The psychiatric phenotype in triple X syndrome: New hypotheses illustrated in two cases

References

• Gijsbers AC, Lew JY, Bosch CA, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, van Haeringen A, den Hollander NS, Kant SG, Bijlsma EK, Breuning MH, Bakker E, Ruivenkamp CA. A new diagnostic workflow for patients with mental retardation and/or multiple congenital abnormalities: Test arrays first. European Journal of Human Genetics 2009;17:1394–1402.
   Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Dies KA, Holm IA, Bridgemohan C, Sobeih MM, Caronna EB, Miller KJ, Frazier JA, Silverstein I, Picker J, Weissman, L, Raffalli P, Jeste S, Demmer LA, Peters HK, Brewster SJ, Kowalczyk SJ, Rosen-Sheidley B, McGowan C, Duda AW, 3rd, Lincoln SA, Lowe KR, Schonwald A, Robbins M, Hisama F, Wolff R, Becker R, Nasir R, Urion DK, Milunsky JM, Rappaport L, Gusella JF, Walsh CA, Wu BL, Miller DT. Clinical genetic testing for patients with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2010;125:e727–e735.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs PA. The incidence and etiology of sex chromosome abnormalities in man. Birth Defects Original Article Series 1979; 15: 3–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otter M, Schrander-Stumpel CT, Curfs LM. Triple X syndrome: A review of the literature. European Journal Of Human Genetics 2010; 18: 265–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia NR, Howell S, Sutherland A, Wilson R, Wilson L, A review of trisomy X (47,XXX). Orphanet Journal Of Rare Diseases 2010;5:8
   Google Scholar
• Leggett V, Jacobs P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DV. Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine And Child Neurology 2010; 52: 119–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson A, Bender BG, Linden MG. Summary of clinical findings in children and young adults with sex chromosome anomalies. Birth Defects Original Article Series 1990; 26: 225–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polani PE. Abnormal sex chromosomes, behaviour and mental disorder. Developments in psychiatric research. Essays based on the Sir Geoffrey Vickers Lectures of the Mental Health Foundation (formerly Mental Health Research Fund), JM Tanner. Mental Health Foundation, London 1977; 89–128
   Google Scholar
• Bishop DV, Jacobs PA, Lachlan K, Wellesley D, Barnicoat A, Boyd PA, Fryer A, Middlemiss P, Smithson S, Metcalfe K, Shears D, Leggett V, Nation K, Scerif G. Autism, language and communication in children with sex chromosome trisomies. Archives of disease in childhood 2010;96:954–959.
   Google Scholar
• Frances AJ. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 2000
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D, Van der Steene G, Vertommen H. WAIS III-NL: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III-NL. Harcourt Test Publishers, Amsterdam 2005
   Google Scholar
• Dosen A. SEO Schaal voor emotionele ontwikkeling. Psychische stoornissen, gedragsproblemen en verstandelijke handicap, A Dosen. Koninklijke Van Gorcum BV, Assen 2005; 79–80
   Google Scholar
• Blok JB, van den Berg PT, Feij JA. Temperamentsschaal voor Zwakzinnigen, TVZ. Swets & Zeitlinger, Handleiding Lisse 1990
   Google Scholar
• Stinissen J, Willems PJ, Coetsier P. Handleiding bij de nederlandstalige bewerking van de Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W.A.I.S.). Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse 1970
   Google Scholar
• Koppitz EM. The Bender Gestalt Test for young children. Grune & Stratton, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Vos PG. Bourdon-Vos Test (derde herziene uitgave). Harcourt Assessment BV, Amsterdam 1998
   Google Scholar
• Hammes JGW. Stroop Kleur-Woord Test. Pearson Testpublisher, Amsterdam 1978
   Google Scholar
• Luteijn F, Starren J, van Dijk H. Handleiding Nederlandse Persoonlijkheids Vragenlijst, NPV (herziene uitgave). Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse 1985
   Google Scholar
• Luteijn F, Kok AR, van der Ploeg FAE. NVM: Nederlandse verkorte MMPI: Handleiding. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse 1985
   Google Scholar
• Vijftigschild W, Berger HJC, van Spaendonck JAS. Sociale Interpretatie Test. Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam 1969
   Google Scholar
• Kraijer DW. AVZ-R Autisme en Verwante Stoornissenschaal voor Zwakzinnigen - Revisie handleiding, vierde uitgebreide uitgave. Harcourt Test Publishers, Amsterdam 1999
   Google Scholar
• van Berckelaer-Onnes LA, Hoekman J. AUTI-R Schaal t.b.v. de onderkenning van vroegkinderlijk autisme: Handleiding en verantwoording. Harcourt Test Publishers, Amsterdam 1991
   Google Scholar
• Luteijn E, Minderaa RB, Jackson S. Vragenlijst voor Inventarisatie van Sociaal gedrag van Kinderen (VISK). Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse 2002
