes after hip fracture repair. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (18):2053-7.
  • Lichtblau S, Gallina J, Nasser P, Munyoki M, Jepsen K. A biomechanical comparison of two patterns of screw insertion. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2008; 66 (4):269-71.
  • Lin D, Lian K, Ding Z, Zhai W, Hong J. Proximal femoral locking plate with cannulated screws for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. Journal [serial online]. 2012 Date; 35(1): [e1-5 screens]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229598">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229598.
  • Lindequist S. Cortical screw support in femoral neck fractures. A radiographic analysis of 87 fractures with a new mensuration technique. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64 (3):289-93.
  • Lofthus CM, Osnes EK, Falch JA, Kaastad TS, Kristiansen IS, Nordsletten L, et al. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Oslo, Norway. Bone 2001; 29 (5):413-8.
  • Loizou CL, Parker MJ. Avascular necrosis after internal fixation of intracapsular hip fractures; a study of the outcome for 1023 patients. Injury 2009; 40 (11):1143-6.
  • Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Bucht G, Karlsson S, Gustafson Y. Dementia after delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51 (7):1002-6.
  • Ly TV, Swiontkowski MF. Treatment of femoral neck fractures in young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (10):2254-66.
  • Malchau H, Bragdon CR, Muratoglu OK. The stepwise introduction of innovation into orthopedic surgery: the next level of dilemmas. J Arthroplasty 2011; 26 (6):825-31.
  • Mayhew PM, Thomas CD, Clement JG, Loveridge N, Beck TJ, Bonfield W, et al. Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk. Lancet 2005; 366 (9480):129-35.
  • McLeish RD, Charnley J. Abduction forces in the one-legged stance. J Biomech 1970; 3 (2):191-209.
  • Mir HR, Edwards P, Sanders R, Haidukewych G. Results of cephallomedullary nail fixation for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25 (12):714-20.
  • Mizrahi J, Hurlin RS, Taylor JK, Solomon L. Investigation of load transfer and optimum pin configuration in the internal fixation, by Muller screws, of fractured femoral necks. Med Biol Eng Comput 1980; 18 (3):319-25.
  • Moore AT. Fractures of neck of femur; treatment by interna fixation with adjustable naiIs. South Surg 1937; 8:139-47.
  • Morlock M, Schneider E, Bluhm A, Vollmer M, Bergmann G, Muller V, et al. Duration and frequency of every day activities in total hip patients. J Biomech 2001; 34 (7):873-81.
  • Noble BS. The osteocyte lineage. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 473 (2):106-11.
  • Nowotarski PJ, Ervin B, Weatherby B, Pettit J, Goulet R, Norris B. Biomechanical analysis of a novel femoral neck locking plate for treatment of vertical shear Pauwel’s type C femoral neck fractures. Injury 2012; 43 (6):802-6.
  • O’Neill F, Condon F, McGloughlin T, Lenehan B, Coffey JC, Walsh M. Dynamic hip screw versus DHS blade: a biomechanical comparison of the fixation achieved by each implant in bone. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93 (5):616-21.
  • Oakey JW, Stover MD, Summers HD, Sartori M, Havey RM, Patwardhan AG. Does screw configuration affect subtrochanteric fracture after femoral neck fixation? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 443:302-6.
  • Oden A, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Kanis JA. Assessing the impact of osteoporosis on the burden of hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92 (1):42-9.
  • Olsson O, Tanner KE, Ceder L, Ryd L. A biomechanical study on fixation stability with twin hook or lag screw in artificial cancellous bone. Int Orthop 2002; 26 (6):349-55.
  • Ostbyhaug PO, Klaksvik J, Romundstad P, Aamodt A. Primary stability of custom and anatomical uncemented femoral stems: a method for three-dimensional in vitro measurement of implant stability. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010; 25 (4):318-24.
  • Ostrum RF, Tornetta P3rd, Watson JT, Christiano A, Vafek E. Ipsilateral Proximal Femur and Shaft Fractures Treated With Hip Screws and a Reamed Retrograde Intramedullary Nail. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013.
  • Parfitt AM. Plasma Calcium Control at Quiescent Bone Surfaces - a New Approach to the Homeostatic Function of Bone Lining Cells. Bone 1989; 10 (2):87-8.
  • Parker M, Johansen A. Hip fracture. BMJ 2006; 333 (7557):27-30.
  • Parker MJ, Gurusamy KS. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library 2011; (2).
  • Parker MJ, Gurusamy KS, Azegami S. Arthroplasties (with and without bone cement) for proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (6): CD001706.
  • Parker MJ, Raghavan R, Gurusamy K. Incidence of fracture-healing complications after femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop 2007; 458:175-9.
  • Parker MJ, Stedtfeld HW. Internal fixation of intracapsular hip fractures with a dynamic locking plate: initial experience and results for 83 patients treated with a new implant. Injury 2010; 41 (4):348-51.
  • Parker MJ, Stockton G. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; (4): CD001467.
  • Peleg E, Beek M, Joskowicz L, Liebergall M, Mosheiff R, Whyne C. Patient specific quantitative analysis of fracture fixation in the proximal femur implementing principal strain ratios. Method and experimental validation. J Biomech 2010; 43 (14):2684-8.
  • Perren SM. Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures. The scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84 (8):1093-110.
  • Poitout DG. Biomechanics and Biomaterials in Orthopedics. Springer-Verlag 2004.
  • Pugh WL. A Self-Adjusting Nail-Plate for Fractures About the Hip Joint. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 1955; 37 (5):1085-93.
  • Ragnarsson JI. Femoral neck fracture stability (thesis). Department of Orthopaedics. Umeå 1991; Dr. Med.
  • Ragnarsson JI, Boquist L, Ekelund L, Karrholm J. Instability and femoral head vitality in fractures of the femoral neck. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; (287):30-40.
  • Ramaswamy R, Evans S, Kosashvili Y. Holding power of variable pitch screws in osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal bone: are all screws created equal? Injury 2010; 41 (2):179-83.
  • Roderer G, Moll S, Gebhard F, Claes L, Krischak G. Side plate fixation vs. intramedullary nailing in an unstable medial femoral neck fracture model: A comparative biomechanical study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010.
  • Roerdink WH, Aalsma AM, Nijenbanning G, van Walsum AD. The dynamic locking blade plate, a new implant for intracapsular hip fractures: biomechanical comparison with the sliding hip screw and Twin Hook. Injury 2009; 40 (3):283-7.
  • Rogmark C, Flensburg L, Fredin H. Undisplaced femoral neck fractures--no problems? A consecutive study of 224 patients treated with internal fixation. Injury 2009; 40 (3):274-6.
  • Rolton D, Thakar C, Nnadi C. Clinical Trials for New Implants in Spinal Surgery. The Oxford Experience. The Open Spine Journal 2013; 5:1-5.
  • Rupprecht M, Grossterlinden L, Ruecker AH, de Oliveira AN, Sellenschloh K, Nuchtern J, et al. A comparative biomechanical analysis of fixation devices for unstable femoral neck fractures: the Intertan versus cannulated screws or a dynamic hip screw. J Trauma 2011; 71 (3):625-34.
  • Rupprecht M, Grossterlinden L, Sellenschloh K, Hoffmann M, Puschel K, Morlock M, et al. Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with posterior comminution : A biomechanical comparison of DHS(R) and Intertan nail(R). Int Orthop 2011.
  • Rydell NW. Forces acting on the femoral head-prosthesis. A study on strain gauge supplied prostheses in living persons. Acta Orthop Scand 1966; 37: Suppl 88:1-132.
  • Saarenpaa I, Partanen J, Jalovaara P. Basicervical fracture--a rare type of hip fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002; 122 (2):69-72.
  • Schemitsch EH, Bhandari M, Boden SD, Bourne RB, Bozic KJ, Jacobs JJ, et al. The evidence-based approach in bringing new orthopaedic devices to market. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (4):1030-7.
  • Schneider E, Michel MC, Genge M, Zuber K, Ganz R, Perren SM. Loads acting in an intramedullary nail during fracture healing in the human femur. J Biomech 2001; 34 (7):849-57.
  • Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality--the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 2006; 354 (21):2250-61.
  • Selvan VT, Oakley MJ, Rangan A, Al-Lami MK. Optimum configuration of cannulated hip screws for the fixation of intracapsular hip fractures: a biomechanical study. Injury 2004; 35 (2):136-41.
  • Smith-Petersen MN, Cave EF, George W.VG. Intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur. Arch Surg 1931; 23: 715.
  • Stankewich CJ, Chapman J, Muthusamy R, Quaid G, Schemitsch E, Tencer AF, et al. Relationship of mechanical factors to the strength of proximal femur fractures fixed with cancellous screws. J Orthop Trauma 1996; 10 (4):248-57.
  • Stoen RO, Nordsletten L, Meyer HE, Frihagen JF, Falch JA, Lofthus CM. Hip fracture incidence is decreasing in the high incidence area of Oslo, Norway. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23 (10):2527-34.
  • Sverdlova NS, Witzel U. Principles of determination and verification of muscle forces in the human musculoskeletal system: Muscle forces to minimise bending stress. J Biomech 2010; 43 (3):387-96.
  • Swiontkowski MF. Using Alternative Implants for the Surgical Treatment of Hip Fractures (The FAITH Study). Using Alternative Implants for the Surgical Treatment of Hip Fractures (The FAITH Study). U.S. National Institutes of Health: ClinicalTrials.gov; 2008.
  • Swiontkowski MF, Harrington RM, Keller TS, Van Patten PK. Torsion and bending analysis of internal fixation techniques for femoral neck fractures: the role of implant design and bone density. J Orthop Res 1987; 5 (3):433-44.
  • Taraldsen K, Sletvold O, Thingstad P, Saltvedt I, Granat MH, Lydersen S, et al. Physical behavior and function early after hip fracture surgery in patients receiving comprehensive geriatric care or orthopedic care--a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69 (3):338-45.
  • Thomas CD, Mayhew PM, Power J, Poole KE, Loveridge N, Clement JG, et al. Femoral neck trabecular bone: loss with aging and role in preventing fracture. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24 (11):1808-18.
  • Toogood PA, Skalak A, Cooperman DR. Proximal femoral anatomy in the normal human population. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (4):876-85.
  • Topp T, Muller T, Huss S, Kann PH, Weihe E, Ruchholtz S, et al. Embalmed and fresh frozen human bones in orthopedic cadaveric studies: which bone is authentic and feasible? A mechanical study. Acta Orthop 2012; 83 (5):543-7.
  • Tronzo RG. Hip nails for all occasions. Orthop Clin North Am 1974; 5 (3):479-91.
  • Trueta J, Harrison MH. The normal vascular anatomy of the femoral head in adult man. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1953; 35-B (3):442-61.
  • Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone 1993; 14 (4):595-608.
  • Tyson J, Schmidt T, Galanulis K. Biomechanics deformation and strain measurements with 3D image correlation photogrammetry. Exp Techniques 2002; 26 (5):39-42.
  • Viberg B, Ryg J, Overgaard S, Lauritsen J, Ovesen O. Low bone mineral density is not related to failure in femoral neck fracture patients treated with internal fixation. Acta Orthop 2014; 85 (1):60-5.
  • von der Linden P, Gisep A, Boner V, Windolf M, Appelt A, Suhm N. Biomechanical evaluation of a new augmentation method for enhanced screw fixation in osteoporotic proximal femoral fractures. J Orthop Res 2006; 24 (12):2230-7.
  • W.A.L. Dr. M. N. Smith-Petersen, 1886-1953. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1953; 35-B (3):482-4.
  • Wahnert D, Hoffmeier KL, Stolarczyk Y, Frober R, Hofmann GO, Muckley T. Evaluation of a customized artificial osteoporotic bone model of the distal femur. J Biomater Appl 2011; 26 (4):451-64.
  • Wik TS, Enoksen C, Klaksvik J, Ostbyhaug PO, Foss OA, Ludvigsen J, et al. In vitro testing of the deformation pattern and initial stability of a cementless stem coupled to an experimental femoral head, with increased offset and altered femoral neck angles. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2011; 225 (8):797-808.
  • Wik TS, Ostbyhaug PO, Klaksvik J, Aamodt A. Increased strain in the femoral neck following insertion of a resurfacing femoral prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010; 92 (3):461-7.
  • Windolf M, Braunstein V, Dutoit C, Schwieger K. Is a helical shaped implant a superior alternative to the Dynamic Hip Screw for unstable femoral neck fractures? A biomechanical investigation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2009; 24 (1):59-64.
  • Yang JJ, Lin LC, Chao KH, Chuang SY, Wu CC, Yeh TT, et al. Risk factors for nonunion in patients with intracapsular femoral neck fractures treated with three cannulated screws placed in either a triangle or an inverted triangle configuration. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95 (1):61-9.
  • Yu L, Wang Y, Chen J. Total Hip Arthroplasty Versus Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures: Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470 (8):2235-43.
  • Zaidi M. Skeletal remodeling in health and disease. Nat Med 2007; 13 (7):791-801.
  • Zdero R, Keast-Butler O, Schemitsch EH. A biomechanical comparison of two triple-screw methods for femoral neck fracture fixation in a synthetic bone model. J Trauma 2010; 69 (6):1537-44.
  • Zdero R, Olsen M, Bougherara H, Schemitsch EH. Cancellous bone screw purchase: a comparison of synthetic femurs, human femurs, and finite element analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2008; 222 (8):1175-83.
  • Zdero R, Rose S, Schemitsch EH, Papini M. Cortical screw pullout strength and effective shear stress in synthetic third generation composite femurs. J Biomech Eng 2007; 129 (2):289-93.
  • Zebaze RM, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Bohte A, Iuliano-Burns S, Mirams M, Price RI, et al. Intracortical remodelling and porosity in the distal radius and post-mortem femurs of women: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2010; 375 (9727):1729-36.
  • Zielinski SM, Keijsers NL, Praet SF, Heetveld MJ, Bhandari M, Wilssens JP, et al. Femoral neck shortening after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture. Orthopedics 2013; 36 (7):e849-58.
  • Zlowodzki M, Brink O, Switzer J, Wingerter S, Woodall J, Petrisor BA, et al. The effect of shortening and varus collapse of the femoral neck on function after fixation of intracapsular fracture of the hip A MULTI-CENTRE COHORT STUDY. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008; 90B (11):1487-94.
  • Zywiel MG, Johnson AJ, Mont MA. Graduated introduction of orthopaedic implants: encouraging innovation and minimizing harm. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94 (21):e158.