References
- Butler D L, Noyes F R, Grood E S. Ligamentous restraints to anterior posterior drawer in thehuman knee. A biomechan-ical study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1980; 62(2)259–70
- Cabaud H E, Slocum D B. The diagnosis of chronic anterolateral rotary instability of the knee. Am J Sports Med 1977; 5(3)99–105
- Fetto J F, Marshall J L. Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament producing the pivot shift sign. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1979; 61(5)710–4
- Frankel V H, Burstein A H, Brooks D B. Biomechanics of internal derangement of the knee. Pathomechanics as determined by analysis of the instant centers of motion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1971; 53(5)945–62
- Galway H R, Macintosh D L. The lateral pivot shift: a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. ClinOrthop 1980, 147: 45–50
- Gerber C, Matter P. Biomechanical analysis of the knee after rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and its primary repair. An instant centre analysis of function. J Bone Joint Surg(Br) 1983; 65(4)391–9
- Grood E S, Noyes F R, Butler D L, Suntay W J. Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1981; 63(8)1257–69
- Grood E S, Suntay W J, Noyes F R, Butler D L, Miller E H, Malek M. Total motion measurement during knee laxity tests. Trans 25th Annual Orthop Res Soc 1979; 80
- Grood E S, Suntay W J. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng 1983; 105(2)136–44
- Grood E S, Noyes F R. Diagnosis, and classification of knee ligament injuries: Part I., Biomechanical precepts. The Crucial Ligaments, J A Feagin. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1988
- Harrisberger L. Mechanization of motion. Kinematics. Synthesis. Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1961
- Hughston J C, Andrews J R, Cross M J, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1976; 58(2)159–72
- Lipke J M, Janecki C J, Nelson C L, McLeod P, Thompson C, Thompson J, Haynes D W. The role of incompetence of the anterior cruciate and lateral ligaments in anterolateral and anteromedial instability. A biomechanical study of cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1981; 63(6)954–60
- Losee R E, Johnson T R, Southwick W O. Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1978; 60(8)1015–30
- Macintosh D L, Galway H R. The lateral pivot shift. A symptomatic and clinical sign of anterior cruciate insufficiency. Read at the Annual Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Association. 1972
- Markolf K L, Mensch J S, Amstutz H C. Stiffness and laxity of the knee the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1976; 58(5)583–94
- Markolf K L, Graff-Radford A, Amstutz H C. In vivo knee stability. A quantitative assessment using an instrumented clinical testing apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1978; 60(5)664–74
- Marshall J L, Rubin R M, Wang J B, Fetto J F, Arnoczky S P. The anterior cruciate ligament. The diagnosis and treatment of its injuries and their serious prognostic implications. Orthop Rev 1978; 7: 35–46
- Norwood L A, Jr, Andrews J R, Meisterling R C, Glancy G L. Acute anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1979; 61(5)704–9
- Noyes F R, Bassett R W, Grood E S, Butler D L. Arthroscopy in acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee. Incidence of anterior cruciate tears and other injuries. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1980; 62(5)687–95; 757
- Noyes F R, Grood E S, Butler D L, Malek M. Clinical laxity tests and functional stability of the knee: biomechanical concepts. Clin Orthop 1980, 146: 84–9
- Noyes F R, Grood E S, Butler D L, Paulos L E. Clinical biochemistry of the knee ligament restraints and functional stability. Symposium on the Athlete's Knee: Surgical Repair and Reconstruction AAOS, J Funk, Jr. C.V. Mosby, St Louis 1980
- Noyes F R, Grood E S, Torzilli P A. Current Concepts Review: The definitions of terms for motion and position of the knee and injuries of the ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1989; 71(3)465–472
- Noyes F R, Mooar P A, Matthews D S, Butler D L. The symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knee. Part I: The long term functional disability in athletically active individuals. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1983; 65(2)154–62
- Noyes F R, Matthews D S, Mooar P A, Grood E S. The symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knee. Part II: The results of rehabilitation, activity modification, and counseling on functional disability. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1983; 65(2)163–74
- Noyes F R. Diagnosis, and classification of knee ligament injuries: Part II. Clinical concepts. The Crucial Ligaments, J A Feagin. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1988
- Noyes F R, Grood E S. Classification of ligament injuries: why an anterolateral laxity or anteromedial laxity is not a diagnostic entity. Instr Course Lect 1987; 36: 185–200
- Panjabi M M. Centers and angles of rotation of body joints: a study of errors and optimization. J Biomech 1979; 12(12)911–20
- Slocum D B, Larson R L. Rotatory instability of the knee. Its pathogenesis and a clinical test to demonstrate its presence. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1968; 50(2)211–25
- Slocum D B, James S L, Larson R L, Singer K M. Clinical test for anterolateral rotary instability of the knee. Clin Orthop 1976, 118: 63–9
- Suntay W J, Grood E S, Hefzy M S, Butler D L, Noyes F R. Error analysis of a system for measuring three dimensional joint motion. J Biomech Eng 1983; 105(2)127–35
- Tamea C D, Jr, Henning C E. Pathomechanics of the pivot shift maneuver. An instant center analysis. Am J Sports Med 1981; 9(1)31–7
- Torg J S, Conrad W, Kalen V. Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med 1976; 4(2)84–93
- Torzilli P A, Greenberg R L, Insall J. An in vivo biomechanical evaluation of anterior-posterior motion of the knee. Roentgenographic measurement technique, stress machine, and stable population. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1981; 63(6)960–8
- Wang J B, Rubin R M, Marshall J L. A mechanism of isolated anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1975; 57(3)411–3