1,513
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Vascular aspects of degenerative joint disorders a synthesis

Pages 3-82 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Abdalla A BE, Harrison R G. Observations on the reaction of tubular bone to venous stasis. J Anat 1966; 100: 627–38
  • Acquaviva P C., Arlet J, Arnoldi C C., Ficat C, et al. Proposition of a classification of bone necrosis. ARCO Newsletter 1. 1989
  • Arlet J, Ficat P, Sebbag D. Interet de la mesure de la pression intramedullaire dans la massif trochanterien chez l'homme, en particulier pour le diagnostic de l'osteonecrose femorocapitale. Rev Rhum 1968; 35: 250–56
  • Arlet J, Ficat P, Durroux R. Formes anatomocliniques (radiologiques et etiologiques) de l'ischemie chronique et de l'osteonecrose, dites primitives, de l'epiphyse femorales superieure. Rev Rhum 1971; 38: 41–53
  • Arlet J. Pertrochanteric phlebography in primary necrosis of the femoral head in the initial stage (Stage I). Idiopathic Ischemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1971; 152–57
  • Arnold W, Hilgartner M W. Hemophilic arthropathy: Current concepts of pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1977; 59: 287–305
  • Arnoldi C C. The venous return from the lower leg in healthy subjects and in chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Orthop Scand: Suppl 64. Munksgaard. Copenhagen 1964
  • Arnoldi C C. The influence of posture upon the pressure in the veins of the normal human leg at rest and during rhythmic muscular exercise. Acta Chir Scand 1966; 131: 423–31
  • Arnoldi C C. Physiology and pathophysiology of the venous pump of the calf. Controversies in the Management of Venous Disorders, B Eklöf, Gjöres E. Gjöres, O Thulesius, D Bergquist. London Boston Sydney Singapore Toronto Wellington, Butterworths 1989; 6–23
  • Arnoldi C C. Patellar Pain. Acta Orthop Scand. Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1991, Suppl 244.
  • Arnoldi C C. Intraosseous pressure in juxtachondral bone during loading and joint movements. ARCO Newsletter. 1990, 2 (Editorial)
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H. Intraosseous pressure of the calcaneus and venous pressure in the calf of healthy human subjects in the erect position. Acta Chir Scand 1966; 132: 646–62
  • Arnoldi C, Linderholm C. H. Venous blood pressures in the lower limb at rest and during exercise in patients with idiopathic dysfunction of the venous pump of the calf. Acta Chir Scand 1969; 135: 601–9
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H. On the pathogenesis of the venous leg ulcer. Acta Chir Scand 1968; 134: 427–40
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H, Vinnerberg Å. Skeletal and soft tissue changes in patients with intracalcanean hypertension. Acta Chir Scand 1972; 138: 25–37
  • Arnoldi C C., Lemperg R K., Linderholm H. Immediate effect of osteotomy on the intramedullary pressure of the femoral head and neck in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Scand 1971; 42: 357–65
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H, Müssbichler H. Venous engorgement and intraosseous hypertension in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1972; 54: 409–21
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H. Fracture of the femoral neck. I. Vascular disturbances in different types of fractures, assessed by measurements of intraosseous pressure. Clin Orthop 1972; 84: 116–27
  • Arnoldi C C., Lemperg R K. Fracture of the femoral neck. II. Relative importance of primary vascular damage and surgical procedure for the development of necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop 1977; 129: 217–22
  • Arnoldi C C., Linderholm H. Intracalcanean pressure in patients with different forms of dysfunction of the venous pump of the calf. Acta Chir Scand 1971; 137: 21–7
  • Arnoldi C C., Lemperg R K., Linderholm H. Intraosseous hypertension and pain in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1975; 57: 360–63
  • Arnoldi C C., Djurhuus J C., Heerfordt J, Karle A. Intraosseous phlebography, intraosseous pressure measurements and 99mTc-polyphosphate scintigraphy in patients with various painful conditions in the hip and knee. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51: 19–28
  • Arnoldi C C., Reimann I. The pathomechanism of human coxarthrosis. A synthesis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 181. Munksgaard. Copenhagen 1979
  • Arnoldi C C., Reimann J, Christensen S B., Mortensen S. The effect of increased intraarticular pressure on juxtachondral bone marrow pressure. IRCS Med Sci 1979; 7: 471
  • Arnoldi C C., Reimann I, Bretlau P. The synovial membrane in human coxarthrosis. Light and electron microscopic studies. Clin Orthop 1980; 148: 213–20
  • Arnoldi C C., Reimann I, Mortensen S, Christensen S B., et al. The effect of joint position on juxta-articular bone marrow pressure. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51: 893–97
  • Atsumi T, Kuroki Y, Yamano K A. A microangiographic study of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop 1989; 246: 186–94
  • Badalamente M A., Cherney S B. Periosteal and vascular innervation of the human patella in degenerative joint disease. Semin Arthrit Rheum 1989; 18((Suppl 2))61–5
  • Basset G S., Apel D M., Wintersteen V G., Tolo V T. Measurement of femoral head microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry. J Pediatr Orthop 1991; 11: 307–11
  • Bauer G CH. Osteonecrosis–a new dimension in degenerative arthropathies. Idiopathic Ischaemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1971; 195–201
  • Björkström S, Goldie I F., Wetterquist H. Intramedullary pressure of the patella in chondromalacia. Arch Orthop Traumat Surg 1980; 97: 81–8
  • Björkström S, Goldie I F. A study of the arterial supply of the patella in the normal state, in chondromalacia and in osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51: 63–70
  • Boersma V, van Limborgh J. Experimental investigations on the development of the ulcus cruris venosum in the frog. I. The effects of increased mean venous pressure. II. The effects of intermittently increased venous pressure. Folia Angiol 1967; 9: 48–54
  • Bohr H, Heerfordt J. Autoradiography and histology in a case of idiopathic femoral head necrosis. Clin Orthop 1977; 129: 209–12
  • Boettcher W G., Bonfiglio M, Hamilton H H., et al. Non-traumatic necrosis of the femoral head. Part I. Relation of altered hemostasis to etiology. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1970; 52: 312–21
  • Bouteiller G, Blasco A, Vigoni F, De Camps J L. The relationships between bone blood flow and intraosseous pressure. Bone Circulation, J Arlet, P Ficat, D S. Hungerford. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984
  • Brånemark P- I., Ekholm R, Goldie I F., Lindstrom J. Synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis. Experimental, biological and clinical aspects. Acta Rheum Scand 1967; 13: 161–79
  • Bradford D S., Foster R R., Nosel H L. Coagulation alterations, hypoxaemia, and fat embolism in fracture patients. J Trauma 1970; 10: 307–21
  • Bridgeman G, Brookes M. The blood supply of the patella in the aged. Bone Circulation and Bone Necrosis, J Arlet, B Mazieres. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1990; 20–2
  • Brookes M. The Blood Supply of Bone. Butterworths, London 1971
  • Brookes M, Helal B. Primary osteoarthritis, venous engorgement and osteogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1968; 493, 502
  • Brower R D., Wilde A H. Femoral neuropathy in hemophilia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1966; 48: 487–92
  • Bünger C, Harving S, Bünger E H. Intraosseous pressure in the patella in relation to simulated joint effusion and knee position. An experimental study in puppies. Acta Orthop Scand 1982; 53: 745–53
  • Bünger C, Harving S, Hjermind J, Bünger E H. Relationship between intraosseous pressure and intraarticular pressures in arthritis of the knee. Acta Orthop Scand 1983; 54: 188–201
  • Bünger C, Sørensen J, Djurhuus J C., Lucht U. Intraosseous pressures in the knee in relation to simulated joint effusion, joint position, and venous obstruction. Scand J Rheum 1981; 10: 283–91
  • Burch G E., Sodeman W A. Studies in tissue pressure. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 1937; 36: 256
  • Burnett D, Wood S M., Bradwell A R. Estimation of the Stokes radii of serum proteins for a study of protein movement from blood to amniotic fluid. Biochem Biophys Acta 1976; 427: 231–4
  • Burton C, Yamada S. Relation between blood pressure and flow in the human forearm. J Appl Physiol 1951; 4: 329–41
  • Catto M. Pathology of aseptic bone necrosis. Aseptic Necrosis of Bone, J K. Davidson. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1976
  • Catto M. A histological study of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after transcervical fracture. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1965; 47: 749–76
  • Choi Y- C., Hough A J., Morris G M., Sokoloff L. Experimental siderosis of articular chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Arthrit Rheum 1981; 24: 809–23
  • Christensen S B. Osteoarthrosis. Changes of bone, cartilage and synovial membrane in relation to bone scintigraphy. Acta Orthop Scand 1985; 56(Suppl 214), Munksgaard. Copenhagen
  • Christensen S B. Localisation of bone-seeking agents in developing experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the knee joint of the rabbit. Scand J. Rheum 1983; 12: 343–49
  • Christensen S B., Arnoldi C C. Distribution of 99mTc-phosphate compounds in osteoarthritic femoral heads. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1980; 62: 90–96
  • Christensen S B., Krogsgaard O W. Localisation of 99mTc-MDP in epiphyseal growth plates of rats. J Nucl Med 1981; 22: 237–45
  • Christensen S B., Reimann I, Henriksen O, Arnoldi C C. Experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits. A study of 133 Xenon washout rates from the synovial cavity. Acta Orthop Scand 1982; 53: 167–74
