4
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Pneumococcal Infections and the Possible Need for a Vaccine

Pages 179-184 | Published online: 02 Jan 2015

References

  • . Ammann, A. J., Addiego, J., Wasa, D. W., Lubin, B., Smith, W. B. & Mentzer, W. C.: Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization of patients with sickle cell anemia and patients with splenectomy. N Engl J Med 297: 897, 1977.
  • . Ammann, A. J. & Pelger, R. J.: Determination of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharides with chromic chloride treated human red blood cells and indirect hemagglutination. Appl Microbiol 24: 679, 1972.
  • . Austrian, R.: Random gleanings from a life with the pneumococcus. J Infect Dis 131: 474, 1975.
  • . Austrian, R.: Vaccines of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. In: The role of immunological factors in infectious, allergic and autoimmune processes, p. 79 (ed. R. F. Beers, Jr & E. G. Bassett). Miles International Symposium Series no. 8, Raven Press, New York 1976.
  • . Austrian, R.: Prevention of pneumococcal infection by immunization with capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Current status of polyvalent vaccines. J Infect Dis 136, Suppl. 538, 1977.
  • . Austrian, R. & Gold, J.: Pneumococcal bacteriemia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 60: 759, 1964.
  • . Austrian, R., Douglas, R. M., Schiffman, G., Coetzee, A. M., Kornhof, H. J., Hayden-Smith, S. & Reid, R. D. W.: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 89: 184, 1976.
  • . Baird, D. R., Whittle, H. C. & Greenwood, B. M.: Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet 2: 1344, 1976.
  • . Bass, J. W., Coen, S. H., Corless, J. D. & Mamunes, P.: Ampicillin trihydrate in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Ann NY Acad Sci 145: 379, 1967.
  • . Berntsson, E., Broholm, K.-A. & Kaijser, B.: Serological diagnosis of pneumococcal disease with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Scand J Infect Dis 10: 177, 1978.
  • . Borgoño, J. M., McLean, A. A., Vella, P. P., Woodhour, A. F., Canepa, I., Davidsson, W. L. & Hilleman, M. R.: Vaccination and revaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults and infants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 148, 1978.
  • . Calder, M. A., McHardy, V. U. & Schonell, M. E.: Importance of pneumococcal typing in pneumonia. Lancet 1: 5, 1970.
  • . Coonrod, J. D. & Leach, R. P.: Antigenemia in fulminant pneumococcemia. Ann Intern Med 84: 561, 1976.
  • . Dorff, G. J., Rytel, M. W., Farmer, S. G. & Scanlon, G.: Etiologies and characteristic features of pneumonias in a municipal hospital. Am J Med Sci 266: 349, 1973.
  • . El-Refaie, M. & DuLake, C.: Counter current immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal chest infection. J Clin Pathol 28: 801, 1975.
  • . Finland, M.: And the walls come tumbling down. More antibiotic resistance, and now the pneumococcus. N Engl J Med 299: 770, 1978.
  • . Fransén, H.: Clinical and laboratory studies on the role of viruses, bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bedsonia in acute respiratory illness. Scand J Infect Dis, Suppl. 1, 1970.
  • . Fransén, H. & Tunevall, G.: Bacteria and serologic reactions against bacteria in patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. Scand J Infect Dis 1: 191, 1969.
  • . Fraser, D. W., Geil, C. C. & Feldman, R. A.: Bacterial meningitis in Bernalillo County, New Mexico: A comparison with three other American populations. Am J Epidemiol 100: 29, 1974.
  • . Hahn, H. H. & Beaty, H. N.: Trans-tracheal aspiration in the evaluation of patients with pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 72: 183, 1970.
  • . Hausman, D.: Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in pneumonia meningitis and other pneumococcal infection. Aust NZ J Med 7: 267, 1977.
  • . Heidelberger, M., MacLeod, C. M. & DiLapi, M. M.: The human antibody response to simultaneous injection of six specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus. J Exp Med 88: 369, 1948.
  • . Heidelberger, M., DiLapi, M. M., Siegel, M. & Walter, A. W.: Persistence of antibodies in human subjects injected with pneumococcal polysaccharides. J Immunol 65: 535, 1950.
  • . Helm, E. B. & Stille, W.: Der Diagnostische Wert der Transtrachealen Aspiration bei Lungeninfektionen. Dtsch Med Wschr 98: 1600, 1973.
  • . Henrichsen, J.: Recent trends of isolates from cases of bacteremia in Denmark. Scand J Infect Dis 6: 145, 1974.
  • . Hilleman, M. R., McLean, A. A., Vella, P. P., Weibel, R. E. & Woodhour, A. F.: Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Bull WHO 56: 371, 1978.
  • . Hince, C. J. & Howard, A. J.: Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United Kingdom. Curr Chemother, p. 543, 1978.
