1,082
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

, PharmD, , BA, BS, , BS, , , PharmD, MBA, CGP, , PharmD & , MPH show all
Pages 152-170 | Published online: 03 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • Adkins JE, Boyer EW, McCurdy CR. Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(9):1165–1175.
  • Arndt T, Claussen U, Gussregen B, Schrofel S, Sturzer B, Werle A, Wolf G. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a “Krypton” herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;208(1–3):47–52.
  • Assanangkornchai S, Muekthong A, Sam-Angsri N, Pattanasattayawong U. The Use of Mitragynine speciosa (“Krathom”), an addictive plant, in Thailand. Subst Use Misuse 2007;42(14):2145–2157.
  • Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46(2):146–152.
  • Backstrom BG, Classon G, Lowenhielm P, Thelander G. [Krypton–new, deadly Internet drug. Since October 2009 have nine young persons died in Sweden]. Lakartidningen. 2010;107(50):3196–3197.
  • Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction. 2008;103(6):1048–1050.
  • Boyer EW, Babu KM, Macalino GE. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. Am J Addict. 2007;16(5):352–356.
  • Chan KB, Pakiam C, Rahim RA. Psychoactive plant abuse: the identification of mitragynine in ketum and in ketum preparations. Bull Narc. 2005;57(1–2):249–256.
  • Chittrakarn S, Keawpradub N, Sawangjaroen K, Kansenalak S, Janchawee B. The neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.). J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):344–349.
  • Holler JM, Vorce SP, McDonough-Bender PC, Magluilo J, Jr., Solomon CJ, and Levine B. A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine. J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35(1):54–59.
  • Ingsathit A, Woratanarat P, Anukarahanonta T, Rattanasiri S, Chatchaipun P, Wattayakorn K, Lim S, Suriyawongpaisal P. Prevalence of psychoactive drug use among drivers in Thailand: a roadside survey. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41(3):474–478.
  • Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996; 17(1):1–12.
  • Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;23(1):115–119.
  • Kapp FG, Maurer HH, Auwarter V, Winkelmann M, Hermanns-Clausen M. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):227–231.
  • Koch J, Mogensen J, Pedersen S, Fischer H, Hindkjaer J, Kolvraa S, Bolund L. Fast one-step procedure for the detection of nucleic acids in situ by primer-induced sequence-specific labeling with fluorescein-12-dUTP. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1992;60(1):1–3.
  • Kong WM, Chik Z, Ramachandra M, Subramaniam U, Aziddin RE, Mohamed Z. Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7344–7356.
  • Kronstrand R, Roman M, Thelander G, Eriksson A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35(4):242–247.
  • Lu S, Tran BN, Nelsen JL, Aldous KM. Quantitative analysis of mitragynine in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877(24):2499–2505.
  • Maruyama T, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Takayama H, Goda Y. The botanical origin of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa; Rubiaceae) available as abused drugs in the Japanese markets. J Nat Med. 2009;63(3):340–344.
  • Maurer HH. Chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolism of emerging drugs of abuse. Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32(5):544–549.
  • McWhirter L, Morris S. A case report of inpatient detoxification after kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence. Eur Addict Res. 2010;16(4):229–231.
  • Nelsen JL, Lapoint J, Hodgman MJ, Aldous KM. Seizure and coma following Kratom (Mitragynina speciosa Korth) exposure. J Med Toxicol. 2010;6(4):424–426.
  • Parthasarathy S, Ramanathan S, Ismail S, Adenan MI, Mansor SM, Murugaiyah V. Determination of mitragynine in plasma with solid-phase extraction and rapid HPLC-UV analysis, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rat. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;397(5):2023–2030.
  • Philipp AA, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zoerntlein SW, Zweipfenning PG, Maurer HH. Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400(1):127–135.
  • Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Phase I and II metabolites of speciogynine, a diastereomer of the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine, identified in rat and human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2010a;45(11):1344–1357.
  • Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloid speciociliatine, a diastereomer of the main alkaloid mitragynine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;399(8):2747–2753.
  • Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011;879(15–16):1049–1055.
  • Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Zoerntlein SW, Kanogsunthornrat J, Maurer HH. Use of liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry for studying the metabolism of paynantheine, an alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom in rat and human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010b;396(7):2379–2391.
  • Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Zoerntlein SW, Klein ON, Kanogsunthornrat J, Maurer HH. Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2009;44(8):1249–1261.
  • Roche KM, Hart K, Sangall B, Lefberg J, Bayer M. “Kratom: A Case of a Legal High”. J Clin Toxicol. 2008;46(7):598.
  • Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM. Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8(1):15–32.
  • Schmidt MM, Sharma A, Schifano F, Feinmann C. “Legal highs” on the net-Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206(1–3):92–97.
  • Sheleg SV, Collins GB. A coincidence of addiction to “Kratom” and severe primary hypothyroidism. J Addict Med. 2011;5(4):300–301.
  • Suwanlert S. A study of kratom eaters in Thailand. Bull Narc. 1975;27(3):21–27.
  • Takayama H, Ishikawa H, Kurihara M, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Ponglux D, Koyama F, Matsumoto K, Moriyama T, Yamamoto LT, Watanabe K, Murayama T, Horie S. Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands. J Med Chem. 2002;45(9):1949–1956.
  • Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Beng GT, Mansor SM. The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(4):283–288.
  • Ward J, Rosenbaum C, Hernon C, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? CNS. Drugs 2011;25(12):999–1007.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.