  • Collins D H. The Pathology of Articular and Spinal Diseases. Edward Arnold & Co., London 1949; 74–115
  • Cooper N S. Arthritis and the rheumatic diseases. J Amer Phys Ther Ass 1964; 44: 574–89
  • Cooper R R. Nerves in cortical bone. Science 1968; 160: 327–8
  • Crawfurd E JP, Emery R JH, Hansell D M., et al. Capsular distension and intracapsular pressure in subcapital fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1988; 70: 195–98
  • Cruess R L. Osteonecrosis of bone. Current concepts as to etiology and pathogenesis. Clin Orthop 1986; 208: 30–9
  • Cruess R L., Ross D, Crawshaw E. The etiology of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of bone. A laboratory and clinical study. Clin Orthop 1975; 113: 178–83
  • Darracott J, Vernon-Roberts B. The bony changes in “chondromalacia patellae”. Rheum Phys Med II 1971; 175–79
  • Danielsson L G. Incidence and prognosis of coxarthrosis. Thesis. Acta Orthop Scand 1964, Suppl 66: 21–24
  • DePalma A F. Diseases of the knee. J.P. Lippincott. Philadelphia 1954
  • DePalma A F. Hemophilic arthropathy. Clin Orthop 1967; 52: 145–65
  • Dryll A, Lansaman Cazalis J, et al. Light and electron microscopy study of capillaries in normal and inflammatory human synovial membrane. J Clin Path 1977; 30: 556–62
  • Edwall G. Stable and reproducible antimony-antimony oxide electrodes. Thesis. Stockholm, Sweden 1976
  • Egund N, Nilsson L T., Strömquist B, et al. Hemarthrosis after femoral neck fracture fixation. Acta Orthop Scand 1988; 59: 526–29
  • Eyring E J., Murray W R. The effect of joint position on the pressure of intraarticular effusion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1964; 46: 1235–41
  • Felgenhauer K. Protein size and cerebrospinal fluid composition. Klin Wochenschr 1974; 52: 1158–64
  • Ficat P. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1985; 67: 3–11
  • Ficat P, Arlet J. Ischemia and Necrosis of Bone, D S. Hungerford. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, London 1980
  • Ficat J J., Arlet J, Autefage F. Ischemic coxopathies: Function of the osteochondral junction. Bone Circulation and Bone Necrosis, J Arlet, B Mazieres. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1910; 16
  • Ficat P, Hungerford D S. Disorders of the Patello-femoral Joint. Barcelona, Milan, Masson, Paris, New York 1977
  • Ficat P, Ficat C, Bailleux S. Syndrome d'hyperpression exteme de la rotule. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 1972; 53: 845–9
  • Finsterbush A, Friedman B. Early changes in immobilized rabbit knee joints. A light and electron microscopic study. Clin Orthop 1973; 92: 305
  • Fisher D E. Corticosteroid-induced aseptic necrosis. II. Experimental study. Clin Orthop 1972; 84: 200–6
  • Fisher D E., Brickel W H. Corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis: a clinical study of seventy-seven patients. J Bone Joint Surg 1971; 33: 859–73
  • Fisher R A., Yates F. Statistical tables. Oliver & Boyd. Edinburgh 1957
  • Frost H M. (1964) The etiodynamics of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Proceedings of the Conference on Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head. 1964. St Louis, Missouri, 393
  • Glimcher M J., Kenzora J E. The biology of osteonecrosis of the human femoral head and its clinical implications. Clin Orthop 1979; 140: 273–96
  • Gold E W., et al. Corticoid-induced avascular necrosis: an experimental study in rabbits. Clin Orthop 1978; 135: 272–80
  • Goldie I F. The synovial microvascular derangement in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Scand 1970; 40: 751–66
  • Good fellow J, Hungerford D S., Woods C. Patellofemoral joint mechanics and pathology. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1976; 58: 291–9
  • Grönblad M, Konttinen Y T., Korkala O, et al. (a) Neuro-anatomical basis for pain reception in joint disease. XXII Scandinavian Congress of Rheumatology Scand J Rheumatol Reykjavik, Iceland 1988; 39(Suppl 72)
  • Grönblad M, Konttinen Y T., Korkala O, et al. (b). Neuropeptides in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1807–10
  • Grønlund J, Kofoed H, Svalastoga E. Effect of increased knee joint pressure on oxygen tension and blood flow in subchondral bone. Acta Physiol Scand 1984; 121: 127–33
  • Hamerman D. New thought on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Amer J Med 1966; 40: 1–24
  • Harper W M., Barnes M R., Gregg P J. Femoral head blood flow in femoral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1991; 73: 73–5
  • Harvey A R. Neurophysiology of rheumatic pain. Clin Rheumatol 1987; 1: 1–26
  • Harris W H., Jackson R H., Jowsey J. The in vivo distribution of tetracyclines in canine bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1962; 44: 1308–20
  • Harrison M HM, Schajowicz F, Trueta J. Osteoarthritis of the hip: A study of the nature and evolution of the disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1953; 35: 598–626
  • Hauzeur J P., Pasteels J L., Schoutens A, et al. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1989; 71(5)641–49
  • Heerfordt J, Vistisen L, Bohr H. Comparison of 18 F and 99m Tc-polyphosphate in orthopaedic bone scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1976; 17: 98–107
  • Hejgaard N, Arnoldi C C. Osteotomy of the patella in the patello-femoral pain syndrome. The significance of increased intraosseous pressure during sustained knee flection. Int Orthop 1984; 8: 189–94
  • Hejgaard N, Diemer H. Bone scan in the patello-femoral pain syndrome. Int Orthop 1983; 12: 29–35
  • Hellem S, Jacobsson L S., Nilsson G E. Microvascular response in cancellous bone to halothane-induced hypotension in pigs. Int J Oral Surg 1983; 12: 178–83
  • Helal B. Osteoarthritis of the knee. Thesis. University of Liverpool. 1962
  • Helal B. The pain in primary osteoarthritis of the knee: its causes and treatment by osteotomy. Postgrad M J 1986; 5(41)172–81
  • Hietala S, Åström J. The effect of fenestration on intraosseous drainage in osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 80–88
  • Hilgartner N W., Arnold W D., Granda J L. (1972) Acid phosphatase levels in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with hemophilia (Abstract). Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Hematology. 1972. Grafica Chieregati, Sao Paulo
  • Hoaglund F T. Experimental hemarthrosis. The response of canine knees to injections of autologous blood. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1967; 49: 285–98
  • Hokfelt T, Kellerth J P., Nilsson G, et al. Substance P: localisation in the central nervous system and primary sensory neurons. Science 1975; 190: 889–90
  • Hulth A. Circulatory disturbances in osteoarthritis of the hip. Acta Orthop Scand 1959; 28: 81–9
  • Hulth A, Lindberg L, Telhag H. Experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 1970; 41: 522–26
  • Hungerford D S. (1979) Bone marrow pressure, venography, and core decompression in ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. The Hip: Proceedings of the Seventh Open Scientific Meeting of the Hip Society. 1979. St Louis C.V. Mosby, 218–37
  • Hungerford D S. Pathogenetic considerations in ischemic necrosis of bone. Can J Surg 1981; 24: 583–90
  • Hungerford D S., Lennox D W. The importance of increased intraosseous pressure in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Implications for treatment. Orthop Clin North America 1985; 16: 635–54
  • Hungerford D S., Zizic T M. Alcoholism associated ischemic necrosis of the femoral head: Early diagnosis and treatment. Clin Orthop 1978; 144: 144
  • Jacobs B. Epidemiology of traumatic and non-traumatic osteonecrosis. Clin Orthop 1978; 130: 51–67
  • Jacqueline F, Rutishauser E. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. Idiopathic Ischemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head In Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1971; 34–48
  • Japanese Investigation Comittee for Intractable Diseases. Diagnostic Criteria, Stage and Type of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head. (ANF of steroid induced, alcohol associated or idiopathic nature) 1986
  • Jayson M IV, Dixon A St.J. Intra-articular pressure in rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. III. Pressure changes during joint use. Ann Rheum Dis 1970; 29: 401–8
  • Jones J P. Fat embolism and osteonecrosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1985; 16: 595–633
  • Jones J P. Alcoholism, hypercortisonism, fat embolism and osseous avascular necrosis. Ischemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1971; 112–32
  • Jones J P., Englemann E P., Jajarian J S. Systemic fat embolism after renal homotransplantation and treatment with corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 1965; 273: 1453–58
  • Kahlstrom S C., Burton C C., Phemister D B. Aseptic necrosis of bone. I. Infarction of bone in Caisson disease resulting in encapsulated and calcified areas in diaphyses and in arthritis deformans. Surg Gynec Obstet 1939; 68: 129–46
  • Kawai T, Tamki A, Hirohata K. Steroid-induced accumulation of lipid in the osteocytes of the rabbit femoral head. A histochemical and electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1985; 67: 755–63
  • Kellgren J H., Samuel E P. The sensitivity and innervation of the articular capsule. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1950; 32: 85–92
  • Kenzora J E. The effect of high dose corticosteroids on kidney, liver and bone tissues of rabbits. Unpublished data 1978
  • Kenzora J E., Steel R E., Yosipovitch Z H., Glimcher M J. Experimental osteonecrosis in the femoral head in adult rabbits. Clin Orthop 1978; 130: 8–46
  • Kennedy J C., Alexander I J., Hayers K C. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. Am J Sports Med 1982; 329–35
  • Key J A. Experimental arthritis. The reaction of joints to mild irritant. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1929; 11: 705–38
  • Kiær T, Pedersen N W., Kristensen K D., Starklint H. Intraosseous pressure, oxygen tension in avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1990; 72: 1023–30
  • Kiær T, Sørensen K K., Grønlund J. Intraosseous pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in coxarthrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 1986; 57: 115–21
  • Klümper A. Grundlagen zur intraossören Angiographic am menschlichen Rohrenknochen. Fortschr Rontgenst 1976; 125: 129–42
  • Kofoed H. Synovitis causes hypoxia and acidity in synovial fluid and subchondral bone. Injury 1986; 17: 391–96
  • Kofoed H. Oxygen gradients between arterial blood and normal synovial fluid and subchondral bone. IRCS Med Sci 1986; 14: 250–1
  • Kofoed H. Haemodynamics and metabolism in arthrosis. Studies in the rabbit knee. Acta Orthop Scand 1986; 57: 119–22
  • Kofoed H. Accuracy of subchondral PO2 and PCO2 and pH in normal synovial fluid and subchondral bone. IRCS Med Sci 1986; 13: 1105–6
  • Kofoed H. Correlation between PO2, PCO2 and pH in normal synovial fluid and subchondral bone. IRCS Med Sci 1986; 14: 148–9
  • Kofoed H, Lindenberg S. Continuous in vivo measurements in subchondral bone. IRCS Med Sci 1984; 12: 1050–51
  • Kofoed H, Svalastoga E, Grønlund J, et al. Continuous measurements of subchondral PO2 and PCO2 by mass spectrometry. IRSC Med Sci 1983; 1158
  • Konttinen Y T., Grønblad Hukkanen M. E., et al. Pain fibers in osteoarthritis: A review. Sem Arthrit Rheum 1989; 18(Suppl 2)35–40
  • Kopriwa B M., Leblond C P. Improvements in the coating technique of radioautography. J Histochem Cytochem 1962; 1: 269–84
  • Kristensen K D., Kiær T, Pedersen N W. Intraosseous PO2 in femoral neck fracture; restoration of blood flow after aspiration of haemarthrosis in undisplaced fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60: 303–4
  • Krygier A, Kazimierz K. The influence of hydrogen-ion concentrations and some other ions on metachromasia in staining mucopolysaccharides with toluidine blue. Acta Med Polona 1961; 2: 123–45
  • Kuschner I, Somerville A. Permeability of human synovial membrane to plasma proteins. Relationship to molecular size and inflammation. Arthrit Rheum 1971; 14: 560–70
  • Lagier R. Idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1971
  • Langenskiöld A, Michelsson J- E., Videmann T. Osteoarthritis of the knee in the rabbit produced by immobilisation. Acta Orthop Scand 1979; 50: 1–13
  • Lassen N A. Muscle blood flow in normal man and in patients with intermittent claudication evaluated by simultaneous 133-Xe and 24-Na clearance. J Clin Invest 1964; 43: 1895–11
  • Laurent T C., Scott J E. Molecular weight fractionation of polyanion by cetylpyridinium chloride in salt solutions. Nature 1964; 202: 661–62
  • Laurell C- B. Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies. Annal Biochem 1966; 15: 45–51
  • Lausten G S., Christensen S B. Distribution of 99mTc-phosphate compounds in osteonecrotic femoral heads. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60: 419–23
  • Lausten G S., Mathiesen B. Core decompression for femoral head necrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 1990; 61: 1–5
  • Lausten G S., Arnoldi C C. Blood perfusion uneven in femoral head necrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64: 533–36
  • Lemperg R K., Arnoldi C C. The significance of intraosseous pressure in normal and diseased states, with special reference to intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome. Clin Orthop 1978; 136: 143–56
  • Levine J D., Clark R, Devor M, et al. Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science 1984; 226: 547–9
  • Lloyd-Roberts G S. The role of capsule changes in osteoarthritis of the hip joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1953; 35: 627–38
  • Lucht U, Djurhuus J C., Sørensen S S., et al. The relationship between increasing intraarticular pressure and intraosseous pressures in the juxtaarticular bone. Acta Orthop Scand 1981; 52: 491–7
  • Lund-Olesen K. Oxygen tension in synovial fluids. Arthrit Rheum 1970; 13: 769–73
  • Lundsgaard J S., Grønlund J, Einer-Jensen N. In vivo calibration of flow independent gas catheters. J Appl Physiol 1978; 44: 124
  • Lundsgaard J S., Jensen B, Grønlund J. Fast responding flow independent blood gas catheters for oxygen measurements. J Appl Physiol 1980; 48: 376–80
  • Lust C, Pronsky W. Glykosaminoglycan content of normal and degenerative articular cartilage from dogs. Clin Chim Acta 1970; 39: 281–86
  • Lynch J S. (1974) Venous abnormalities and intraosseous hypertension associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. The Knee Joint. Proceedings of the international congress. 1974, O S. Ingwesen. American Elsevier Publication Comp. Inc., New York, Rotterdam Sept. 1973. Excerpta Med Amsterdam
  • Mankin H J., Brower T D. Bilateral idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femur in adults. “Chandler's disease”. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 1961; 23: 42–57
  • Mankin H J., Lippiello L. Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from human osteoarthritic hips. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1970; 52: 424
  • Mankin H J., Lippiello L. The glykosaminoglycans in normal and arthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 1971; 50: 1712–19
  • Markdahl-Bjarme M, Edwall G. Modified type of PCO2-electrode with monocrystalline antimony as the pH-sensing element. Med Biol Eng Comput 1981; 19: 447–61
  • McDevitt C, Gilbertson E, Muir H. An experimental model of osteoarthritis; early morphological and biochemical changes. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1977; 59: 24–33
  • Meriel P, Ruffie R, Fournie A. La phlebographie de la hanche dans les coxarthroses. Rev Rhum 1955; 22: 328–41
  • Merle d'Aubigne R, Postel M, Dahlin D C. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adults. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1965; 47: 612–33
  • Milgram J W., Robinson R A. An electronmicroscopic demonstration of unmyelinated nerves in the Haversian canals of the adult dog. Bull Hopkins Hosp 1965; 117: 63–73
  • Mitchell D G., Steinberg M E., Dalinka M K., et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the ischemic hip. Clin Orthop 1989; 244: 60–77
  • Mulligan W H., Briggs J D., Canavan, Catto M, et al. Unpublished observations. cited by Catto M 1976
  • Nettelbladt E, Sundblad L. Protein patterns in synovial fluid and serum in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthrit Rheum 1959; 2: 144–46
  • Nielsen H V. Effects of increased tissue pressure on regional blood flow in the lower limb of man. Thesis. Lægeforeningens Forlag, CopenhagenDenmark 1984
  • Nötzli H P., Swiontkowski M F., Thaxter S T., et al. Laser Doppler flowmetry for bone blood measurements: Helium-Neon laser light attenuation and depth of perfusion assessment. Orthop Res 1989; 7: 413–8
  • Olerud S, Lorenzi G L. Triple fluorochrome labelling in bone formation and bone resorption. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1970; 52: 274–78
  • Paolaggi J B. Early alterations of bone and marrow after high doses of steroids: results in two animal species. Bone Circulation, J Arlet, P Ficat, D S. Hungerford. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984; 42–7
  • Patterson R J., Bickel W H., Dahlin D C. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the head of the femur. A study of 52 cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1964; 46: 267–83
  • Pearse A GE. Histochemistry. Theoretical and Applied. 3rd ed. Churchill & Livingstone, Edinburgh 1968
  • Pedersen N W., Kiær T, Kristensen K D., Starklint H. Intraosseous pressure, oxygenation, and histology in arthrosis and osteonecrosis of the hip. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60((4))415–17
  • Phelps P, Steele A D., McCarthy D J. Significance of Xenon-133 clearance rate from canine and human joints. Arthrit Rheum 1972; 15: 361–70
  • Philips R S. Phlebography in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1966; 48: 280–8
  • Philips R S., Bulmer J H., Hoyle G, Davies W. Venous drainage in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1967; 49: 301–9
  • Philp R B. A review of blood changes associated with compression-decompression: relationship to decompression sickness. Undersea Biomed Res 1974; 1: 117–50
  • Pistolesi G F. II circulo venoso profondo dell'anca nell'artrosi. Russegna intemationale del film scientifici-diduttio. Universita di Padova, Italia 1962
  • Pridie K H. The development of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1952; 34: 153
  • Pruzanski W, Russel M L., Gordon D A., Ogryzio M A. Serum and synovial fluid proteins in rheumatoid and degenerative joint diseases. Amer J Med Sci 1973; 265: 483–90
  • Pujol M, Tran M- A., Arlet J. Premiers resultats d'une etude gasometrique de sang osseux trochanterien dans les coxopathies. Rev Rhum 1973; 40: 515–21
  • Pusey W, Edwards C A. A modification of the Martius yellow-scarlet red-aniline blue method for fibrin. Stain Technol 1978; 58–59
  • Ralston H J., III, Miller M R., Kasahara M. Nerve endings in human fasciae, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, and joint synovial membrane. Anat Rec 1960; 36: 137–47
  • Reimann I, Mankin H J., Trahan C. Quantitative histologic analyses of articular cartilage and subchondral bone from osteoarthritic and normal human hips. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 63–73
  • Reimann I, Stougaard J, Northeved A, Johnson S J. Demonstration of boundary lubrication by synovial fluid. Acta Orthop Scand 1975; 46: 1–10
  • Reimann I, Christensen S B. A histological study of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in subchondral bone from osteoarthritic human hips. Clin Orthop 1979; 140: 85–91
  • Reimann I, Christensen S B. A histological demonstration of nerves in subchondral bone. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 345–58
  • Reimann I, Christensen S B., Diemer N H. Observation of reversibility of glycosaminoglycan depletion in articular cartilage. Clin Orthop 1982; 168: 258–65
  • Reimann I, Arnoldi C C., Nielsen O S. Permeability of synovial membrane to plasma protein in human coxarthrosis. Clin Orthop 1980; 147: 296–300
  • Reimann I. Pathological human synovial fluids, viscosity and boundary lubricating properties. Clin Orthop 1976; 119: 237–41
  • Reimann I, Christensen S B. A histochemical study of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in osteoarthritic synovial membrane. Scand J Rheum 1979; 8: 39–42
  • Renkin E M. Multiple pathways of capillary permeability. Circul Res 1977; 41: 735–42
  • Riniker P, Huggler A. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head (A further patho-anatomical study). Idiopathic Ischemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1971; 67–73
  • Robinson H J., Granda J L. Prostaglandins in synovial inflammatory disease. Surg Forum 1974; 25: 476–7
  • Ropes M W., Bauer W. Synovial fluid changes in joint disease. Harvard University Press, New York 1953; 6–8
  • Rösingh G E., James J. Early phases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1969; 51: 165–74
  • Roy S. Ultrastructure of synovial membrane in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1967; 26: 517–21
  • Roy S, Ghadially F N. Ultrastructure of synovial membrane in human hemarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1967; 49: 1636–46
  • Rutishauser E, Taillard W. L'ischemie articulaire en pathologie humaine et experimentale. Rev Chir Orthop 1966; 52: 197–211
  • Ryder H W., Molle W E., Ferris E B. The influence of the collapsibility of veins on venous pressure, including a new procedure for measuring tissue pressure. J Clin Invest 1944; 23: 333
  • Salvati E A., Granda J L., Mirra J, Wilson P D. Clinical enzymatic and histological study of synovium in coxarthrosis. Int Orthop 1977; 1: 39–42
  • Samuel E P. The autonomic and somatic innervation of the articular capsule. Anat Rec 1952; 113: 84–92
  • Scott J E. On the use and abuse of critical electrolyte concentration approach to the localisations of tissue polyanions. J Histochem Cytochem 1967; 15: 11–113
  • Scott J E., Dorling J. Differential staining of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) by Alcian Blue in salt solutions. Histochemie 1965; 5: 211–33
  • Sejrsen P. Measurements of cutaneous blood flow by freely diffusible radioactive isotopes. Thesis. Danish Med Bull Suppl 1971; 18(9), Copenhagen
  • Sejrsen P. 1990, Personal communication
  • Serre H, Simon L. L'osteonecrose primitive de la tete femorale chez l'adulte. I. Aspect symptomatiques. Rev Rhum 1962; 29: 527–35
  • Sherman M S. The nerves of bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1963; 45: 522–28
  • Siegel S. Non-parametric statistics for behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York Toronto London 1956
  • Sikorski J M. Venous thrombosis produced by the local injection of fat. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1983; 65: 340–45
  • Sikorski J M., Bradfield J W. Fat and thromboembolism after total hip replacement. Acta Orthop Scand 1983; 54: 403–7
  • Smits G J., Roman R J., Lombard J H. Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry as measure of tissue blood flow. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 666–73
  • Soeur R. The synovial membrane of the knee in pathological conditions. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1949; 31: 417–40
  • Sokoloff L. Biochemical and physiological aspects of degenerative joint diseases with special reference to hemophilic arthropathy. Ann New York Academy o. Science 1975; 240: 285–290
  • Sokoloff L. The Biology of Degenerative Joint Disease. The University of Chicago press, Chicago 1969
  • Solomon L. Drug-induced arthropathy and necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1973; 55: 247–61
  • Soren K, Klein W, Huth F. Microscopic comparison of the synovial changes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Z Reumatol 1976; 35: 249
  • Soto-Hall R, Johnson L H., Johnson R A. Variations in the intra-articular pressure of the hip joint in injury and disease: a probable factor in avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1964; 46: 509–16
  • Spicer S S. Histochemical differentiation of sulfated rodent mucins. Ann Histochem 1962; 7: 23–8
  • Stern B, Glimcher M J., Goldhaber P. The effect of various oxygen tensions on the synthesis and degradation of bone collagen in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966; 121: 869–72
  • Steinberg M E., Hayken G D., Steinberg D R. A new method for evaluation and staging of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Bone Circulation, J. Arlet, P Ficat, D S. Hungerford. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984; 398
  • Strömquist B, Nilsson L T., Eglund N, et al. Intracapsular pressures in undisplaced fractures of the femoral neck. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1988; 70: 192–94
  • Surat A. Isolation of prostaglandin E2-like material from osteonecrosis induced by steroids and its prevention by kallikrein-inhibitor, aprotinin. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1984; 13: 159–67
  • Süsse H J. Nachweis und Bedeutung der Inkompressibilität und Volumenkonstanz in Knochenmarkraum (angiographische Untersuchung). ROFO 1955; 84: 41–62
  • Svalastoga E. Local tissue hypoxia in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Thesis 1988
  • Svalastoga E, Kiasr T, Jensen P E. The effect of intracapsular pressure and extension of the hip on oxygenation of the juvenile femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1989; 71: 222–26
  • Swanton M C. Hemophilic arthropathy in dogs. Lab Invest 1959; 8: 1269–77
  • Swierstra B A. Experimental arthrosis. Early changes in synovial morphology and lysosomal enzyme activities. Acta Orthop Scand 1983; 54: 317–21
  • Swiontkowski M F., Tepic S, Perren S M., et al. Laser Doppler flowmetry for bone blood flow measurements, correlation with microsphere estimates and evaluation of the effect of intracapsular pressure on femoral head blood flow. J Orthop Res 1986; 4: 362–71
  • Swiontkowski M F., Ganz R, Schlegel U, Perren S M. Laser Doppler flowmetry for clinical evaluation of femoral head osteonecrosis. Preliminary experience. Clin Orthop 1987; 218: 18–26
  • Tenland T. On Laser Doppler flowmetry. Methods and microvascular applications. Thesis. Linköping, Sweden 1982
  • Treuhaft P S., McCarthy D J. Synovial fluid pH, lactate, oxygen and carbondioxide partial pressure in various joint diseases. Arthrit Rheum 1971; 14: 475–84
  • Ullberg S. Studies on the distribution and fate of S35-labelled benzyl-penicillin in the body. Acta Radiol 1954, Suppl 116
  • Vegter J, Lubsen C C. Fractional necrosis of the femoral epiphysis after transient increase in joint pressure: an experimental study in juvenile rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1987; 69: 530–35
  • Vegter J, Klopper P J. Effect of intracapsular hyperpressure on femoral head blood flow. Laser Doppler flowmetry in dogs. Acta Orthop Scand 1991; 62: 337–40
  • Veys E M. Comparative investigation of protein concentration in serum and synovial fluid. Scand J Rheum 1974; 3: 1–11
  • Waine H. Observations on osteo-arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 1958; 1: 454–62
  • Wang G- J., Fechner R E., O'Hara J P., et al. Improvement of femoral head blood flow in steroid treated rabbits using lipid-clearing agent. The Hip. Mosby Publications, St Louis 1987; 87–93
  • Wang G- J., Rawles J G., Hubbard S L., et al. Steroid-induced femoral head pressure changes and their response to lipid clearing agents. Clin Orthop 1983; 174: 298–302
  • Wang G- J. Cortisone-induced intrafemoral head pressure change and its response to a drilling decompression method. Clin Orthop 1981; 159: 274–78
  • Wang G- J., Hubbard S L., Reger S, . Femoral head blood flow in long-term steroid treatment (study of rabbit model). Bone Circulation, J Arlet, P Ficat, D S. Hungerford, et al. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984; 35–37
  • Welfing J. Hip lesions in decompression disease. Idiopathic Ischemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults, W M. Zinn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1971; 103–106
  • Wells H S., Youmans J B., Miller D G. Tissue pressure as related to venous pressure, capillary filtration, and other factors. J Clin Invest 1938; 17: 489–98
  • Wilkes C H., Visscher M M. Some physiological aspects of bone marrow pressure. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1975; 57: 49–63
  • Wilkinson M, Jones B S. Evaluation of needle biopsy of synovial membrane. Ann Rheum Dis 1963; 22: 100–9
  • Willumsen L, Friis J A. A comparative study of the protein pattern in serum and synovial fluid. Scand J Rheum 1975; 4: 234–45
  • Wolf C R., Mankin H J. The effect of experimental hemarthrosis on articular cartilage of rabbit knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1965; 47: 1203–10
  • Wong S Y., Evans R A., Needs C, et al. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the hip. Evidence for primary osteocyte death. Clin Orthop 1987; 214: 305
  • Young J M., Hudacek A C. Experimental production of pigmented villonodular synovitis in dogs. Am J Pathol 1954; 30: 799–812
  • Zinn W M. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head in adults. Modern Trends in Rheumatology. 2nd ed. Butterworths, London 1971; 348–65
  • Zweifach B W. The structural basis of permeability and other functions of blood capillaries. (Cold Spr Harb Symposia) Quant Biol 1940; 8: 216–23
  • Åström J. Peroperative effect of fenestration upon intraosseous pressure in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. Acta Orthop Scand 1975; 46: 963–9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.