   Google Scholar
• Kidd CB, Knox RS, Mantle DJ. A psychiatric investigation of triple-X chromosome females. The British Journal Of Psychiatry 1963; 109: 90–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olanders S. Females with supernumerary X chromosomes; a study of 39 psychiatric cases [dissertation]. University of Göteborg, GöteborgSweden 1975; 223
   Google Scholar
• Olanders S. Epidemiological investigation. Females with supernumerary X chromosomes; a study of 39 psychiatric cases [dissertation], S Olanders. University of Göteborg, Göteborg 1975; 3–19
   Google Scholar
• Olanders S. Intelligence level. Females with supernumerary X chromosomes; a study of 39 psychiatric cases [dissertation], S Olanders. University of Göteborg, Göteborg 1975; 86–90
   Google Scholar
• Olanders S. Other psychiatric findings. Females with supernumerary X chromosomes; a study of 39 psychiatric cases [dissertation], S Olanders. University of Göteborg, Göteborg 1975; 91–104
   Google Scholar
• Olanders S. Case histories. Females with supernumerary X chromosomes; a study of 39 psychiatric cases [dissertation], S Olanders. University of Göteborg, Göteborg 1975; 108–204
   Google Scholar
• Woodhouse WJ, Holland AJ, McLean G, Reveley AM. The association between triple X and psychosis. The British Journal Of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 554–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götz M. Results of the present study: XXX women. The psychiatric consequences of sex chromosome abnormalities: A cohort study [dissertation], M Götz. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh 1996; 62–68
   Google Scholar
• Warwick MM. Brain morphology and personality characteristics of subjects with sex chromosome anomalies and matched controls [dissertation]. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh 1999; 115
   Google Scholar
• Hamerton JL. Ethical considerations in newborn chromosome screening programs. Birth Defects Original Article Series 1979; 15: 267–278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sequeira H, Howlin P, Hollins S. Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 183: 451–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremen WS, Koenen KC, Boake C, Purcell S, Eisen SA, Franz CE, Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ. Pretrauma cognitive ability and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007; 64: 361–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairweather-Schmidt AK, Anstey KJ, Salim A, Rodgers B. Baseline factors predictive of serious suicidality at follow-up: Findings focussing on age and gender from a community-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10: 41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lunsky Y. Depressive symptoms in intellectual disability: Does gender play a role?. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2003; 47: 417–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord C, Rutter ML, DiLavore PC, Risi S. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS Manual). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA 2001
   Google Scholar
• Rutter M, LeCouteur A, Lord C. Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA 2003
   Google Scholar
• Lahuis BE, Exploring the labyrinth of the brain neurobiological parameters in Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder, a subtype of the Pervasive Developmental Disorder-not otherwise specified [dissertation]. Utrecht: Utrecht University; 2008. p 176. Available online at: http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2008-0806-211118/lahuis.pdf, accessed 31 December 2011
   Google Scholar
• Marco EJ, Skuse DH. Autism-lessons from the X chromosome. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2006; 1: 183–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprong M, Becker HE, Schothorst PF, Swaab H, Ziermans TB, Dingemans PM, Linszen D, van Engeland H. Pathways to psychosis: A comparison of the pervasive developmental disorder subtype Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder and the ‘At Risk Mental State’. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 99: 38–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BP. The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 2010; 468: 203–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackowski AP, Douglas-Palumberi H, Jackowski M, Win L, Schultz RT, Staib LW, Krystal JH, Kaufman J. Corpus callosum in maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Research 2008; 162: 256–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, Barnes D, Covinsky KE, Neylan T, Kluse M, Marmar C. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry 2010; 67: 608–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar