6,412
Views
113
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Nerve regenration and repair: A review

Pages 145-169 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Aguayo A. J., Bray G. M. Experimental nerve grafts In. Nerve repair and regeneration - its clinical and experimental basis, D. Jewett, R. McCarroll. C. V. Mosby Co., St Louis, Toronto, London 1980; 68–75
  • Aguayo A. J., Bray G. N., Perkins S. C. Axon - Schwann cell relationships in neuropathies of mutant mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1979; 317: 512–518
  • Aguayo A. J., Epps J., Charron L. C., Bray G. N. Multi- potentiality of Schwann cells in cross anastomosed and grafted myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. Brain Res. 1976; 104: 1–20
  • Aho K., Saino K., Chianta M., Varpanen E. Pneumatic tourniquet paralysis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1983; 65-B: 441–443
  • Almgren K. G. Revascularisation of free peripheral nerve grafts. An experimental study in the rabbit. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1974; 154: 1–104, Suppl
  • Almqvist E., Eeg-Olofsson O. Sensory nerve conduction velocity and two-point discrimination in sutured nerves. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1970; 52-A: 790–796
  • Almqvist E., Smith O., Fry L. Nerve conduction velocity, microscopic and electron microscopy studies comparing repaired adult and baby monkey median nerves. J. Hand Surg. 1983; 8: 406–410
  • Bell M. A., Weddell A. G. M. A morphometry study of intrafascicular vessels of mammalian sciatic nerve. Muscle Nerve 1984a; 7: 524–534
  • Bell M. A., Weddell A. G. M. A descriptive study of the blood vessels of the sciatic nerve in the rat, man and other mammals. Brain 1984b; 107: 871–898
  • Berenberg R. A., Forman D. S., Wood D. K., Da Silva A., Demarre J. Recovery of peripheral nerve function after axotomy: effect of triiodothyronine. Exp. Neurol. 1977; 57: 349–363
  • Bijlsma W. A., Jennekens F. G. I., Schotman P., Gispen W. H. Stimulation by ACTH4–10 of nerve fibre regeneration following sciatic nerve crush. Muscle Nerve 1983a; 6: 104–112
  • Bijlsma W. A., Van Asselt E., Veldman H., Jennekens F. G. I., Schotman P., Gispen W. H. Ultrastructural study of the effect of ACTH4–10 on nerve regeneration: outgrowing axons become larger in number and smaller in diameter. Acta Neuropathol. 1983b; 62: 24–30, Berlin
  • Bisby M. A. Orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of labelled protein in motoneurons. Exp. Neurol. 1976; 50: 628–640
  • Bisby M. A. Retrograde axonal transport. Advances in cellular neurobiology, L. Hertz, S. Federoff. Academic Press, New York 1980; Vol. 1: 69–117
  • Bisby M. A. Functions of retrograde axonal transport. Fed. Proc. 1982; 41: 2307
  • Bisby M. A., Bulger V. T. Reversal of axonal transport at a nerve crush. J. Neurochem. 1977; 29: 313–330
  • Black M. M., Lasek R. J. The use of axonal transport to measure axonal regeneration in rat ventral motor neurons. Anat. Rec. 1976; 184: 360–361
  • Black M. M., Lasek R. J. Slowing of the rate of axonal regeneration during growth and maturation. Exp. Neurol. 1979; 63: 108–119
  • Black M. M., Lasek R. J. Slow components of axonal transport two cytoskeletal networks. J. Cell Biol. 1980; 85: 616–623
  • Blunt J. M. Functional and clinical implications of the vascular anatomy of peripheral nerves. Postgrad. Med. J. 1957; 33: 68–72
  • Bolton C., MacFarlane R. Human pneumatic tourniquet paralysis. Neurology 1978; 28: 787–793
  • Bonney G., Birch R., Jamieson A. M., Eames R. A. Experience with vascularized nerve grafts. Clinics in plastic surgery. Symposium on peripheral nerve microsurgery, J. K. Terzis. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto 1984; 137–142
  • Bora F. W. Peripheral nerve repair in cats: the fascicular stitch. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1967; 49-A: 659–666
  • Bora F. W., Pleasure D. E., Didizian N. A. A study of nerve regeneration and neuroma formation after nerve suture by various techniques. J. Hand Surg. 1976; 1: 138–143
  • Bradley W. G., Asbury A. K. Duration of synthesis phase in neurilemma cells in mouse sciatic nerve degeneration. Exp. Neurol. 1970; 26: 275–282
  • Brady S. T., Lasek R. J. The slow components of axonal transport movements, compositions and organization. Axoplasmic transport, D. G. Weiss. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982; 206–217
  • Brattgård S. O., Edstrom J. E., Hyden H. Chemical changes in regenerating neurons. J. Neurochem. 1957; 1: 316–325
  • Breidenbach W., Terzis J. K. The anatomy of free vascularized nerve grafts. Clinics in plastic surgery. Symposium on peripheral nerve microsurgery, J. K. Terziz. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto 1984; 65–72
  • Bruner J. M. Safety Factors in the Use of the Pneumatic Tourniquet in Surgery of the Hand. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1951; 33-A: 221–224
  • Bruner J. M. Time, pressure and temperature factors in the safe use of tourniquet. Hand 1970; 8: 179–185
  • Brushart T. M. The central course of primate digital nerve axons. Proceedings from the 40th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, Las Vegas, Jan 21–23. J. Hand Surg. 1985; 10-A: 426
  • Brushart T. M., Henry E. W., Mesulam M. Reorganization of muscle afferent projections accompanies peripheral nerve regeneration. Neuroscience 1981; 6: 2053–2061
  • Brushart T. B. M., Parlov E. C., Mesulam M. M. Specificity of muscle reinnervation after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the rat sciatic nerve. J. Hand Surg. 1983; 8: 248–253
  • Buchtal F., Kühl V. Nerve conduction, tactile sensibility, and the electromyogram after suture or compression of peripheral nerve: a longitudinal study in man. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1979; 42: 436–451
  • Bucko C. D., Joynt R. L., Grabb W. C. Peripheral nerve regeneration in primates during D-penicillamine-induced lathyrism. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1981; 67: 23–31
  • Cabaud H. E., Rodkey W. G., McCaroll H. R. Epineurial and perineurial fascicular nerve repairs: A critical comparison. J. Hand Surg. 1976; 1: 131–137
  • Cabaud H. E., Rodkey W. G., McCaroll H. R. Peripheral nerve injuries: Studies in higher nonhuman primates. J. Hand Surg. 1980; 5: 201–206
  • Calderwood J. W., Dickie W. R. Tourniquet paresis complicating tendon grafting. Hand 1972; 4: 53–55
  • Carlstedt T. Pacinian corpuscles after nerve repair in humans. Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration 1986; 1: 37–40
  • Charlwood K. A., Lamont D. M., Banks B. E. C. Apparent orienting effects produced by nerve growth factor. Nerve growth factor and its antiserum, E. Zaimis, J. Knight. Athlone Press, University of London, London 1972; 102–107
  • Colin W., Donoff R. B. Nerve regeneration through collagen tubes. J. Dent. Res. 1984; 63: 987–993
  • Cook R. A., Kiernan J. A. Acceleration of peripheral nervous regeneration in rat by exogenous triiodothyronine. Exp. Neurol 1973; 39: 389–394
  • Cook R. A., Kiernan J. A. Effects of triiodothyronine on protein synthesis in regenerating peripheral neurons. Exp. Neurol. 1976; 52: 515–525
  • Cowan W. M. Neuronal death as a regenerative mechanism in the control of cell number in the nervous system. Development and aging in the nervous system, M. Rockstein, M. L. Sussman. Academic Press, New York 1983
  • Dahlin L. B., Sjöstrand J, McLean W. G. Graded inhibition of retrograde axonal transport by compression of rabbit vagus nerve. J. Neurol. Sci. 1986c, (in press)
  • Danielsen N., Lundborg G., Frizell M. Nerve repair and axonal transport: outgrowth delay and regeneration rate after transection and repair of rabbit hypoglossal nerve. Brain Res. 1986; 376: 125–132
  • Danielsen N., Dahlin L. B., Lee Y. F., Lundborg G. Axonal growth in mesothelial chambers. The role of the distal segment. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1983; 17: 119–125
  • Danielsen N., Dahlin L. B., Ericson L. E., Crenshaw A., Lundborg G. Experimental hyperthyroidism stimulates axonal growth in mesothelial chambers. Exp. Neurol. 1986; 94: 54–65
  • da Silva C., Madison R., Dikke S. E., Chiu T. H., Sidman R. An in vivo model to quantify motor and sensory peripheral nerve regeneration using bioresorbable nerve guide tubes. Brain Res. 1985; 342: 307–315
  • de Medinaceli L., Church A. C. Peripheral nerve reconnection: inhibition of early degenerative processes through the use of a novel fluid medium. Exp. Neurol. 1984; 84: 396–408
  • de Medinaceli L., Freed W., Wyatt R. J. An index of the functional condition of rat sciatic nerve based on measurements made from walking tracks. Exp. Neurol. 1982; 77: 634–643
  • de Medinaceli L., Freed W., Wyatt R. J. Peripheral nerve reconnection: improvement of long-term functional effects under simulated clinical conditions in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 1983a; 81: 488–496
  • de Medinaceli L., Wyatt R. J., Freed W. Peripheral nerve reconnection: mechanical, thermal and ionic conditions that promote the return of function. Exp. Neurol. 1983b; 81: 469–487
  • Dellon A. L. Evaluation of sensibility and reeducation of sensation in the hand. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1981
  • Denny-Brown D., Brenner C. Lesion in peripheral nerve resulting from compression by spring clip. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 1944a; 52: 1–19
  • Droz B. Synthetic machinery and axoplasmic transport: Maintenance of neuronal connectivity. The nervous system, D. B. Tower. Raven Press, New York 1975; 111–127
  • Ducker T. B., Kempe L. G., Hayes G. J. The metabolic background for peripheral nerve surgery. J. Neurosurg. 1969; 30: 270–280
  • Dykes R. W., Terzis J. K. Functional anatomy of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve. Clin. Orthop. Rel Res. 1977; 128: 167–179
  • Ebendal T., Jacobson C. O. Tissue explants affecting extension and orientation of axons in cultured chick embryo ganglia. Exp. Cell Res. 1977; 105: 379–387
  • Edshage S. Peripheral nerve suture. A technique for improved intraneural topography. Acta Chir. Scand. 1964; 331: 1–104, Suppl
  • Engel J., Ganel A., Melamed R., et al. Choline acetyl, transferase for differentiation between human motor and sensory nerve fibres. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1979; 4: 376–380
  • Flatt A. Tourniquet time in hand surgery. Arch. Surg. 1972; 104: 190–192
  • Forman D. S., Padjen A. L., Siggins G. R. Axonal transport of organelles visualized by light microscopy: Cinemicrographic and computer analysis. Brain Res. 1977a; 136: 197–213
  • Forman D. S., Padjen A. L., Siggins G. R. Effect of temperature on the rapid retrograde transport of microscopically visible intra-axonal organelles. Brain Res. 1977b; 136: 215–226
  • Forman D. S. The use of axonally transported radioactive proteins as markers of axonal regeneration following crush or suture. Nerve repair and regeneration: Its clinical and experimental basis, D. Jewett, H. R. Mass, Jr. C. V. Mosby Co., St Louis, Toronto, London 1980; 95–97
  • Forssman J. Über die Ursachen welche die Wachstumrichtung der peripheren Nervenfasern bei der Regeneration bestimmen. Beitr. Patholog. Anat. 1898; 24: 56
  • Fowler T. J., Danta G., Gilliatt R. W. Recovery of nerve conduction of pneumatic tourniquet: observations on the hind limb of the baboon. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1972; 35: 638–647
  • Frazier W. A., Angeletti R. H., Bradshaw R. A. Nerve growth factor and insulin. Science 1972; 176: 482–488
  • Freed W., De Medinaceli L., Wyatt R. J. Promoting functional plasticity in the damaged nervous system. Science 1985; 227: 1544–1552
  • Freilinger G., Gruber H., Holle J., Mandl W. Zur Methodik ‘sensomotorisch’ differenzierter Fazilelnaht peripherer Nerven. Handchirurgie 1975a; 7: 133
  • Freilinger G., et al. Differential funicular suture of peripheral nerves. Transactions of the 6th International Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Masson. 1975b; 123, et Cie, Editeurs, Paris
  • Fry D. Inaccurate tourniquet gauges. Br. Med. J. 1972; 1: 511–514
  • Frykman G. H. (Guest editor) Symposium on peripheral nerve injuries. Orthop. Clin. 1981; Vol. 12, North Am., No. 2
  • Gilliatt R. W. Chronic nerve compression and entrapment. The physiology of peripheral nerve disease, A. J. Sumner. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto 1980; 316–339
  • Gorio A., Carmignoto G. Enhancing reinnervation of muscle by ganglioside treatment. Neuromuscular disease, G. Serratrice. Raven Press, New York 1984; 287–292
  • Gorio A., Marini P., Zanoni R. Muscle reinnervation. III. Motoneuron sprouting capacity, enhancement by exogenous gangliosides. Neuroscience 1983; 8: 417–429
  • Gorio A., Carmignoto G., Facci L., Finesso M. Motor nerve sprouting induced by ganglioside treatment. Possible implications for gangliosides on neuronal growth. Brain Res. 1980; 197: 236–241
  • Gorio A., Carmignoto G., Ferrari G., Marini P., Nunzi M. G. Plasticity in neuronal regeneration: implications for the role of exogenous gangliosides. Birth Defects 1983; 19: 157–174
  • Grabb W. C. Median and ulnar nerve suture. An experimental study comparing primary and secondary repair in monkeys. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1968; 50-A: 964–972
  • Grabb W. C., Bement S. L., Koepke G. H., et al. Comparison of methods of peripheral nerve suturing in monkeys. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1970; 46: 31–38
  • Grafstein B. The nerve cell-body response to axotomy. Exp. Neurol. 1975; 48: 32–51
  • Grafstein B., McQuarrie I. G. Role of the Nerve Cell Body in Axonal Regeneration. Neuronal Plasticity, C. W. Cotman. Raven Press, New York 1978; 155–195
  • Grafstein B., Forman D. Intracellular transport in neurons. Physiol. Rev. 1980; 60: 1167–1283
  • Graham W., Pataky P., Calabretta A., Munger B., Buda M. Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration with triamcinolone after neurorrhaphy. Surgforum 1973; 24: 457–461
  • Green D. P. Operative hand surgery. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London 1982
  • Gruber H., Freilinger G., Holle J., et al. Identification of motor and sensory funiculi in cut nerves and their selective reunion. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 1976; 29: 70–73
  • Gundersen R. W. Sensory neurite growth cone guidance by substrate absorbed Nerve Growth Factor. J. Neurosci. Res. 1985; 13: 199–212
  • Gundersen R. W., Barrett J. N. Neuronal Chemotaxis: Chick dorsal root axons turn toward high concentrations of nerve growth factor. Science 1979; 206: 1079–1080
  • Gundersen R. W., Barrett J. N. Characterization of the turning response of dorsal root neurites towards Nerve Growth Factor. J. Cell Biol. 1980; 87: 546–554
  • Gutmann E. Factors affecting recovery of motor function after nerve lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1942; 5: 81–95
  • Hakstian R. W. Funicular orientation by direct stimulation: an aid to peripheral nerve repair. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1968; 50-A: 1178–1186
  • Hamilton W., Sokoll M. Tourniquet paralysis. JAMA 1967; 199: 95–96
  • Hammond G. R., Smith R. S. Inhibition of the rapid movement of optically detectable axonal particles by colchicine and vinblastine. Brain Res. 1977; 128: 337
  • Hansson H. A., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Fryklund L., Nachemson A. K., Polleryd E., Rozell L. B., Skottner A., Stemme S., Lundborg G. Evidence indicating trophic importance of IGF-1 in regenerating peripheral nerves. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1986; 126: 609–614
  • Hurst L. C., Badalamente M. A., Ellstein J., Stracher A. Inhibition of neural and muscle degeneration after epineurial neurorrhaphy. J. Hand Surg. 1984; 9-A: 564–572
  • Ikeda K. Timing and technique of peripheral nerve repair. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo 1980; 20: 759–767
  • Ito T., Hirotani H., Yamamotu K. Peripheral nerve repair by the funicular suture technique. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1976; 47: 283–289
  • Jabaley M. E., Wallace W. H., Heckler F. R. Internal topography of major nerves of the forearm and hand: a current view. J. Hand Surg. 1980; 5: 1–18
  • Jaffe L. F., Poo M. Neurites grow faster towards the cathode than the anode in a steady field. J. Exp. Zool. 1979; 209: 115–128
  • Johnson M. An autoimmune approach to the study of Nerve Growth Factor and other factors. Growth and maturation factors, J. G. Guroff. Wiley, New York 1983; Vol. 1: 55–72
  • Kanje M., Lundborg G., Edstrom A., Hansson H. A. (1986) Insuline-like growth factor (IGF-1) stimulates regeneration in rat sciatic nerve. Proceedings from Axonal Transport Satellite Symposium of the XXXth International Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. 1986, 28
  • Kessler J. A., Black I. B. The effects of nerve growth factor NGFI and anti-serum to NGF on the development of embryonic sympathetic neurons in vivo. Brain Res. 1980; 189: 157–168
  • Key A., Retzius G. Studien in der Anatomie des Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm 1876
  • Kilner S., Carlsen R. Forscolin activation of adenylate cyclase in vivo stimulates nerve regeneration. Nature 1984; 30: 455–457
  • Kline D. G., Hudson A. R., Bratton B. R. Experimental study of fascicular nerve repair with and without epineurial closure. J. Neurosurg. 1981; 54: 513–520
  • Kort J., Bassett C. A. L. Effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields PEMFs on peripheral nerve regneration Abstract. Orthoped. Res. Soc. 1980; 5
  • Kreutzberg G. W. The regeneration process of the neuron: an introduction. Posttraumatic nerve regeneration, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 3–6
  • Kristensson K., Olsson Y. Retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase in transected axons. 3. Entry into injured axons and subsequent localization in perikaryon. Brain Res. 1977; 126: 154–159
  • Kuderna H. Die Fibrinklebung peripherer Nerven. Nervenwiederherstellung nach traumatischen Lsionen, H. Nigst. Bibliothek fur Handchirurgie, Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart 1985; 78–94
  • Koshima I., Harii K. Experimental studies on vascularized nerve grafts in rats. J. Microsurg. 1981; 2: 225–226
  • Kutz J. E., Shealy G., Lubbers L. Interfascicular nerve repair. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 1981; 12: 277–286
  • Landmesser L., Pilar G. Interactions between neurons and their targets during in vivo synaptogenesis. Fed. Proc. 1978; 37: 2016–2022
  • Letourneau P. C. Cell-to-substratum adhesion and guidance of axonal elongation. Dev. Biol. 1975; 44: 92–101
  • Letourneau P. C. Chemotactic Response of Nerve Fibre Elongation to Nerve Growth Factor. Dev. Biol. 1978; 66: 183–196
  • Letourneau P. Cell-substratum adhesion of neurite growth cones and its role in neurite elongation. Exp. Cell Res. 1979; 124: 127–138
  • Letourneau PC., Wessels N. K. Migratory cell locomotion versus nerve axon elongation. J. Cell Biol. 1974; 44: 92–101
  • Levi-Montalchini R., Hamburger V. Selective growth- stimulating effects of mouse sarcoma on the sensory and sympathetic nervous system of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool. 1951; 116: 321–362
  • Levi-Montalcini R., Hamburger V. A diffusable agent of mouse sarcoma producing hyperplasia of sympathetic ganglia and hyperneurolization of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool. 1953; 123: 233–288
  • Levi-Montalcini R. The Nerve Growth Factor: its mode of action on sensory and sympathetic nerve cells. Harvey Lecture 1966; 60: 217–259
  • Levi-Montalchini R. The nerve growth factor - target cell interactions: a model system for the study of directed axonal growth and regeneration: in Birth Defects. Orig. Art. Ser. 1983; Vol. 19: 3–22
  • Lewis T., Pickering G. W., Rotschild P. Centripetal paralysis arising out of arrested bloodflow to the limb, including notes on a form of tingling. Heart 1931; 16: 1–32
  • Lieberman H. R. The axon reaction: a review of principal features of perikaryal responses to axon injury. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 1971; 14: 49–124
  • Longo F., Manthorpe M., Skaper S. D., Lundborg G., Varon S. Neuronotrophic acitivities in fluids accumulate in vivo within silicone nerve regeneration chambers. Brain Res. 1983; 261: 109–117
  • Longo F., Skaper S. D., Manthorpe M., Lundborg G., Varon S. Temporal changes of neuronotrophic activities accumulating in vivo within nerve regeneration chambers. Exp. Neurol. 1983b; 81: 756–769
  • Longo F., Hayman E. G., Davis G. E., Ruoslathi H. E., Engvall E., Manthorpe M., Varon S. Neurite-promoting factors and extra- cellular matrix components accumulating in vivo within nerve regeneration chambers. Brain Res. 1984; 309: 105–117
  • Low F. N. The perineurium and connective tissue of peripheral nerve In. The peripheral nerve, D. N. Landon. Chapman & Hall. John Wiley & Sons, Landon 1976; 159–187, c., New York
  • Lubinska L. Axoplasmic streaming in regenerating and in normal nerve fibres. Mechanisms of Neural Regeneration Progress in Brain Research, M. Singer, J. P. Schade. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1964; 13: 1–71
  • Lumsden A. G. S., Davies A. M. Earliest sensory nerve fibres are guided to peripheral targets by attractants other than Nerve Growth Factor. Nature 1983; 306: 786–788
  • Lundborg G. Ischemic nerve injury. Experimental studies on intraneural microvascular pathophysiology and nerve function in a limb, subjected to temporary circulatory arrest. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1970; 6: 1–113, Suppl
  • Lundborg G., Rydevik B. Effects of stretching the tibial nerve of the rabbit. A preliminary study of the intraneural circulation and the barrier function of the perineurium. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1973; 55-B: 390–401
  • Lundborg G. Structure and function of the intraneural microvessels as related to trauma, edema formation and nerve function. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1975; 57: 938–948, (Am.)
  • Lundborg G. The intrinsic vascularization of human peripheral nerves - structural and functional aspects. J. Hand Surg. 1979; 4: 34–41
  • Lundborg G. Nerve repair: the role of the surgeon as related to neurobiology mechanisms. Neuromuscular diseases, G. Serratrice, C. Des-nuelle, J. F. Pellissier, D. Cros, J. L. Gastaut, J. Pouget, A. S. Chiano. Raven Press, New York 1984; 297–302
  • Lundborg G., Branemark P. I. Microvascular structure and function of peripheral nerves. Vital microscopic studies of the tibial nerve in the rabbit. Adv. Microcirc. 1968; 1: 66–88
  • Lundborg G., Hansson H. A. Regeneration of peripheral nerve through a preformed tissue space. Preliminary observations on the reorganization of regenerating nerve fibres and perineurium. Brain Res. 1979; 179: 573–576
  • Lundborg G., Hansson H. A. Nerve lesions with interruption of continuity. Studies on the growth pattern of regenerating axons in the gap between the proximal and distal nerve ends. Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 229–239
  • Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Hansson H. A., Larsson K. Reorganization and orientation of regenerating nerve fibres, perineurium and epineurium in preformed mesothelial tubes - an experimental study on the sciatic nerve of rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 1981; 6: 265–281
  • Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Gelberman R., Longo F., Powell H., Varon S. Nerve regeneration in silicone model chambers: Influence of gap length and of distal stump components. Exp. Neurol. 1982a; 76: 361–375
  • Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Johannesson A., Hansson H. A., Longo F., Varon S. Nerve regeneration across an extended gap: A neuronobiological view of nerve repair and the possible involvement of neuronotrophic factors. J. Hand Surg. 1982b; 7: 580–587
  • Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Johannesson A., Hansson H. A. Regeneration of nerve fibres in preformed mesothelial tubes -influence of distal nerve segment of a transected nerve on growth and direction. Clinical Applications of Biomaterials. Advances in Biomaterials, A. J. C. Lee, T Albrektsson, P. I. Brine-mark. John Wiley & Sons. 1982c; Vol. 4: 323–329, ch 39. Ltd., Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore
  • Lundborg G., Longo F., Varon S. Nerve regeneration model and neuronotrophic factors in vivo. Brain Res. 1982e; 232: 157–161
  • Lundborg G., Gelberman R., Longo F., Powell H., Varon S. In vivo regeneration of cut nerves encased in silicone chambers. Growth across a six-millimeter gap. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1982d; 41: 412–422