  • . Howie, V. M., Ploussard, J. H. & Sloyer, J.: The “otitis-prone” condition. Am J Dis Child 129: 676, 1975.
  • . Ingelstedt, S., Lundgren, K. & Rundcrantz, H.: En metod att förebygga otitis media acuta. Nord Med 85: 573, 1971.
  • . Jacobs, M. R., Koornhof, H. J., Robins-Browne, R. M., Stevenson, C. M., Vermaak, Z. A., Freiman, I., Miller, G. B., Witcomb, M. A., Isaäcson, M., Ward, J. I. & Austrian, R.: Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 299: 735, 1978.
  • . Jansson, E.: A 10-year study of bacteremia. Scand J Infect Dis 3: 151, 1971.
  • . Jarstrand, C. & Tunevall, G.: The influence of bacterial superinfection on the clinical course of influenza. Scand J Infect Dis 7: 243, 1975.
  • . Kamme, C., Ageberg, M. & Lundgren, K.: Distribution of Diplococcus pneumoniae types in acute otitis media in children and influence of the types on the clinical course in penicillin therapy. Scand J Infect Dis 2: 183, 1970.
  • . De Koster, J. P., Vereerstraeten, J., Schoutens, E., Moens, J. P. & Yourassowsky, E.: La ponction trans-trachéale dans le diagnostic etiologique des infections bronchopulmonaires. Lille Méd 21: 108, 1976.
  • . Lever, P.: The role of medicine. Lancet 1: 352, 1977.
  • . Lew, P. D. & Waldvogel, F. A.: Les méningites bactériennes de l'adulte. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, Suppl. 4: 1, 1977.
  • . Lund, E.: Distribution of pneumococcus types at different times and different areas. In: Bayer Symposium III. Bacterial infections. Changes in their causative agents–trends and possible basis, p. 45 (ed. M. Finland, W. Marget & K. Bartman). Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1971.
  • . MacLeod, C. M., Hodges, R. G., Heidelberger, M. & Bernhard, W. G.: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. J Exp Med 82: 445, 1945.
  • . Mufson, M. A., Kruss, D. M., Wasil, R. E. & Metzger, W. I.: Capsular types and outcome of bacteremic pneumococcal disease in the antibiotic era. Arch Intern Med 134: 505, 1974.
  • . Mäkelä, P.: Personal communication.
  • . Pecora, D. V.: A comparison of trans-tracheal aspiration with other methods of determining the bacterial flora of the lower respiratory tract. N Engl J Med 269: 664, 1963.
  • . Schiffman, G. & Austrian, R.: A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of pneumococcal capsular antigens and of antibodies thereto. Fed Proc 30: 658, 1971.
  • . Schoutens, E., De Koster, J. P., Vereerstraeten, J., Tombroff, M. & Yourassowsky, E.: Use of transtracheal aspiration in the bacteriological diagnosis of bronchopulmonary infections. Biomedicine 19: 160, 1973.
  • . Schoutens, E. & Yourassowsky, E.: Trans-tracheal aspiration: Results obtained over one year on patients hospitalized in a general medical service. In: Internationale Arbeitstagung Pneumonie, p. 191 (ed. W. Stille & R. Timmler). Mannheimer Morgen-Gossdruckerei und Verlag, 1974.
  • . Schreiner, A., Digranes, A., Myking, O. & Solberg, C. O.: Wert der transtrachealen Aspiration bei bronchopulmonalen Infektionen im Erwachsenenalter. Infection 1: 137, 1973.
  • . Sloyer, J., Howie, V., Ploussard, J., Ammann, A. J., Austrian, R. & Johnston, R.: Immune response to acute otitis media in children. I. Serotypes isolated and serum and middle ear fluid antibody in pneumococcal otitis media. Infect Immun 9: 1028, 1974.
  • . Smit, P., Oberholzer, D., Hayden-Smith, S., Koornhof, H. J. & Hilleman, M. R.: Protective efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. JAMA 238: 2613, 1977.
  • . Trollfors, B., Berntsson, E., Elgefors, B. & Kaijser, B.: Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of sputum and blood for the diagnosis of chest infections caused by pneumococci or Haemophilus influenzae. Scand J Infect Dis 11: 31, 1979.
  • . Tunevall, G.: The antipneumolysin reaction and its clinical application. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 5: 109, 1953.
  • . Valenti, W. M., Jenzer, M. & Bentley, D. W.: Type-specific pneumococcal respiratory disease in the elderly and chronically ill. Am Rev Respir Dis 117: 233, 1978.
  • . Weibel, R. E., Vella, P. P., McLean, A. A., Woodhour, A. F., Davidson, W. L. & Hilleman, M. R.: Studies in human subjects of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 156: 144, 1977.
  • . Wersäll, J., Anker, H., Diamant, B., Kjaer, A., Löfkvist, T., Raivio, M. & Rundcrantz, H.: Rundabordssamtal om otitis media acuta. Nord Med 92: 39, 1977.
  • . World Health Statistics Annual, Vol. 1, Vital Statistics and causes of death, WHO, 1976.
  • . Wright, E. A., Parry Morgen, W., Cantab, M. B., Colebrook, L. & Didgeson, R. W.: Observations on prophylactic inoculation against pneumococcus infections, and on the results achieved by it. Lancet 1: 1, and 87, 1914.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.