REFERENCES
- Chung JM. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in persistent pain. Mol Interv. 2004; 4: 248–50.
- Wang ZQ, Porreca F, Cuzzocrea S, et al. A newly identified role for superoxide in inflammatory pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004; 309: 869–78.
- Khalil Z, Khodr N. A role for free radicals and nitric oxide in delayed recovery in aged rats with chronic constriction nerve injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001; 31: 430–9.
- Twining CM, Sloane EM, Milligan ED, et al. Per-sciatic proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and complement induce mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. Pain. 2004; 110: 229–309.
- Park ES, Gao X, Chung JM. Levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species increase in rat neuropathic spinal dosal horn neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2006; 391: 108–11.
- Kim HK, Park SK, Zhou JL, et al. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2004; 111: 116–24.
- Kim HK, Kim JH, Gao X, et al. Analgesic effect of vitamin E is mediated by reducing central sensitization in neuropathic pain. Pain. 2006; 122: 53–62.
- Rokyta R, Holecek V, Pekarkova J, et al. Free radicals after painful stimulation are influenced by antioxidants and antioxidants and analgesics. Neuro Endocrinal Lett. 2003; 24: 304–9.
- Dandona, P. et al. Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2001; 86: 3257–65.
- Chaudhuri A, Janicke D, Wilson MF, et al. Antiinflammatory and profibrinolytic effect of insulin in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004; 109: 849–54.
- Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES. Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature. 2006; 440: 944–8.
- Bravi MC, Armiento A, Laurenti O, et al. Insulin decreases intracellular oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006; 55: 691–5.
- Aljada A, Ghanim H, Mohanty P, et al. Insulin inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor early growth response gene-1 (Egr)-1 expression in mononuclear cells (MNC) and reduces plasma tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 87: 1419–22.
- Jeschke, MG, Klein D, Bolder U, et al. Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. Endocrinology. 2004; 145: 4084–93.
- Jeschke, MG, Klein D, Herndon DN. Insulin treatment improves the systemic inflammatory reaction to severe trauma. Ann. Surg. 2004; 239: 553–60.
- Jeschke MG Einspanier R, Klein D, et al. Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to thermal trauma. Mol Med. 2002; 8: 443–50.
- Takebayashi K, Aso Y, Inukai T. Initiation of insulin therapy reduces serum concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2004; 53: 693–9.
- Stenz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004; 53: 2079–86.
- Ghanim H, Garg R, Aljada A, et al. Suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB and stimulation of inhibitor kappaB by troglitazone: Evidence for an anti-inflammatory of effect and a potential antiatherosclerotic effect in the obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 1306–12.
- Aljada A, Garg R, Ghanim H, et al. Nuclear factor- kappaB suppressive and inhibitor-kappaB stimulatory effects of troglitazone in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence of an anti-inflammatory action? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 3250–56.
- Mohanty P, Aljada A, Ghanim H, et al. Evidence for a potent anti-inflammatory effect of rosiglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metabl. 2004; 89: 2728–35.
- Li Z, Zhang W, Sima AAF. The role of impaired insulin/IGF action in primary diabetic encephalopathy. Brain research. 2005; 1037: 12–24.
- Guo C, Quobatari A, Shangguan Y. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: Evidence for apoptosis in situ in the rat. Neurogastrenterol Motil. 2004; 16: 335–45.
- Russell JW, Sullivan KA, Windebank AJ, et al. Neurons undergo apoptosis in animal and cell culture models of diabetes. Neurobiol Dis. 1999; 6: 357–63.
- Srinivasan S, Stevens M, Wiley JW. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Evidence for apoptosis and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes. 2000; 49: 1932–8. 26.Li ZG, Zhang W, Sima AAF. C-peptide enhances insulin-mediated cell growth and protection against high glucose-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2003; 19: 375–85.
- Delaney CL, Russell JW, Cheng HL, et al. Insulin- like growth factor-I and over-expression of Bcl-xL prevent glucose-mediated apoptosis in Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001; 60: 147–60.
- Rai NK, Suryabhan, Ansari M, et al. Effect of glycaemic control on apoptosis in diabetic wounds. J Wound Care. 2005; 14: 277–81.
- Li ZG, Zhang W, Sima AAF. C-peptide prevents hippocampal apoptosis in type 1 diabetes. Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2002; 3: 241–5.
- Lee-Kwon W, Park D, Baskar S, et al. Antiapoptotic signaling by the insulin receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochemistry. 1998: 37: 15747–57.
- Zhang W, Li ZG, Sima AAF. C-peptide potentiates the anti-apoptotic effect of insulin via activation of Bcl-2 and NF-?B. Diabetes. 2002; 51: A197.
- Hermann C, Assmus B, Urbich C, et al. Insulin- mediated stimulation of protein kinase Akt: A potent survival signaling cascade for endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000; 20: 402–9.
- Bertrand F, Atfi A, Cadoret A, et al. A role for nuclear factor ?B in the antiapoptotic function of insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 3931–8.
- Smith HS. Algoptosis. J Neuro Pain Sym Palliat. 2005; 1(3): 3–17.
- Cantley LC. The phosphoinositide 3-kanse pathway. Science. 2002; 296: 1655–7.
- Vanchaesbroeck B, Waterfield MD. Signaling by distinct classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Exp Cell Res. 1999; 253: 165–83.
- Chandrasekher H, Sailaja D. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI-3K)/Akt but Not PI-3K/p70 S6 Kinase Signaling Mediates IGF-1-Promoted Lens Epithelial Cell Survival. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2004: 45: 3577–88.
- Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, et al. Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell. 1995; 80: 285–91.
- Zha J, Harada H, Yang E, et al. Serine phosphorylation of death agonist BAD in response to survival factor results in binding to 14-3-3 not BCL-X(L). Cell. 1996; 87: 619–28.
- Obrosova IG, Julius UA. Role for poly (ADPribose) polymerase activation in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2005; 3: 267–83.
- Uekara N, Miki K, Tsukamoto R, et al. Nicotinamide blocks N-methyl-N-nitroso urea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rats through PARP activity and JNK/AP-1 pathway inhibition. Exp Eye Res. 2006; 82: 488–98.
- Zhuang Z-Y, Wen Y-R, Zhang D-R, et al. A Peptide c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitor Blocks Mechanical Allodynia after Spinal Nerve Ligation: Respective Roles of JNK Activation in Primary Sensory Neurons and Spinal Astrocytes for Neuropathic Pain Development and Maintenance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2006; 26: 3551–60.