References
- Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893–2917.
- Polednak AP. Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in U.S. surveillance, epidemiology and end results areas. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:98–100.
- Mahboubi E, Kmet J, Cook PJ, et al. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: the Caspian cancer registry. Br J Cancer1973;28:197–214.
- Saidi F, Sepehr A, Fahimi S, et al. Oesophageal cancer among the Turkomans of northeast Iran. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:1249–1254.
- Kamangar F, Malekzadeh R, Dawsey S, Saidi F. Esophageal cancer in northeastern Iran: a review. Arch Iran Med. 2007;10:70–82.
- Syrjanen KJ. Histological changes identical to those of condylomatous lesions found in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Arch Geschwolstforsh. 1982;52:283–292.
- Liyanage SS, Rahman B, Ridda I, et al. The aetiological role of human papillomavirus in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69238.
- Syrjanen K. Geographic origin is a significant determinant of human papillomavirus prevalence in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:1–18.
- Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, et al. The causal relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:244–265.
- zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:342–350.
- Kalantari M, Karlsen F, Kristensen G, et al. Disruption of the E1 and E2 reading frames of HPV 16 in cervical carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:146–153.
- Kalantari M, Blennow E, Hagmar B, Johansson B. Physical state of HPV16 and chromosomal mapping of the integrated form in cervical carcinomas. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2001;10:46–54.
- Vousden K. Interactions of human papillomavirus transforming proteins with the products of tumor suppressor genes. FASEB J. 1993;7:872–879.
- Castillo A, Aguayo F, Koriyama C, et al. Human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Colombia and Chile. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:6188–6192.
- Qi Z, Jiang Q, Yang J, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2013;26:61–67.
- Syrjanen KJ. HPV infections and oesophageal cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:721–728.
- Farhadi M, Tahmasebi Z, Merat S, et al. Human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in a high-risk population. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:1200–1203.
- Kleter B, van Doorn LJ, Schrauwen L, et al. Development and clinical evaluation of a highly sensitive PCR-reverse hybridization line probe assay for detection and identification of anogenital human papillomavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2508–2517.
- de Roda Husman AM, Walboomers JM, et al. The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3' ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. J Gen Virol. 1995;76:1057–1062.
- Damay A, Didelot-Rousseau MN, Costes V, et al. Viral load and physical status of human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 in cervical samples from female sex workers infected with HPV 18 in Burkina Faso. J Med Virol. 2009;81:1786–1791.
- Ludmir EB, Stephens SJ, Palta M, et al. Human papillomavirus tumor infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6:287–295.
- Peitsaro P, Johansson B, Syrjanen S. Integrated human papillomavirus type 16 is frequently found in cervical cancer precursors as demonstrated by a novel quantitative real-time PCR technique. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:886–891.
- Chang F, Syrjanen S, Shen Q, et al. Human papillomavirus involvement in esophageal carcinogenesis in the high-incidence area of China. A study of 700 cases by screening and type-specific in situ hybridization. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35:123–130.
- Li T, Lu ZM, Chen KN, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 is an important infectious factor in the high incidence of esophageal cancer in Anyang area of China. Carcinogenesis. 2001;22:929–934.
- Shuyama K, Castillo A, Aguayo F, et al. Human papillomavirus in high- and low-risk areas of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:1554–1559.
- Syrjanen K. “HPV and oesophageal carcinoma,” in Papillomavirus Research: from natural history to vaccines and beyond. In: Campo MS, editor. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press, 2006. pp 229–254.
- Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhou L, et al. Comparison of prevalence, viral load, physical status and expression of human papillomavirus-16, -18 and -58 in esophageal and cervical cancer: a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:650.
- Moradi A, de Villiers EM, Mokhtari-Azad T, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by PCR in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from Turkmen Sahra, North-East of Iran. Iran Biomed J. 2002;6:19–23.
- Ghavamzadeh A, Moussavi A, Jahani M, et al. Esophageal cancer in Iran. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:153–157.
- Najafi F, Mozaffari HR, Karami M, et al. Trends in incidence of gastrointestinal tract cancers in western Iran, 1993-2007. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13:805–810.
- Veisani Y, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri K, Rahimi E. Demographic and histological predictors of survival in patients with gastric and esophageal carcinoma. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15:547–553.
- Mosavi-Jarrahi A, Mohagheghi MA. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in the high-risk population of Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006;7:375–380.
- Eslami Far A, Aghakhani A, Hamkar R, et al. Frequency of human papillomavirus infection in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Iranian patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:58–62.
- Abdirad A, Eram N, Behzadi AH, et al. Human papillomavirus detected in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Iran. Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23:59–62.