  • Lundborg G., Rydevik B. Blodtomt fäit inom extremitetskirurgin. Teoretiska och praktiska synpunkter. Lakartidn. 1982; 79.(No. 4)4035–4040
  • Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., Nachemson A. Tissue specificity in nerve regeneration. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1986; 20: 279–283
  • MacFarlane R. M., Myers J. R. Digital nerve grafts with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. J. Hand Surg. 1976; 1: 169–173
  • MacKinnon S., Dellon L. (1986) An experimental study of treatment methods for chronic nerve compression. The 41st Annual Meeting of American Society for Surgery of the Hand, New Orleans, Feb, 1986. New Orleans, 17–19
  • MacKinnon S. E., Dellon A. L., Lundborg G., Hudson A. R., Hunter D. A. A study of neurotrophism in a primate model. J. Hand Surg. 1986; 11-A: 888–894
  • McQuarrie I. G. Acceleration of axonal regeneration in rat somatic motoneurons by using a conditioning lesion. Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 49–58
  • McQuarrie I. G., Grafstein B. Axon outgrowth enhanced by a previous nerve injury. Arch. Neurol. 1973; 29: 53–55, (Chic)
  • McQuarrie I. G., Grafstein B., Gershon M. D. Axonal regeneration in rat sciatic nerve: effect of a conditioning lesion and of dcb-AMP. Brain Res. 1977; 132: 443–453
  • Marsh G., Beams H. W. In vitro control of growing chick nerve fibres by applied electric currents. J. Cell. Physiol. 1946; 27: 139–157
  • Martin K. H. Untersuchungen iiber die perineurale Diffusionsbarriere an gefriergetrockne-ten Nerven. Z. Zellforsch. 1964; 64: 404–428
  • McLean W. G., McKay A. L., Sjöstrand J. Electrophoretic analysis of axonally transported proteins in rabbit vagus nerve. J. Neurobiol. 1983; 14(3)227–236
  • Middleton R. W. D., Varian J. P. Tourniquet paralysis. Aust. J. Surg. 1974; 44: 124–128
  • Millesi H. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves. Hand 1973; 5: 157–160
  • Millesi H. Indication, technique and results of nerve grafting. Handchir. 1977; 2: 1–24, Suppl
  • Millesi H. Reappraisal of nerve repair. Surg. Clin. North Am. 1981a; 61: 321–340
  • Millesi H. Different techniques of nerve grafting. Posttraumatic peripheral nerve regeneration: Experimental basis and clinical implications, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981b; 325–328
  • Millesi H. Interfascicular nerve grafting. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 1981; 12: 287–301
  • Millesi H., Meissl G. Consequences of tension at the suture line. Posttraumatic peripheral nerve regeneration. Experimental basis and clinical implications., A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 277–279
  • Millesi H., Terzis J. Nomenclature in peripheral nerve surgery. Committee Report of the International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1984; 11: 3–8
  • Millesi H., Meissl G., Berger A. The interfascicular nerve grafting of the median and ulnar nerves. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54-A: 727–750
  • Millesi H., Meissl G., Berger A. Further experience with interfascicular grafting of the median, ulnar and radial nerves. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1976; 58-A: 209
  • Millesi H., Terzis J. K. Nomenclature in peripheral nerve surgery. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1984; 11: 3–8
  • Miyamoto Y. End to end coaptation under tension in repair of peripheral nerves. Posttraumatic peripheral nerve regeneration. Experimental basis and clinical implications, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 281–286
  • Miyamoto Y., Tsuge K. Effects of tension on intraneural microcirculation in end to end neurorrhaphy. Posttraumatic peripheral nerve regeneration. Experimental basis and clinical implications, A. Gorio, H. Millesi, S. Mingrino. Raven Press, New York 1981; 81–91
  • Moberg E. Evaluation and management of nerve injuries in the hand. Surg. Clin. North Am. 1964; 44: 1019–1029
  • Molander H., Olsson Y., Engkvist O., Bowald S., Eriksson I. Regeneration of peripheral nerve through a polyglactin tube. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5: 54–57
  • Moldaver J. Tourniquet paralysis syndrome. Arch. Surg. 1954; 68: 136–144
  • Muller H., Grubel G. Long term results of peripheral nerve sutures - a comparison of micro -macrosurgical technique. Avd. Neurosurg. 1981; 9: 381–387
  • Nachemson A. K., Hansson H. A., Dahl D., Lund-borg G. Visualization of regenerating sciatic nerve fibres by neurofilament immunohisto-chemistry. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1986; 126: 485–489
  • Ochii M. Experimental study on orientation of regenerating fibres in severed peripheral nerve. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1983; 31: 389–406
  • Ochoa J., Fowler T. J., Gilliatt R. W. Anatomical changes in peripheral nerves compressed by a pneumatic tourniquet. J. Anat. 1972; 113: 433–455
  • Omer G., Spinner M. Management of peripheral nerve problems. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia 1980
  • Olsson Y., Kristensson K. Permeability of blood vessels and connective tissue sheaths in the peripheral nervous system to exogenous proteins. Acta Neuropathol. Berlin Suppl. 1971; 5: 61–69
  • Olsson Y., Kristensson K. The perineurium as a diffusion barrier to protein tracers following trauma to nerves. Acta Neuropathol. Berlin 1973; 23: 105–111
  • Orgel M. G., Terzis J. K. Epineurial vs perineurial repair: An ultrastructural and electro-physiological study of nerve regeneration. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1977; 60: 80–91
  • Orgel M. G., O'Brien W. J., Murray H. M. Pulsing electromagnetic field therapy in nerve regeneration. An experimental study in the cat. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1984; 73: 173–182
  • Patel N., Poo M. M. Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J. Neurosci. 1982; 2: 483–496
  • Pleasure D. Axoplasmic transport. The physiology of peripheral nerve disease, A. Sumner. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1980; 221–237
  • Pleasure D., Bora F. W., Jr., Lane J., Prockop D. J. Regeneration after nerve transection Effect of inhibition of collagen synthesis. Exp. Neurol. 1974; 45: 72–78
  • Politis M. J., Ederle K., Spencer P. S. Tropism in nerve regeneration in vivo, attraction of regenerating axons by diffusable factors derived from cells in distal nerve stumps of transected peripheral nerves. Brain Res. 1982; 253: 1–12
  • Politis M. J. Specificity in mammalian peripheral nerve regneration at the level of the nerve trunk. Brain Res. 1985; 328: 271–276
  • Prestige M. C. Differentation, degeneration, and the role of the periphery quantitative considerations. The Neurosciences Second Study Program, F. O. Schmitt. University Press, Rockefeller 1970; 73–82, New York
  • Prevoznic S. Injury from use of pneumatic tourniquets. J. Anesthesiol. 1970; 32: 177–184
  • Raji A. R. M., Bowden R. E. M. Effects of high-peak pulsed electromagnetic field on the degeneration and regeneration of the common peroneal nerve in rat. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1983; 65-B: 478–492
  • Cajal Ramony S. R. Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, Cambridge 1928
  • Riley D. A., Lang D. H. Carbonic anhydrase activity of human peripheral nerves: Possible histochemical aid to nerve repair. J. Hand Surg. 1984; 9-A: 112–120
  • Roisen F., Murphy R., Pichichero M., Braden W. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate stimulation of Axonal Elongation. Science 1972; 175: 73–74
  • Rorabeck C. H., Kennedy J. C. Tourniquet- -induced nerve ischemia complicating knee ligament surgery. Am. J. Sports Med. 1980; 8: 98–102
  • Rose E. H., Kowalski T. Restoration of sensibility to anesthetic scarred digits with free vascularized nerve grafts from the dorsum of the foot. J. Hand Surg. 1985; 10-A: 514–521
  • Rudge P. Tourniquet paralysis with prolonged conduction block. An Electro-Physiological Study. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1974; 56-B: 716–720
  • Rudge P., Ochoa J., Gilliatt R. W. Acute peripheral nerve compression in the baboon. J. Neurol. Sci. 1974; 23: 403–420
  • Sanders F. K., Young J. Z. The influence of peripheral connections on the diameter of regenerating nerve fibre. J. Exp. Biol. 1946; 22: 203–212
  • Saunders K., Louis D., Weingarden S., Waylonis W. Effect of tourniquet time on postoperative quadriceps function. Clin. Orthop. 1979; 143: 194–199
  • Schlaepfer W. W., Hasler M. B. Characterization of the calcium- induced disruption of neurofilaments in rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res. 1979; 168: 299–309
  • Seckel B. R., Chiu T. H., Nyilas E., Sidman R. L. Nerve regeneration through synthetic biodegradable nerve guides: Regulation by the target organ. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1984; 74: 173–181
  • Seckel B. R., Ryan S. E., Gagne R. G., Chiu T. H., Watkins E. Target-specific nerve regeneration through a nerve guide in the rat. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1986; 78: 793–798
  • Seddon H. J. Three types of nerve injury. Brain 1943; 66: 237–288
  • Seddon H. J. Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore 1972; 267
  • Shady W., Ochoa J. L., Torebjork H. E., Chen L. S. Peripheral projections of fascicles in the human median nerve. Brain 1983; 106: 745–760
  • Sisken B. F., Smith S. D. The effects of minute direct electrical currents on cultured chick embryo trigeminal ganglia. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1975; 33: 29–35
  • Skene J. O. P. Growth-associated proteins and the curious dichotomies of nerve regeneration. Cell 1984; 37: 697–700
  • Skene J. O. P., Shooter E. M. Denervated sheath cells secret a new protein after nerve injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983; 80: 4169–4173
  • Smith J. W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1964; 33: 317–329
  • Smith J. W. Factors influencing nerve repair. I. Blood supply of peripheral nerves. Arch. Surg. 1966a; 93: 335–341
  • Smith J. W. Factors influencing nerve repair. II. Collateral circulation of peripheral nerves. Arch. Surg. 1966b; 93: 433–437
  • Sparrow J. R., Grafstein B. Sciatic nerve regeneration in ganglioside treated rats. Exp. Neurol. 1982; 77: 230–235
  • Stelmack B. M., Kiernan J. A. Effects of triiodothyronine on the normal and regenerating facial nerve of the rat. Acta Neuropathol. Berlin 1977; 40: 151–155
  • Sunderland S. The intraneural topography of the radial, median and ulnar nerve. Brain 1945; 68: 243–298
  • Sunderland S. A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain 1951; 74: 491–516
  • Sunderland S. Nerves and nerve injuries, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone. 1978, Edinburgh, London
  • Sunderland S. The pros and cons of funicular nerve repair. Founders Lecture - American Society for Surgery of the Hand. J. Hand Surg. 1979; 4: 201–211
  • Sunderland S., Bradley K. C. Endoneurial tube shrinkage in the distal segment of a severed nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 1959; 93: 411–418
  • Taylor G. I., Ham F. The free vascularized nerve graft. A further experimental and clinical application of microvascular techniques. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1976; 57: 413–426
  • Terzis J. K. Clinical microsurgery of the peripheral nerve: the state of the art. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1979; 6: 247–267
  • Terzis J. K., Strauch B. Microsurgery of the peripheral nerve: A physiological approach. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 1978; 133: 39–48
  • Terzis J., Daniel R. K., Williams H. B. Intraoperative assessment of nerve lesions with fascicular dissection and electrophysiological recordings. Management of peripheral nerve problems, G. Omer, M. Spinner. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia/London, Toronto 1980; 462–472
  • Tupper J. Fascicular nerve repair. Management of peripheral nerve problems, G. Omer, M. Spinner. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto 1980; 380–387
  • Vandeput J., Tanner J. C., Huypens L. Electro- physiological orientation of the cut ends in primary peripheral nerve repair. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1969; 44: 378–486
  • Varon S., Adler R. Nerve Growth Factor and Control of Nerve Growth. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 1980; 16: 207–252
  • Varon S., Adler R. Trophic and specifying factors directed to neuronal cells. Adv. Cell Neurobiol. 1981; 2: 115–163
  • Varon S., Lundborg G. In vivo models for peripheral nerve regeneration and the presence of neuronotrophic factors. Control of nervous Regeneration, B. Haber, R. Perez-Polo, G. Hashimi, A. Giuffrida. A Liss, New York 1983; 221–240
  • Varon S., Manthorpe M., Williams L. Neuronotrophic and neurite-promoring factors and their clinical potentials. Dev. Neurosci. Editorial 1984; 6: 73–100
  • Verghese J. P., Bradley W. G., Mitsumoto H., Chad D. A blind controlled trial of adre-nocorticotropin and cerebral gangliosides in nerve regeneration in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 1982; 77: 455–458
  • Weiss P. Nerve Patterns; The mechanisms of nerve growth. Third Growth Symposium. Growth 1941; 5: 163–203
  • Weiss P. Experiments on cell and axon orientation in vitro. The role of colloidal exsudates in tissue organization. J. Exp. Zool. 1945; 100: 353–386
  • Wheeler D. K., Lipscomb P. R. A safety device for a pneumatic tourniquet. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1964; 46-A: 870
  • Wilgis E. F. S. Nerve repair and grafting. Operative Hand Surgery, D. P. Green. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London 1982; 915–938
  • Williams L. R., Longo F., Powell H. C., Lundborg G., Varon S. Spatial-Temporal Progress of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration within a Silicone Chamber. Parameters for a Bioassay. J. Comp. Neurol. 1983; 218: 460–470
  • Williams L. R., Powell H. C., Lundborg G., Varon S. Competence of nerve tissue as distal insert promoting nerve regeneration in a silicone chamber. Brain Res. 1984b; 293: 201–211
  • Wise A. J., et al. A comparative analysis of macro- and microsurgical neurorrhaphy techniques. Am. J. Surg. 1969; 117: 566–572
  • Wolosewick J. J., Porter K. R. Stereo high-voltage electron microscopy of whole cells of the human diploid line WI-38. Am. J. Anat. 1976; 147: 303–309
  • Yamada K. M., Spooner B. S., Wessells N. K. Ultrastructure and function of the growth cones and axons of cultured nerve cells. J. Cell Biol. 1971; 49: 614–635
  • Yamamoto K. A comparative analysis of the process of nerve regeneration following funicular and epineurial suture for peripheral nerve repair. Arch. Jap. Chir. 1974; 43: 276–301, (Nippon Geka Hokan)
  • Önne L. Recovery of sensibility and sudormotor acitivity in the hand after nerve suture. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 1962; 300

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.