An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Spearmint by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

REFERENCES

• Abe S, Maruyama N, Hayama K, Inouye S, Oshima H, Yamaguchi H. Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil. Mediators Inflamm. 2004;13(1):21–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe S, Maruyama N, Hayama K, Ishibashi H, Inoue S, Oshima H, Yamaguchi H. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils. Mediators Inflamm. 2003;12(6):323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam M, Dobias P, Eisner A, Ventura K. Extraction of antioxidants from plants using ultrasonic methods and their antioxidant capacity. J Sep Sci. 2009;32(2):288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akacha NB, Karboune S, Gargouri M, Kermasha S. Activation and stabilization of the hydroperoxide lyase enzymatic extract from mint leaves (Mentha spicata) using selected chemical additives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdogan M, Gultekin F, Yontem M. Effect of Mentha piperita (Labiatae) and Mentha spicata (Labiatae) on iron absorption in rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2004a;20(6–10):119–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdogan M, Kilinc I, Oncu M, Karaoz E, Delibas N. Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. on kidney tissue in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003;22(4):213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Aydin G, Gokalp O. Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita Labiatae and Mentha spicata Labiatae on liver tissue in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2004b;23(1):21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, Oncu M, Cicek E. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats. Urology. 2004c;64(2):394–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdogan M, Tamer MN, Cure E, Cure MC, Koroglu BK, Delibas N. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism. Phytother Res. 2007;21(5):444–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque FS, Peso-Aguiar MC, Assuncao-Albuquerque MJ. Distribution, feeding behavior and control strategies of the exotic land snail Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in the northeast of Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2008;68(4):837–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso WR, Crock JE, Croteau R. Production and characterization of polyclonal antibodies in rabbits to 4S-limonene synthase from spearmint (Mentha spicata). Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993;301(1):58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso WR, Rajaonarivony JI, Gershenzon J, Croteau R. Purification of 4S-limonene synthase, a monoterpene cyclase from the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). J Biol Chem. 1992;267(11):7582–7587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen KE. Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors. Contact Dermat. 1978;4(4):195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariana A, Ebadi R, Tahmasebi G. Laboratory evaluation of some plant essences to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;27(4):319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam P, Ramamurthy P, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A. Antioxidant activity measured in different solvent fractions obtained from Mentha spicata Linn.: an analysis by ABTS* +decolorization assay. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(1):119–124.
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam P, Ramesh A. Antigenotoxic and antioxidant potential of aqueous fraction of ethanol extract of Mentha spicata (L.) against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced chromosome damage in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2009;32(4):411–416.
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam P, Priya N, Subathra M, Ramesh A. XXX. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008;26(1):92–95.
   Google Scholar
• Arzani A, Zeinali H, Razmjo K. Iron and magnesium concentrations of mint accessions (Mentha spp.). Plant Physiol Biochem. 2007;45(5):323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschenbrenner, Diana S. Drug watch. Amer J Nurs. 2004;104(2):75–77.
   Google Scholar
• Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(3):249–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker JR, Bezance JB, Zellaby E, Aggleton JP. Chewing gum can produce context-dependent effects upon memory. Appetite. 2004;43(2):207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger JT. Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3(6):448–457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertea C, Schalk M, Mau CJ, Karp F, Wildung MR, Croteau R. Molecular evaluation of a spearmint mutant altered in the expression of limonene hydroxylases that direct essential oil monoterpene biosynthesis. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(7):1203–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank DM, Mattes RD. Sugar and spice: similarities and sensory attributes. Nurs Res. 1990;39(5):290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamonte D, Mundo L, Daddabbo M, Foti C. Allergic contact dermatitis from Mentha spicata (spearmint). Contact Dermat. 2001;45(5):298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulat R, Fachnie E, Chauhan U, Chen Y, Tougas G. Lack of effect of spearmint on lower oesophageal sphincter function and acid reflux in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(6):805–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke C, Klettke K, Croteau R. Heteromeric geranyl diphosphate synthase from mint: construction of a functional fusion protein and inhibition by bisphosphonate substrate analogs. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004;422(1):52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke CC, Wildung MR, Croteau R. Geranyl diphosphate synthase: cloning, expression, and characterization of this prenyltransferase as a heterodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(23):13062–13067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks TF, Gjerstad G. Presence of three new ingredients in spearmint oil. J Pharm Sci. 1964;53:964–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos R, Amato, Neto V, Moreira AA, Arantes SC. [Treatment of ascaridiasis with spearmint]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1993;26(1):39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmona MD, Llorach R, Obon C, Rivera D. “Zahraa”, a Unani multicomponent herbal tea widely consumed in Syria: components of drug mixtures and alleged medicinal properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;102(3):344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter OA, Peters RJ, Croteau R. Monoterpene biosynthesis pathway construction in Escherichia coli. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(2):425–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates LA, Brandino TF. Quantitation of salicylate or other complexing agents in flavors. Can J Hosp Pharm (Can). 1979;32:169–170.
   Google Scholar
• Chen GT, Gao HY, Zheng J, Wu B, Yang XK, Wu LJ. [Study of chemical constituents in active parts of Mentha spicata III]. Zhongguo Zhong. Yao Za Zhi. 2006;31(7):560–562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi WI, Lee EH, Choi BR, Park HM, Ahn YJ. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol. 2003;96(5):1479–1484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi WI, Lee SG, Park HM, Ahn YJ. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J Econ Entomol. 2004;97(2):553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury RP, Kumar A, Garg AN. Analysis of Indian mint (Mentha spicata) for essential, trace and toxic elements and its antioxidant behaviour. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41(3):825–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton R, Orton D. Contact allergy to spearmint oil in a patient with oral lichen planus. Contact Dermat. 2004;51(5–6):314–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby SM, Alonso WR, Katahira EJ, McGarvey DJ, Croteau R. 4S-limonene synthase from the oil glands of spearmint (Mentha spicata). cDNA isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of the catalytically active monoterpene cyclase. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(31):23016–23024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman WM, III, Lawrence BM. Examination of the enantiomeric distribution of certain monoterpene hydrocarbons in selected essential oils by automated solid-phase microextraction-chiral gas chromatography-mass selective detection. J Chromatogr Sci. 2000;38(3):95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway GA, Slocumb JC. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. J Ethnopharmacol. 1979;1(3):241–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croteau R, Alonso WR, Koepp AE, Shim JH, Cane DE. Irreversible inactivation of monoterpene cyclases by a mechanism-based inhibitor. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993;307(2):397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Porto C, Decorti D. Ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with under vacuum distillation of flavour compounds from spearmint (carvone-rich) plants: comparison with conventional hydrodistillation. Ultrason Sonochem. 2009;16(6):795–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Sacco D, Gibelli D, Gallo R. Contact allergy in the burning mouth syndrome: a retrospective study on 38 patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(1):63–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawes C, Dong C. The flow rate and electrolyte composition of whole saliva elicited by the use of sucrose-containing and sugar-free chewing gums. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40(8):699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Luz Reyes-Vega M, Fahara-Valdes MC, Valdes-Silva IC, Saucedo-Salazar CT, Peralta-Rodriguez RD. Flavor selection for an aluminum and magnesium hydroxides antacid suspension. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1996;22:631–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sousa DP, Farias Nobrega FF, de Almeida RN. Influence of the chirality of (R)-(−)- and (S)-(+)-carvone in the central nervous system: a comparative study. Chirality. 2007;19(4):264–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Maroto MC, Perez-Coello MS, Gonzalez Vinas MA, Cabezudo MD. Influence of drying on the flavor quality of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(5):1265–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole EJ, Rhyne RL, Zeilmann CA, Skipper BJ, McCabe ML, Low, Dog T. The influence of ethnicity on use of herbal remedies in elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. J Am Pharm Assoc. (Wash.) 2000;40(3):359–365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong C, Puckett AD, Jr, Dawes C. The effects of chewing frequency and duration of gum chewing on salivary flow rate and sucrose concentration. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40(7):585–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman HJ, Kosar M, Kahlos K, Holm Y, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant properties and composition of aqueous extracts from Mentha species, hybrids, varieties, and cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(16):4563–4569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresser GK, Wacher V, Wong S, Wong HT, Bailey DG. Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002;72(3):247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiamegos YC, Nanos CG, Vervoort J, Stalikas CD. Analytical procedure for the in-vial derivatization–extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids in methanolic and aqueous plant extracts followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. J Chromatogr A. 2004;1041(1–2):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R. [Study on spearmint. IV. The anatomy of Mentha rotundifolia, Mentha longifolia and two hybrids.]. Pharm Weekbl. 1954a;89(15–16):233–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R. [Study on spearmint. IV. The anatomy of Mentha rotundifolia, Mentha longifolia and two hybrids.]. Pharm Weekbl. 1954b;89(13–14):193–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzgerald M, Culbert T, Finkelstein M, Green M, Johnson A, Chen S. The effect of gender and ethnicity on children's attitudes and preferences for essential oils: a pilot study. Explore (NY). 2007;3(4):378–385.
   Google Scholar
• Francalanci S, Sertoli A, Giorgini S, Pigatto P, Santucci B, Valsecchi R. Multicentre study of allergic contact cheilitis from toothpastes. Contact Dermat. 2000;43(4):216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman L, Miller JG. Odor incongruity and chirality. Science. 1971;172(987):1044–1046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs S, Beck T, Mosandl A. Different stereoselectivity in the reduction of pulegone by Mentha species. Planta Med. 2001;67(3):260–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk C, Croteau R. Induction and characterization of a cytochrome P-450-dependent camphor hydroxylase in tissue cultures of common sage (Salvia officinalis). Plant Physiol. 1993;101(4):1231–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargouri M, Drouet P, Legoy MD. Hydroperoxide-lyase activity in mint leaves. Volatile C6-aldehyde production from hydroperoxy-fatty acids. J Biotechnol. 2004;111(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George DR, Sparagano OA, Port G, Okello E, Shiel RS, Guy JH. Repellence of plant essential oils to Dermanyssus gallinae and toxicity to the non-target invertebrate Tenebrio molitor. Vet Parasitol. 2009;162(1–2):129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershenzon J, Maffei M, Croteau R. Biochemical and histochemical localization of monoterpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of spearmint (Mentha spicata). Plant Physiol. 1989;89(4):1351–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessner R, Rosch P, Petry R, Schmitt M, Strehle MA, Kiefer W, Popp J. The application of a SERS fiber probe for the investigation of sensitive biological samples. Analyst. 2004;129(12):1193–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert ES, Crowley DE. Plant compounds that induce polychlorinated biphenyl biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp. strain B1B. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63(5):1933–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Coronado DJ, Ibanez E, Ruperez FJ, Barbas C. Tocopherol measurement in edible products of vegetable origin. J Chromatogr A. 2004;1054(1–2):227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves JC, Oliveira, Fde S, Benedito RB, de Sousa DP, de Almeida RN, de Araujo DA. Antinociceptive activity of (−)-carvone: evidence of association with decreased peripheral nerve excitability. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(5):1017–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant P. Spearmint herbal tea has significant anti-androgen effects in polycystic ovarian syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guney M, Oral B, Karahanli N, Mungan T, Akdogan M. The effect of Mentha spicata Labiatae on uterine tissue in rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2006;22(8):343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haksar A, Sharma A, Chawla R, Kumar R, Lahiri SS, Islam F, Arora MP, Sharma RK, Tripathi RP, Arora R. Mint oil (Mentha spicata Linn.) offers behavioral radioprotection: a radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion study. Phytother Res. 2009;23(2):293–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haudenschild C, Schalk M, Karp F, Croteau R. Functional expression of regiospecific cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases from mint (Mentha spp.) in Escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000;379(1):127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held DW, Gonsiska P, Potter DA. Evaluating companion planting and non-host masking odors for protecting roses from the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Econ Entomol. 2003;96(1):81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks H. Pharmaceutical aspects of some Mentha herbs and their essential oils. Perfumer & Flavorist 1998;23:15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hocking GM. Scotch mint and spearmint; a comparative study of cultural, morphological, and histological characteristics of species of Mentha growing in Florida. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1949;38(7):394–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hosseinimehr SJ, Pourmorad F, Shahabimajd N, Shahrbandy K, Hosseinzadeh R. In vitro antioxidant activity of Polygonium hyrcanicum, Centaurea depressa, Sambucus ebulus, Mentha spicata, and Phytolacca americana. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10(4):637–640.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyatt DC, Youn B, Zhao Y, Santhamma B, Coates RM, Croteau RB, Kang C. Structure of limonene synthase, a simple model for terpenoid cyclase catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(13):5360–5365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai H, Osawa K, Yasuda H, Hamashima H, Arai T, Sasatsu M. Inhibition by the essential oils of peppermint and spearmint of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Microbios. 2001;106(Suppl 1):31–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inouye S, Uchida K, Abe S. Volatile composition and vapour activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes of 36 aromatic herbs cultivated in Chichibu district in Japan. Int J Aromatherapy. 2006;16(3–4):159–168.
   Google Scholar
• Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996; 17(1):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia JW, Crock J, Lu S, Croteau R, Chen XY. (3R)-Linalool synthase from Artemisia annua L.: cDNA isolation, characterization, and wound induction. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;372(1):143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AJ, Miles C. Evidence against memorial facilitation and context-dependent memory effects through the chewing of gum. Appetite. 2007;48(3):394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AJ, Miles C. Chewing gum and context-dependent memory: the independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavour. Br J Psychol. 2008;99(Pt 2):293–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juronis V, Snieskiene V. [Diversity of phytophagous and pathogens and their damage to mints (Mentha)]. Medicina (Kaunas.). 2004;40(8):779–782.
   Google Scholar
• Karp F, Mihaliak CA, Harris JL, Croteau R. Monoterpene biosynthesis: specificity of the hydroxylations of (−)-limonene by enzyme preparations from peppermint (Mentha piperita), spearmint (Mentha spicata), and perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990;276(1):219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki H, Morinushi T, Yakushiji M, Takigawa M. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of the effect by six stimuli on electroencephalogram. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;26(1):24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke SY, Liu DL, Ma ZD, Liu YJ. [Study on the extraction of total flavonoids from Mentha spicata by ultrasonic method]. Zhong.Yao Cai. 2009;32(8):1288–1290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan NI, Tisserat B, Berhow M, Vaughn SF. Influence of autoclaved fungal materials on spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism. J Chem Ecol. 2005;31(7):1579–1593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SI, Yi JH, Tak JH, Ahn YJ. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol. 2004;120(4):297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiselova Y, Ivanova D, Chervenkov T, Gerova D, Galunska B, Yankova T. Correlation between the in vitro antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of aqueous extracts from Bulgarian herbs. Phytother Res. 2006;20(11):961–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivilompolo M, Hyotylainen T. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in analysis of Lamiaceae herbs: characterisation and quantification of antioxidant phenolic acids. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1145(1–2):155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivilompolo M, Hyotylainen T. On-line coupled dynamic sonication-assisted extraction-liquid chromatography for the determination of phenolic acids in Lamiaceae herbs. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(6):892–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjonaas R, Croteau R. Demonstration that limonene is the first cyclic intermediate in the biosynthesis of oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes in Mentha piperita and other Mentha species. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1983;220(1):79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Kural MR, Pereira BM, Roy P. Spearmint-induced hypothalamic oxidative stress and testicular anti-androgenicity in male rats – altered levels of gene expression, enzymes and hormones. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(12):3563–3570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen W, Nakayama H, Fischer T, Elsner P, Frosch P, Burrows D, Jordan W, Shaw S, Wilkinson J, Marks J, Jr., Sugawara M, Nethercott M, Nethercott J. Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (part II). Contact Dermat. 2001;44(6):344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston BW, Nines R, Carlton PS, Gupta A, Aziz R, Frankel W, Stoner GD. Perillyl alcohol as a chemopreventive agent in N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2003;63(10):2399–2403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchesi ME, Chemat F, Smadja J. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydro-distillation. J Chromatogr A. 2004;1043(2):323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucker J, Schwab W, Franssen MC, Van Der Plas LH, Bouwmeester HJ, Verhoeven HA. Metabolic engineering of monoterpene biosynthesis: two-step production of (+)-trans-isopiperitenol by tobacco. Plant J. 2004;39(1):135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien S, Karp F, Ponnamperuma K, Wildung M, Croteau R. Cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases of Mentha species. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 1995;12(3–4):245–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lupien S, Karp F, Wildung M, Croteau R. Regiospecific cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases from mint (Mentha) species: cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of (−)-4S-limonene-3-hydroxylase and (−)-4S-limonene-6-hydroxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;368(1):181–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei M, Gallino M, Sacco T. Glandular trichomes and essential oils of developing leaves in Mentha viridis lavanduliodora. Planta Med. 1986;52(3):187–193.
   Google Scholar
• Marin C, Schippa C. Identification of monomenthyl succinate in natural mint extracts by LC-ESI-MS-MS and GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(13):4814–4819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masumoto Y, Morinushi T, Kawasaki H, Ogura T, Takigawa M. Effects of three principal constituents in chewing gum on electroencephalographic activity. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53(1):17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mau CJ, West CA. Cloning of casbene synthase cDNA: evidence for conserved structural features among terpenoid cyclases in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91(18):8497–8501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeady P, Croteau R. Isolation and characterization of an active-site peptide from a monoterpene cyclase labeled with a mechanism-based inhibitor. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995;317(1):149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles C, Johnson AJ. Chewing gum and context-dependent memory effects: a re-examination. Appetite. 2007;48(2):154–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra LN, Tyagi BR, Thakur RS. Chemotypic variation in Indian spearmint.* Planta Med. 1989;55(6):575–576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mkaddem M, Bouajila J, Ennajar M, Lebrihi A, Mathieu F, Romdhane M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mentha (longifolia L. and viridis) essential oils. J Food Sci. 2009;74(7):M358–M363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Salinas GM, Ramos-Guerra MC, Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cardenas BD, Becerril-Montes P, Said-Fernandez S. Bactericidal activity of organic extracts from Flourensia cernua DC against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(1):45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes MA, Wilkomirsky T, Valenzuela L, Bello H, Osses F. Essential oils from some Labiatae growing in the Bio-Bio region, Chile, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Mentha spicata L.: components and antimicrobial activity. Anales de la Real Academia de Farmacia (Spain). 1991;57:425–438.
   Google Scholar
• Mouhajir F, Pedersen JA, Rejdali M, Towers GHN. Phenolics in moroccan medicinal plant species as studied by electronspin resonance spectroscopy. Pharm Biol. 2001;39(5):391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz-Bertomeu J, Ros R, Arrillaga I, Segura J. Expression of spearmint limonene synthase in transgenic spike lavender results in an altered monoterpene composition in developing leaves. Metab Eng. 2008;10(3–4):166–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray MJ. The Genetic basis for a third ketone group in Mentha Spicata L. Genetics. 1960;45(7):931–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima MJ, Glaze LE. Extraction of light filth from whole leaves of alfalfa, lemon balm, papaya, and spearmint: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1987;70(6):997–999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niture SK, Rao US, Srivenugopal KS. Chemopreventative strategies targeting the MGMT repair protein: augmented expression in human lymphocytes and tumor cells by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of several Indian medicinal plants. Int J Oncol. 2006;29(5):1269–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oka Y, Nacar S, Putievsky E, Ravid U, Yaniv Z, Spiegel Y. Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathology. 2000;90(7):710–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orhan I, Kartal M, Kan Y, Sener B. Activity of essential oils and individual components against acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. Z Naturforsch C. 2008;63(7–8):547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormerod AD, Main RA. Sensitisation to “sensitive teeth” toothpaste. Contact Dermat. 1985;13(3):192–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou V, Mallouchos A, Komaitis M. Investigation of the antioxidant behavior of air- and freeze-dried aromatic plant materials in relation to their phenolic content and vegetative cycle. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(14):5743–5752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park IK, Kim JN, Lee YS, Lee SG, Ahn YJ, Shin SC. Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). J Econ Entomol. 2008;101(1):139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen E, Andersen KE, Carlsen L, Egsgaard H. Carvone: an overlooked contact allergen cross-reacting with sesquiterpene lactones? Contact Dermat. 1993;29(3):138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Peppermint and spearmint.” Drug Cosmet Ind. 1948;62(1):44. PMID: 18921369.
   Google Scholar
• Perring KD, Tuck KM, Wilson, M. Creation of longer-lasting (substantive) oral care flavours. Oral Dis. 2005;11:121.
   Google Scholar
• Ponnamperuma K, Croteau R. Purification and characterization of an NADPH-cytochrome P450 (cytochrome c) reductase from spearmint (Mentha spicata) glandular trichomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;329(1):9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon TS, Freeman S. Cheilitis caused by contact allergy to anethole in spearmint flavoured toothpaste. Australas J Dermatol. 2006;47(4):300–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratap S, Mithravinda, Mohan, YS, Rajoshi C, Reddy, PM. Antimicrobial activity and bioautography of essential oils from selected Indian medicinal plants (MAPS-P-410). Int Pharma. Fed World Cong. 2002;62:133.
   Google Scholar
• Rafii F, Shahverdi AR. Comparison of essential oils from three plants for enhancement of antimicrobial activity of nitrofurantoin against enterobacteria. Chemotherapy. 2007;53(1):21–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja N, Albert S, Ignacimuthu S, Dorn S. Effect of plant volatile oils in protecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation. J Stored Prod Res. 2001;37(2):127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasooli I, Shayegh S, Astaneh S. The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. Int J Dent Hyg. 2009;7(3):196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringer KL, Davis EM, Croteau R. Monoterpene metabolism. Cloning, expression, and characterization of (−)-isopiperitenol/(−)-carveol dehydrogenase of peppermint and spearmint. Plant Physiol. 2005;137(3):863–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooth AG, Hegnauer R. [Study on mint. 8. The anatomy of Mentha arvensis, Mentha spicata, and the hybrid forms, Mentha gentilis and Mentha dalmatica.]. Pharm Weekbl. 1955;90(12):413–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saleem M, Alam A, Sultana S. Attenuation of benzoyl peroxide-mediated cutaneous oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response by the prophylactic treatment of mice with spearmint (Mentha spicata). Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38(10):939–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage TJ, Hatch MW, Croteau R. Monoterpene synthases of Pinus contorta and related conifers. A new class of terpenoid cyclase. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(6):4012–4020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalk M, Croteau R. A single amino acid substitution (F363I) converts the regiochemistry of the spearmint (−)-limonene hydroxylase from a C6- to a C3-hydroxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(22):11948–11953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab W, Williams DC, Davis EM, Croteau R. Mechanism of monoterpene cyclization: stereochemical aspects of the transformation of noncyclizable substrate analogs by recombinant (−)-limonene synthase, (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase, and (−)-pinene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001;392(1):123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senula A, Joachim Keller ER, Sanduijav T, Yohannes T. Cryopreservation of cold-acclimated mint (Mentha spp.) shoot tips using a simple vitrification protocol. Cryo Letters. 2007;28(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shasany AK, Darokar MP, Dhawan S, Gupta AK, Gupta S, Shukla AK, Patra NK, Khanuja SP. Use of RAPD and AFLP markers to identify inter- and intra-specific hybrids of Mentha. J Hered. 2005;96(5):542–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrebova N, Brocks K, Karlsmark T. Allergic contact cheilitis from spearmint oil. Contact Dermat. 1998;39(1):35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small LD, Dusenberry JE, Gloor WT, Jr. The determination of carvone in oil of spearmint. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1952;41(5):280–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sokovic MD, Vukojevic J, Marin PD, Brkic DD, Vajs V, van Griensven LJ. Chemical composition of essential oils of thymus and mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules. 2009;14(1):238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman KM, Badeaa RI. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(11):1669–1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava VK, Goel U, Naik SN. Assessing the allelopathic potential in Ocimum and Mentha species. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 1998;24(3):431.
   Google Scholar
• Svendsen AB, Merkx IJ. A simple method for screening of fresh plant material for glycosidic bound volatile compounds. Planta Med. 1989;55(1):38–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taddei-Bringas GA, Santillana-Macedo MA, Romero-Cancio JA, Romero-Tellez MB. [Acceptance and use of medicinal plants in family medicine]. Salud Publica Mex. 1999;41(3):216–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tisserat B, Berhow M, Vaughn SF. Spearmint plantlet culture system as a means to study secondary metabolism. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;547:313–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tognolini M, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bruni R, Bianchi A, Chiavarini M, Impicciatore M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2006;78(13):1419–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomson N, Murdoch S, Finch TM. The dangers of making mint sauce. Contact Dermat. 2004;51(2):92–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney LK, Johnson AJ, Miles C. Chewing gum and impasse-induced self-reported stress. Appetite. 2009;53(3):414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi AK, Prajapati V, Ahmad A, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SP. Piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Anophelinae). J Med Entomol. 2004;41(4):691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha O, Mecklinger L, Maier K, Hammerl M, Lange KW. Chewing gum differentially affects aspects of attention in healthy subjects. Appetite. 2004;42(3):327–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner GW, Croteau R. Organization of monoterpene biosynthesis in Mentha. Immunocytochemical localizations of geranyl diphosphate synthase, limonene-6-hydroxylase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, and pulegone reductase. Plant Physiol. 2004;136(4):4215–4227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vejdani R, Shalmani HR, Mir-Fattahi M, Sajed-Nia F, Abdollahi M, Zali MR, Alizadeh AH, Bahari A, Amin G. The efficacy of an herbal medicine, carmint, on the relief of abdominal pain and bloating in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(8):1501–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vian MA, Fernandez X, Visinoni F, Chemat F. Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, a new technique for extraction of essential oils. J Chromatogr A 2008;1190(1–2):14–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimolmangkang S, Sitthithaworn W, Vannavanich D, Keattikunpairoj S, Chittasupho C. Productivity and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique. J Nat Med. 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker JT, Melin JB. Mentha X piperita, Mentha spicata and effects of their essential oils on meloidogyne in soil. J Nematol. 1996;28(4S):629–635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang CJ, Staba EJ. Peppermint and spearmint tissue culture. II. dual-carboy culture of spearmint tissues. J Pharm Sci. 1963;52:1058–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson L, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Chewing gum selectively improves aspects of memory in healthy volunteers. Appetite. 2002;38(3):235–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DC, McGarvey DJ, Katahira EJ, Croteau R. Truncation of limonene synthase preprotein provides a fully active “pseudomature” form of this monoterpene cyclase and reveals the function of the amino-terminal arginine pair. Biochemistry. 1998;37(35):12213–12220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoney A, Prieto JM, Lardos A, Heinrich M. Ethnopharmacy of Turkish-speaking cypriots in greater London. Phytother Res. 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu TW, Xu M, Dashwood RH. Antimutagenic activity of spearmint. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2004;44(5):387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuba A, Yazaki K, Tabata M, Honda G, Croteau R. cDNA cloning, characterization, and functional expression of 4S-(−)-limonene synthase from Perilla frutescens. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;332(2):280–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandi, P, Ahmadi L. Antioxidant effect of plant extracts of Labiatae family. J Food Sci Tech. 2000;37(4):436–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeilmann CA, Dole EJ, Skipper BJ, McCabe M, Low, Dog T, Rhyne RL. Use of herbal medicine by elderly Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(4):526–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenk SN, Shaver JL, Peragallo N, Fox P, Chavez N. Use of herbal therapies among midlife Mexican women. Health Care Women Int. 2001;22(6):585–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao CZ, Wang Y, Tang FD, Zhao XJ, Xu QP, Xia JF, Zhu YF. [Effect of spearmint oil on inflammation, oxidative alteration and Nrf2 expression in lung tissue of COPD rats]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2008;37(4):357–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng J, Chen GT, Gao HY, Wu B, Wu LJ. Two new lignans from Mentha spicata L. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2007;9(3–5):431–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Wu LJ, Zheng L, Wu B, Song AH. Two new monoterpenoid glycosides from Mentha spicata L. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2003;5(1):69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Zhao DS, Wu B, Wu LJ. [A study on chemical constituents in the herb of Mentha spicata]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002;27(10):749–751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar