109
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellany

Ecological Impacts of Antibacterial Agents: Stockholm, March 7–8, 1986

Pages 1-203 | Published online: 02 Jan 2015

References

  • Gustafsson BE. The physiologic importance of the colonic microflora. Scand J Gastroenterol 77 ( Suppl): 117–131, 1982
  • Moore WEC, Holdeman LV. Discussion of current bacteriological investigations of the relationship between intestinal flora, diet and colon cancer. Cancer Res 35: 3418–3420, 1975
  • Maier BR, Flynn MA, Burton GC. Effects of a high-beef diet on bowel flora: A preliminary report. Amer J Clin Nutr 27: 1470–1474, 1974
  • Reddy BS, Weisburger JH, Wynder EL. Fecal bacterial beta-glucuronidase: Control by diet. Science 183: 416–417, 1974
  • Hill MJ, Drasar BS, Hawksworth G. Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Lancet I:95–100, 1971
  • Finegold SM, Attebery HR, Sutter VL. Effect of diet on human fecal flora: Comparison of Japanese and American diets. Amer J Clin Nutr 27: 1456–1469, 1974
  • Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Sugihara PT, Elder HA, Lehmann SM, Philips RL. Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. Amer J Clin Nutr 30: 1781–1792, 1977
  • Drasar BS, Jenkins DJA, Cummings JH. The influence of a diet rich in wheat fiber on the human fecal flora. J Med Microbiol 9: 423–431, 1976
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Microbial factors and nutrition in carcinogenesis. In: Draper HH ed. Advances in nutritional research. Vol 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1979
  • Hill MJ. Metabolic epidemiology of dietary factors in large bowel. Cancer Res 35: 3398–3402, 1975
  • Reddy BS, Wynder EL. Large bowel carcinogenesis. Fecal constituents of population with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 52: 1437–1442, 1973
  • MacDonald IA, Webb GR, Mahoney DC. Fecal hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists control subjects and bowel cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 5233–5238, 1978
  • Fischer LJ, Millburn P, Smith RL. The fate of 14C stilbestrol in the rat. Biochem 100: 69, 1966
  • Weisburger JH, Grantham PH, Horton RE. Metabolism of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2-flouroenylacetamide in germfree rats. Biochem Pharmacology 19: 151–162, 1970
  • Weisburger JH, Weisburger EK. Biochemical formation and pharmacological, toxicological and pathological properties of hydroxylamines and hydroaxime acids. Pharmacol Rev 25: 1–66, 1973
  • Wheeler LA, Soderberg FF, Goldman P. The relationship between nitro group reduction and the intestinal microflora. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 135–144, 1975
  • Miller JA, Miller EC. The metabolic activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines and amides. Prog Exp Tumor Res 11: 273–301, 1969
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The relationship between diet and rat fecal enzymes implicated in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 57: 371–375, 1976
  • Goldin BR, Swenson L, Dwyer J, Sexton L, Dwyer J, Sexton M, Gorbach SL. Effect of diet and Lactobacillus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J Natl Cancer Inst 64: 255–262, 1980
  • Goldin BR, Sullivan CE, Gorbach SL. Etiologic factors in the development of colonic cancer: Bacteria, beef and animal fat. In: Kurtz RC ed. Nutrition in Gastrointestinal Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1981
  • Goldin BR, Swenson L, Dwyer JT, Sexton M, Gorbach SL. Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J Natl Cancer Inst 64: 255–261, 1980
  • Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP Jr, Tse-Eng D, Saha JR. Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: Reversal by antibiotic therapy. New Engl J Med 305: 789–794, 1981
  • Scheline RR. Drug metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora. Monogr Pharmacol Physiol 5: 551–580, 1980
  • Plaa GL. The enterohepatic circulation. In: Gillette JR ed. Handbook of experimental pharmocology, Vol 28, Part III. New York: Springer Verlag, 130–149, 1975
  • Fischer LJ, Millburn P, Smith RL. The fate of 14C stilbestrol in the rat. Biochem J 100: 69, 1966
  • Clark AG, Fischer LJ, Millburn P. The role of gut flora in the enterohepatic circulation of stilbestrol in the rat. Biochem J 112: 17P–18P, 1969
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Effect of antibiotics on incidence of rat intestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. J Natl Cancer Inst 67: 877–880, 1981
  • Metchnikoff E. The prolongation of life. New York: Putnam, 1908
  • Beck C, Necheles H. Beneficial effects of administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in diarrheal and other disorders. Am J Gasterenterol 35: 522–530, 1961
  • Rettger LF, Levy MN, Weinstein L, Weiss JE. Lactobacillus acidophilus and its therapeutic application. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1935
  • Paul D, Hoskins LC. Effect of oral lactobacillus feedings on fecal lactobacillus counts. Am J Clin Nutr 25: 763–765, 1972
  • Report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer Intestinal Microecology Group. Dietary fibre transit-time, fecal bacteria, steroids and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Lancet II: 207–211, 1977
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Alterations in fecal microflora enzymes related to diet, age, Lactobacillus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine. Cancer 40: 2421–2426, 1977
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 39: 756–761, 1984
  • Peppercorn MA, Goldman P. The role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 181: 555–562, 1972
  • Wheeler LA, Soderberg R, Goldman P. The in vivo reduction of compounds containing the nitro group: its relation to the character of the intestinal flora. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 135–144, 1975
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics, and Lactobacillus: Decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes, and glucuronides. J Nutr Clin Inves 73: 689–695, 1984
  • Gorbach SL, Goldin B. Lactobacillus acidophilus feeding to human volunteers decreases intestinal metabolism of phenolphthalein-glucuronide and salicylazosulfapyridine. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Abstract 1058, 1983
  • Hill MJ. The role of colon anaerobes in the metabolism of bile acids and steroids, and its relation to colon cancer. Cancer 36: 2384–2400, 1975
  • Weisburger JH. Colon carcinogens: Their metabolism and mode of action. Cancer 28: 60–70, 1971
  • Laqueur GL, Mickelson O, Whiting MG, Kurland LT. Carcinogenic properties of nuts from Cyclos circonilis. J Natl Cancer Inst 31: 919–951, 1963
  • Laqueur GL, Spatz M. Toxicology of cycasin. Cancer Res 28: 2262–2267, 1968
  • Laqueur GL. The indication of intestinal neoplasia with the glycoside of cycasin and its aglycone. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 340: 151–163, 1967
  • Laqueur GL, Matsumoto H. Tumor induction in germfree rats with methylazoxymethanol (MAM) and synthetic MAM acetate. J Natl Cancer Inst 39: 355–371, 1967
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Diet and its effect on enzymes linked to colon cancer. Digestion 16: 240–241, 1977
  • Reddy RS, Narisawa T, Weisberger JH. Effect of a diet with high levels of protein and fat on colon carcinogenesis in 7344 rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. J Natl Cancer Inst 57: 567–569, 1976
  • Reddy BS, Narisawa T, Wright P, Ykusich D, Weisburger JH, Wynder EL. Colon carcinogenesis with azoxymethane and dimethylhydrazine in germfree rats. Cancer Res 35: 287–290, 1975
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplements on DMH induced colon cancer in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 64: 263–266, 1980
  • Reddy BS, Watanabe K. Effect on intestinal microflora on 3,2-dimethyl-4-aminobyphenyl-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Cancer Res 61: 1269–1271, 1978
  • Reddy BS, Ohmori T. Effect of intestinal microflora and dietary fat on 3,2-dimethyl-r-aminobyphenyl-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Cancer Res 41: 1363–1367, 1981
  • Takada T, Hiramatsu Y, Yamamato M. Effect of beta-glucuronidase inhibitor on azoxymethane-induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 42: 331–334, 1982
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Effectcs of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplements on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced intestinal cancer in rats. J Natl Inst 64: 263–265, 1973
  • Gorbach SL. Hypothesis: Estrogens, breast cancer, and intestinal flora. Rev Inf Dis 6 ( Suppl 1): S85–90, 1984
  • Scheline RR. Metabolism of foreign compounds by gastrointestinal microorganisms. Pharmacol Rev 25: 451–523, 1973
  • Odell AD, Marrian GF. A note on the presence in human pregnancy urine of an acid-hydrolysis combined form of pregnandiol. Biochem J 30: 1533–1535, 1936
  • Heard RDH, Hoffman MM, Mack GE. Steroids. VI. The structure of pregnanediol glucuronide from human pregnancy urine. J Biol Chem 155: 607–614, 1944
  • Hashimoto Y, Neeman M. Isolation and characterization of estriol 16 a-glucosiduronic acid from human pregnancy urine. J Biol Chem 238: 1273–1282, 1963
  • Hanahan DJ, Daskalakis EG, Edwards T, Dauben HJ. The metabolic pattern of C14-diethylstilbestrol. Endocrinology 53: 163–170, 1953
  • Sandberg AA, Slaunwhite WR. Studies on phenolic steroids in human subjects. II. The metabolic fate and hepato-biliary-enteric circulation of C14-estrone and C14-estradiol in women. J Clin Invest 36: 1266–1278, 1957
  • Adlercreutz H. Studies on oestrogen excretion in human bile. Acta Endocrinol 72 ( Suppl): 1–220, 1962
  • Martin F, Peltonen J, Laatikainen T, Pulkkinen M, Adlercreutz H. Excretion of progesterone metabolites and estriol in faeces from pregnant women during ampicillin administration. J Steroid Biochem 6: 1339–1346, 1975
  • Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Pulkkinen M, Dencker H, Rimer U, Sjöberg N-O, Tikkanen MJ. Intestinal metabolism of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 497–505, 1976
  • Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Tikkanen MJ, Pulkkinen M. Effect of ampicillin administration on the excretion of twelve oestrogens in pregnancy urine. Acta Endocrinol 80: 551–557, 1975
  • Lombardi P, Goldin B, Boutin E, Gorbach SL. Metabolism of androgens and estrogens by human fecal microorganisms. J Steroid Biochem 9: 795–801, 1978
  • Eriksson H, Gustafsson JA. Steroids in germfree and conventional rats: Sulpho- and glucuronohydrolase activities of caecal contents from conventional rats. Eur J Biochem 13: 198–202, 1970
  • Avers CJ. Biology of sex. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 152–159, 1974
  • Reimers D, Jezek A. Rifampicin und andere Antituberkulotika bei gleichzeitiger oraler Kontrazeption. Prax Pneumol 25: 255–262, 1971
  • Tikkanen MJ, Adlercreutz H, Pulkkinen MO. Effects of antibiotics on oestrogen metabolism. Brit Med J 2: 369, 1973
  • Reimers D, Nocke-Fink L, Brever H. Rifampicin, “pill” do not go well together. J Amer Med Assoc 227: 608, 1974
  • Kropp R. Rifampicin und Ovulationshemmer. Prax Pneumol 28: 70–72, 1974
  • Bolt HM, Bolt M. Die Wirkungsinterferenz zwischen Rifampin und oralen Kontrazeptiva. Internist 15: 571–572, 1974
  • Bolt HM, Kappus H, Bolt M. Rifampicin and oral contraception (letter). Lancet I:1280–1281, 1974
  • Bolt HM, Kappus H, Kasbohrer R. Metabolism of 17 alpha-ethinyl-estradiol by human liver microsomes in vitro. Aromatic hydroxylation and irreversible protein binding of metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1072–1080, 1974
  • Bolt HM, Kappus H, Bolt M. Effect of rifampicin treatment on the metabolism of oestradiol and 17-a-ethinyl-oestradiol by human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 8: 301–307, 1975
  • Gelbke HP, Gethmann U, Knuppen R. Influence of rifampicin treatment on the metabolic fate of (4-14C) mestranol on women. Horm Metab Res 9: 415–419, 1977
  • Mumford JP. Drugs affecting oral contraceptives. Brit Med J 2: 333–334, 1974
  • Dossetor J. Drugs interactions with oral contraceptives. Brit Med J 4: 467–468, 1975
  • Hempel E, Bohm W, Carol W, Klinger G. Medikamentöse Enzyminduktion und hormonale Kontrazeption. Zentralbl Gynakol 95: 1451–1457, 1973
  • Swenson L, Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Effect of antibiotics on fecal/urinary excretion of ethinyl estradiol, and oral contraceptive. Gastroenterology 78: 1332, 1980
  • Goldin BR, Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Warram JH, Dwyer JT, Swenson L, Woods MN. Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med 307: 1542–1547, 1982
  • Goldin BR, Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Conlon T, Bohn E, Gershoff SN. The relationship between estrogen levels and diets of Caucasian American women and Oriental immigrants. Am J Clin Nutr. In press.

References

  • Hardy KG. Bacteriocins. In: Bull AT, Meadow PM eds. Companion to medical microbiology. London: Longman, 102–126, 1980
  • Konisky J. Colicins and other bacteriocins with established modes of action. Ann Rev Microbiol 36: 125–144, 1982
  • Govan JRW. Studies on the pyocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: production of contractile and flexuous pyocins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Gen Microbiol 80: 17–39, 1974
  • Kuroda K, Kagiyama R. Biochemical relationship among three F-type pyocins, Pyocin F1, F2 and F3 and Phage KF1. J Biochem 94: 1429–1441, 1983
  • Senior BW. The purification, structure and synthesis of proticin 3. J Med Microbiol 16: 323–331, 1983
  • Asensio C, Perez-Diaz JC, Martinez MC, Baquero F. A new family of low molecular weight antibiotics from Enterobacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 69: 7–14, 1976
  • Baquero F, Moreno F. The microcins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 23: 117–124, 1984
  • Smith NW, Huggins MB. Further observation on the association of the colicin V plasmid of Escherichia coli with pathogenicity and survival in the alimentary tract. J Gen Microbiol 92: 335–350, 1974
  • Quackenbush RL, Falkow S. Relationship between colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 24: 562–574, 1979
  • Binns MM, Davies DL, Hardy KG. Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV, I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. Nature 279: 778–781, 1979
  • Clancy J, Savage DC. Another colicin V phenotype: in vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to mouse intestinal epithelium. Infect Immun 32: 343–347, 1981
  • Williams PH. Novel iron uptake system specified by ColV plasmids: An important component in the virulence of invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 26: 925–932, 1979
  • Crosa JH. The relationship of plasmid-mediated iron transport and bacterial virulence. Ann Rev Microbiol 36: 69–89, 1984
  • Weinberg ED. Iron and infection. Microbiol Rev 42: 45–66, 1978
  • Bullen JJ. The significance of iron in infection. Rev Infect Dis 3: 1117–1188, 1981
  • Bullen JJ. Iron and infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol 4: 537–539, 1985
  • Neilands JB. Microbial envelope proteins related to iron. Ann Rev Microbiol 36: 285–309, 1982
  • Warner PJ, Williams PH, Bindereif A, Neilands JB. ColV plasmid-specified aerobactin synthesis by invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 33: 540–545, 1981
  • Krone WJA, Ondega B, Stegehuis F, de Graaf FK. Cloning and expression of the cloacin DF13/aerobactin receptor of Escherichia coli (ColV-K30). J Bacteriol 153: 716–721, 1983
  • Bindereif A, Braun V, Hantke K. The cloacin receptor of ColV-bearing Escherichia coli is part of the Fe3+-aerobactin transport system. J Bacteriol 150: 1472–1475, 1982
  • Shinomiya T. Phenotypic mixing of pyocin R2 and bacteriophage PS17 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. J Virol 49: 310–314, 1984
  • Govan JRW. Pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds. Methods in Microbiology. London: Academic Press vol. 10, 61–91, 1978
  • Ohkawa I, Kageyama M, Egami F. Purification and properties of pyocin S2. J Biochem 73: 281–289, 1973
  • Sano Y, Kageyama M. Purification and properties of an S-type pyocin, pyocin AP41. J Bacteriol 146: 723–739, 1981
  • Fyfe JAM, Harris GM, Govan JRW. Revised typing method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 20: 47–59, 1984
  • Ohkawa I, Shiga S, Kageyama M. Effect of iron concentration in the growth medium on the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to pyocin S2. J Biochem 87: 323–331, 1981
  • Brown MRW, Anwar H, Lambert PA. Evidence that mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the cystic fibrosis lung grows under iron-restricted conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 21: 113–117, 1984
  • Hamada S, Ooshima T. Production and properties of bacteriocins (mutacins) from Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 20: 641–648, 1975
  • Rogers AH. Bacteriocinogeny and the properties of some bacteriocins of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 21: 99–103, 1976
  • Weerkamp A, Bangaerts-Larik L, Vogels GD. Bacteriocins as factors in the in vitro interaction between oral streptococcus in plaque. Infect Immun 16: 773–780, 1977
  • Russell C, Tagg JR. Role of bacteriocin during plaque formation by Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis on a tooth in an artificial mouth. J Appl Bact 50: 305–313, 1981
  • Van der Hoeven JS, Rogers AH. Stability of the resident microflora and the bacteriocinogeny of Streptococcus mutans as factors affecting its establishment in specific pathogen-free rats. Infect Immun 23: 206–212, 1979
  • Beighton D, Hayday H, Walker J. The acquisition of Streptococcus mutans by infant monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and its relationship to the initiation of dental caries. J Gen Microbiol 128: 1881–1892, 1982
  • Hillman JD, Johnston KP, Yaple BI. Isolation of a Streptococcus mutans strain producing a novel bacteriocin. Infect Immun 44: 141–144, 1984
  • Savage DC. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Rev Microbiol 31: 107–133, 1977
  • de Lorenzo V, Aguilar A. Antibiotics from Gram-negative bacteria: Do they play a role in microbial ecology? Trends in Biochemical Sciences TIBS June: 266–269, 1984
  • Baquero F, Asensio C. Microcins as ecological effectors in human intestinal flora: Preliminary findings. In: Van de Waaij J, Verhref J, eds. New criteria for antimicrobial therapy. Maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 90–94, 1979
  • de Lorenzo V, Martinez JL, Asensio C. Microcin-mediated interactions between Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains. J Gen Microbiol 130: 391–400, 1984
  • Farkas-Himsley H. Bacteriocins—are they broad-spectrum antibiotics? J Antimicrob Chemother 6: 424–427, 1980
  • Israil AM. Implications of the bacteriocinogenic factor in different biological systems; recent advances. Arch Roum Path Exp Microbiol 42: 31–44, 1983

References

  • Waxman DJ, Strominger JL. Penicillin-binding proteins and the action of beta-lactam antibiotics. Ann Rev Biochem 52: 825–869, 1983
  • Yoshimura F, Nikaido H. Diffusion of beta-lactam antibiotics through the porin channels of Escherichia coli K-12. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 27: 84–92, 1985
  • Nikaido H, Vaara M. Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability. Microbiol Rev 49: 1–32, 1985
  • Hedge PL, Spratt BG. Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by re-modelling the active site of an E. coli penicillin-binding protein. Nature 318: 478–480, 1985
  • Lindberg F, Normark S. Contribution of chromosomal beta-lactamases to beta-lactam resistance in enterobacteria. Rev Infect Dis 8 (Suppl) 3: 292–304
  • Boman HG, Nordström K, Normark S. Penicillin resistance in Escherichia coli K12: synergism between penicillinases and a barrier in the outer part of the envelope. Ann NY Acad Sci 235: 569–586, 1974
  • Sykes RB, Matthew M. The beta-lactamases of Gram-negative bacteria and their role in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2: 115–157, 1976
  • Joris B, Dusart J, Frére JM, Van Beeumen J, Emanuel EL, Petursson S, Gagnon J, Waley SG. The active site of the P99 beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae. Biochem J 233: 271–274, 1984
  • Jaurin B, Grundström T. AmpC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of beta-lactamases of the penicillinase type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 4897–4901, 1981
  • Bergström S, Olsson O, Normark S. Common evolutionary origin of chromosomal beta-lactamase genes in enterobacteria. J Bacteriol 150: 528–534, 1982
  • Lindberg F, Normark S. Sequence of the Citrobacter freundii 0S60 chromosomal ampC beta-lactamase gene. Eur J Biochem 156: 441–445, 1986
  • Sanders CC, Sanders Jr WE. Emergence of resistance during therapy with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics: Role of inducible beta-lactamases and implications for the future. Rev Infect Dis 5: 639–648, 1983
  • Seeberg AH, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM, Wiedemann B. Chromosomal beta-lactamases of Enterobacter cloacae are responsible for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23: 918–925, 1983
  • Joris B, De Meester F, Galleni M, Reckinger G, Coyette J, Frére J-M, Van Beeumen J. The beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99. Chemical properties, N-terminal sequence and interaction with beta-halogenpenicillanates. Biochem J 228: 241–248, 1985
  • Knott-Hunziker V, Petursson S, Jayatilake GS, Waley SG, Jaurin B, Grundström T. Active sites of beta-lactamases. The chromosomal beta-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Biochem J 201: 621–627, 1982
  • Burman LG, Park JT, Lindström EB, Boman HG. Resistance of Escherichia coli to penicillins: identification of the structural gene for the chromosomal penicillinase. J Bacteriol 116: 123–130, 1973
  • Jaurin B, Grundström T, Edlund T, Normark S. The E. coli beta-lactamase attenuator mediates growth-rate dependent regulation. Nature 290: 221–225, 1981
  • Grundström T, Jaurin B. Overlap between ampC and frd operons on the Escherichia coli chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1111–1115, 1982
  • Edlund T, Grundström T, Normark S. Isolation and characterization of DNA repetitions carrying the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Gen Genet 173: 115–125, 1979
  • Jaurin B, Grundström T, Normark S. Sequence elements determining ampC promoter strength in E. coli. EMBO J 1: 875–881, 1982
  • Jaurin B, Normark S. Insertion of IS2 creates a novel ampC promoter in Escherichia coli. Cell 32: 809–816, 1983
  • Bergström S, Normark S. Beta-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli caused by elevated production of the ampC-mediated chromosomal beta-lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16: 427–433, 1979
  • Olsson O, Bergström S, Normark S. Identification of a novel ampC beta-lactamase promoter in clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. EMBO J 1: 1411–1416, 1982
  • Olsson O, Bergström S, Lindberg FP, Normark S. ampC beta-lactamase hyperproduction in Escherichia coli: natural ampicillin resistance generated by horizontal chromosomal DNA transfer from Shigella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 7556–7560, 1983
  • Bergström S, Lindberg FP, Olsson O, Normark S. Comparison of the overlapping frd and ampC operons of Escherichia coli with the corresponding DNA sequences of other Gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 155: 1297–1305, 1983
  • Lindberg F, Westman L, Normark S. Regulatory components in Citrobacter freundii ampC beta-lactamase induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4620–4624, 1985
  • Normark S. Genetics of a chain-forming mutant of Escherichia coli. Transduction and dominance of the envA gene mediating increased penetration to some antibacterial agents. Genet Res Camb 16: 63–78, 1970

References

  • Datta N, Faiers MC, Reeves DS, Brumfitt W, Ørskov F, Ørskov I. R factors in Escherichia coli in faeces after oral chemotherapy in general practice. Lancet I:312–315, 1971
  • Voltonen MV, Voltonen VV, Salo OP, Mäkelä PH. The effect of long term tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris on the occurence of R-factors in the intestinal flora of man. Br J Dermatol 95: 311–316, 1976
  • Petrocheilou V, Richmond MH, Bennett PM. Spread of a single plasmid clone to an untreated individual from a person receiving prolonged tetracycline therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 12: 219–225, 1977
  • Petrocheilou V, Richmond MH, Bennett PM. Persistance of plasmid-carrying tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in a married couple, one of whom was receiving antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16: 225–230, 1979
  • Bennett PM, Richmond MH, Petrocheilou V. The inactivation of tet genes on a plasmid by the duplication of one inverted repeat of a transposon-like structure which itself mediates tetracycline resistance. Plasmid 3: 135–149, 1980
  • Richmond MH, Petrocheilou V. The ecology of transferable antibiotic resistance. In: Ninet L, Bost P-E, Bouanchaud DH, Florent J, eds. The future of antibiotherapy and antibiotic research. London: Academic Press, 1981
  • Andremont A, Tancrède C. Reduction of the aerobic Gram-negative bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract and prevention of traveller's diarrhea using oral erythromycin. Ann Inst Pasteur 132: 419–427, 1981
  • Andremont A, Gerbaud G, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated high level resistance to erythromycin in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. In press.
  • Guibert J, Acar JF. In: Visconti A ed. Diagnostica di Laboratorio delle malattie del rene e delle vie urinarie. Insorgenza di una resistenza batterica nel corso di chemotherapia: aspetti clinici. Milano: 418–422, 1979
  • Horodniceanu T, Bougueleret L, El Solh N, Bieth G, Delbos F. High level plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16: 686–689, 1979
  • Anderson ES, Lewis MJ. Drug resistance and its transfer in Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 106: 579–583, 1965
  • Anderson ES, Lewis MJ. Characterization of a transfer factor associated with drug resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 208: 843–849, 1965
  • Anderson ES. The ecology of transferable drug resistance in enterobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 2: 131–150, 1968
  • Timoney JF. The epidemiology and genetics of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from diseased animals in New York. J Infect Dis 137: 67–73, 1978
  • Timoney JF. R-plasmids in pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae from calves. In: Levy SB, Clowes RC, Koenig RL, eds. Molecular biology, pathogenicity and ecology of bacterial plasmids. New York: Plenum 547–555, 1981
  • Levy SB, Fizgerald GB, Macone AB. Effect of tetracycline containing feed on human intestinal flora. N Engl J Med 295: 583–588, 1976
  • Levy SB. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the intestinal flora of farm inhabitants. J Infect Dis 137: 688–690, 1978
  • Levy SB, Fizgerald GB, Macone AB. Spread of antibiotic-resistant plasmids from chicken to chicken and from chicken to man. Nature 260: 40–42, 1976
  • Gardner P, Benett JV, Burke JP, McGowan JE Jr, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial management of resistant Gram-negative bacilli. J Infect Dis 141: 415–417, 1980
  • Jackson GG. Antibiotic policies, practices and pressures. J Antimicrob Chemother 5: 1–4, 1979
  • Weinstein RA, Kabins SA. Strategies for prevention and control of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Am J Med 70: 449–454, 1981
  • Levy SB. Microbial resistance to antibiotics: An evolving and persistent problem. Lancet II: 83–88, 1982
  • McGowan JE Jr. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 5: 1033–1048, 1983
  • O'Brien TF, Acar JF, Medeiros AA, Norton RA, Goldstein FW, Kent RL. International comparison of prevalence of resistance to antibiotics. JAMA 239: 1518–1523, 1978
  • Murray BE, Alvarado T, Kim KH, Vorachit, Jayanetra P, Levine MM, Preuzel I, Fling M, Elwell L, McCracken GH, Madrigal G, Odio C, Trabulsi LR. Increasing resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole among isolates of Escherichia coli in developing countries. J Infect Dis 152: 1107–1119, 1985
  • Watanabe T, Fukasawa T. Resistance transfer factor, an episome in Enterobacteriaceae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 3: 660, 1960
  • Goldstein FW, Chumpitaz JC, Guevara JM, Papadopoulou B, Acar JF, Vieu JF. Plasmid-mediated multiply antibiotic-resistance in Salmonella typhi. J Inf Dis 153: 261–266, 1986
  • Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and other antimicrobial agents: strain isolated during an extensive typhoid epidemic in Mexico. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 4: 597–601, 1973
  • Gangarosa EJ, Perera DR, Mata LJ, Mendizabal-Morris C, Guzman G, Reller LB. Epidemic shiga bacillus dysentery in Central America. II. Epidemiologic Studies in 1969. J Inf Dis 122: 181–190, 1970
  • Datta N. Plasmids of enteric bacteria. In: Bryan LE, ed. Antimicrobial drug resistance. Montreal: Academic Press, 487–495, 1984
  • Anderson ES, Datta N. Resistance to penicillins and its transfer in Enterobacteriaceae. Lancet I:407–409, 1965
  • Witchitz JL, Chabbert YA. Resistance transferase à la gentamicine. II. Transmission et liaisons du charactère de résistance. Ann Inst Pasteur Paris 122: 367–378, 1972
  • Fleming MP, Datta N, Grüneberg RN. Trimethoprim resistance determined by R factors. Br Med J. 1: 726–728, 1972
  • Goldstein FW, Papadopoulou B, Acar JF. The worldwide molecular epidemiology of trimethoprim-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Rev Infect Dis. In press.
  • Datta N, Hedges RW. Trimethoprim resistance conferred by w plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae. J Gen Microbiol 72: 349–355, 1972
  • Baquero F, Lopez-Brea M, Valls A, Canedo T. Fosfomycin and plasmid resistance. Chemotherapy (Basel) 23 ( Suppl. 1): 133–140, 1977
  • Jacoby GA. Properties of an R-plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing amikacin (BB-K8), butirosin, kanamycin, tobramycin and sisomicin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 6: 807–810, 1974
  • Anderson ES. The ecology of transferable drug resistance in the Enterobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 22: 131–180, 1968
  • Witchitz JL, Chabbert YA. Resistance transferable à la gentamicine I. Expression de la résistance. Ann Inst Pasteur 121: 733–742, 1971
  • Datta N. Epidemiology and classification of plasmids. In: Schlessinger D, ed. Microbiology 1974. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology 9–15, 1975
  • Roussel AF, Chabbert YA. Taxonomy and epidemiology of Gram-negative bacterial plasmids studied by DNA-DNA hybridization in formamide. J Gen Microbiol 104: 269–276, 1978
  • Hedges RW, Rodriguez-Lemoine V, Datta N. R Factors in Serratia marcenscens J Gen Microbiol 86: 88–92, 1975
  • Chabbert YA, El Solh N, Le Pors MJ, Roussel A, Witchitz JL. Plasmid epidemics. Antibiotics and hospitals. New York: Alan R. Liss Inc. 27–32, 1979
  • Lowbury EJL, Kidson A, Lilly HA, Ayliffe GAJ, Jones RJ. Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics: emergence of strains highly resistant to carbenicillin. Lancet II: 448–452, 1969
  • Jacoby GA. In: Doggett RG ed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, clinical manifestations of infection and current therapy. New York: Academic Press, 271–309, 1979
  • Jacoby GA. Resistance plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Bryan LE ed. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Academic Press Inc, 497–514, 1984
  • Dean HJ, Morgan AF, Asche LV, Holloway BW. Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian hospitals having R-plasmid determined antibiotic resistance. Med J Aust 2: 116–119, 1977
  • Holloway BW, Richmond MH. R-Factors used for genetic studies in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their origin. Genet Res 21: 103–105, 1973
  • Burkhart HJ, Riess G, Pühler A. Relationship of group P1 plasmids revealed by heteroduplex experiments: RP1, RP4, R68, RK2 are identical. J Gen Microbiol 114: 341–348, 1979
  • Jacoby GA. In: Schlessinger, D. ed. Microbiology 1977. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology 119–126, 1977
  • Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Gruensfelder R, Kabins SA. Endemic aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-negative bacilli: Epidemiology. J Infect Dis 141: 338–345, 1980
  • Murray BE, Moellering RC Jr. Evidence of plasmid-mediated production of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes not previously described in Acinetobacter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17: 30–36, 1980
  • Gomez-Lus R, Larrad L, Rubio-Calvo MC, Navarro M, Asierra MP. AAC (3) and AAC (6′) enzymes produced by R plasmids isolated in general hospital. In: Mitsushaski S, Rosival L, Krcmery V, eds. Antibiotic Resistance. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag 295–303, 1980
  • Goldstein FW, Labigne-Roussel A, Gerbaud G, Carlier C, Collatz E, Courvalin P. Transferable plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter. Plasmid 10: 138–147, 1983
  • Elwell LP, de Graff J, Seibert D, Falkow S. Plasmid-linked ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae type b. Infect Immun 12: 404–410, 1975
  • Dang Van A, Bieth G, Bouanchaud DH. Resistance plasmidique à la tétracycline chez H. influenzae. C.R. Acad Sci 280: 1321–1323, 1975
  • Van Klingeren BJ, Van Embden A, Dessens-Kroon M. Plasmid mediated chloramphenicol resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11: 383–387, 1977
  • Dang Van A, Goldstein FW, Acar JF, Bouanchaud DH. A transferable kanamycin resistance plasmid isolated from Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Microbiol 126: 397–399, 1975
  • Sanders JR, Sykes RB. Transfer of a plasmid specified beta-lactamase gene from Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11: 339–344, 1977
  • Lauff R, Kaulfers PM. Molecular characterization of a plasmid specifying ampicillin resistance and its relationship to other R-factors from Haemophilus influenzae. J Gen Microbiol 103: 277–286, 1977
  • Levy SB, Buu-Hoi A, Marshall B. Transposon Tn 10-like tetracycline resistance determinants in Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J Bacteriol 160: 87–94, 1984
  • Roberts M, Elwell LP, Falkow S. Molecular characterization of two beta-lactamase specifying plasmids isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 131: 557–563, 1977
  • Le Bouguenec C, Horaud T, Bieth G, Colimon R, Dauguet C. Translocation of antibiotic resistance markers of a plasmid free Streptococcus pyogènes (group A) strain into different streptococcal hemolysin plasmids. Mol Gen Genet 194: 377–387, 1984
  • Clewell DB. Plasmids, drug resistance, and gene transfer in the genus Streptococcus. Microbiol Rev 45: 409–436, 1981
  • Buu Hoi A, Bieth G, Horodniceanu T. Broad host range of streptococcal macrolide resistance plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 289–291, 1984
  • Buu-Hoi A, Horodniceanu T. Conjugative transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance markers in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 143: 313–320, 1980
  • Franke A, Clewell DB. Evidence for conjugal transfer of a Streptococcus faecalis transposon (Tn 916) from a chromosomal site in the absence of plasmid DNA. Cold Spring Harbour Symp Quant Biol 45: 77–80, 1980
  • Franke A, Clewell DB. Evidence for a chromosome-borne resistance transposon in Streptococcus faecalis capable of “conjugal” transfer in the absence of a conjugative plasmid. J Bacteriol 145: 494–502, 1981
  • Guild WR, Smith MD, Shoemaker NB. Conjugative transfer of chromosomal R determinants in Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Schlessinger D, ed. Microbiology 1982. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. 88–92, 1982
  • Carlier C, Courvalin P. Resistance of streptococci to aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotics. In: Schlessinger D, ed. Microbiology 1982. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology, 162–166, 1982
  • Peyru G, Wexler L, Novick R. Naturally occurring penicillinase plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus J Bacteriol 98: 215–221, 1969
  • Iordanescu S, Surdeanu M, Latta P, Novick R. Incompatibility and molecular relationships between small staphylococcal plasmids carrying the same resistance marker. Plasmid 1: 468–479, 1978
  • Courvalin P, Davies J. Plasmid mediated aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of broad substrate range that phosphorylates amikacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11: 619–624, 1977
  • El Solh N, Fouace J, Shalita Z, Bouanchaud D, Novick R, Chabbert Y. Epidemiological and structural studies of Staphylococcus aureus R-plasmids mediating resistance to tobramycin and streptogramin. Plasmid 4: 117–120, 1980
  • Townsend DE, Ashdown N, Momoh M, Grubb WB. Distribution of plasmid-borne resistance to nucleic acid binding compounds in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 15: 417–434, 1985
  • Jaffe HW, Sweeney HM, Nathan C, Weinstein RA, Kalouis SA, Cohen S. Identity and interspecific transfer of gentamicin-resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 141: 738–747, 1980
  • Rubens CE, Farrar EW Jr, McGee ZA, Schaffner W. Evolution of a plasmid mediating resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents during a prolonged epidemic of nosocomial infections. J Infect Dis 143: 170–181, 1981
  • Labigne-Roussel A, Witchitz J, Courvalin P. Modular evolution of disseminated Inc 7 M plasmids encoding Gentamicin resistance. Plasmid 8: 215–231, 1982
  • Goldstein FW, Acar JF. Evolution of multi-resistance in Vibrio cholerae. APUA Newsletter 3: 5–6, 1985
  • Acar JF, Goldstein FW, Pinto ME, Then RL, Toivanen P. Comparison of trimethoprim-resistant strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Finland and France. In: Nelson JD, Grassi C, eds. Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Diseases. Proc 11th ICC/19th ICAAC, Boston. Washington, D.C. American Society for Microbiology, 722–723, 1980
  • Huovinen P, Pulkkinen L, Toivanen P. Transferable trimethoprim resistance in three Finnish hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 12: 249–256, 1983

References

  • Tally FP, Cuchural GJ, Malamy MH. Mechanisms of resistance and resistancetransfer in anaerobic bacteria: Factors influencing antimicrobial therapy. Rev Infect Dis 6: ( Suppl 1): 260–269, 1984
  • Martin WJ, Gardner M, Washington JA. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1: 148–158, 1972
  • Sebald M, Bréfort G. Transfert du plasmide tetracycline-chloramphenicol chez Clostridium perfringens. C R Acad Sci Serv D 281: 317–319, 1975
  • Miyoshi Y, Higa A. Interrelationship between drug resistance and bacteriocinogeny of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Immunol 28: 281–289, 1984
  • Smith CJ, Markowitz SM, Macrina FL. Transferable tetracycline resistance in Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19: 997–1003, 1981
  • Tally FP, Snydman, DR, Gorbach SL, Malamy MH. Plasmid-mediated, transferable resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin in Bacteroides fragilis. J Inf Dis 139: 83–88, 1979
  • Privitera G, Dublanchet A, Sebald M. Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance between subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis. J Infect Dis 139: 97–101, 1979
  • Welch RA, Jones KR, Macrina FL. Transferable lincosamide-macrolide resistance in Bacteroides. Plasmid 2: 261–268, 1979
  • Butler T, Tally FP, Gorbach SL, Malamy MH. Transferable ampicillin resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. [abstract] Clinical Research 28: 365, 1980
  • Martinez-Suarez JV, Baquero F, Reig M, Perez-Diaz JC. Transferable plasmid-linked chloramphenicol acetyltransferase conferring high-level resistance in Bacteroides uniformis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 113–117, 1985
  • Salyers AA. Bacteroides of the human lower intestinal tract. Ann Rev Microbiol 38: 293–313, 1984
  • Sato K, Matsuura Y, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Properties of a new penicillinase type produced by Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22: 579–584, 1982
  • Cuchural GJ, Tally FP, Jacobus NV, Marsh PK, Mayhew JW. Cefoxitin inactivation by Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24: 936–940, 1983
  • Yotsuji A, Minami S, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Properties of a novel β-lactamase produced by Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24: 925–929, 1983
  • Cuchural GJ Jr, Malamy MH, Tally FP. Beta-lactamase mediated imipenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemothes. In press.
  • Cuchural GJ Jr, Tally FP, Storey JR, Malamy MH. Transfer of β-lactamase-associated cefoxitin resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29: 918–920, 1986
  • Britz ML, Wilkinson RG. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase of Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 14: 105–111, 1978
  • Tally FP, Snydman DR, Shimell MJ, Malamy MH: Characterization of pBFTM10, a clindamycin-erythromycin resistance transfer factor from Bacteroides fragilis. J Bacteriol 151: 686–691, 1982
  • Guiney DG Jr, Hasegawa P, Davis CE. Homology between clindamycin resistance plasmids in Bacteroides. Plasmid 11: 268–271, 1984
  • Smith CJ, Macrina FL. Large transmissible clindamycin resistance plasmid in Bacteroides ovatus. J Bacteriol 158: 739–741, 1984
  • Shimell MJ, Smith CJ, Tally FP, Macrina FL, Malamy MH. Hydbridization studies reveal homologies between pBF4 and pBFTM10, two clindamycin-erythromycin resistance transfer plasmids of Bacteroides fragilis. J Bacteriol 152: 950–953, 1982
  • Robillard NJ, Tally FP, Malamy MH. Tn4400, a compound transposon isolated from Bacteroides fragilis, functions in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 164: 1248–1255, 1985
  • Shoemaker NB, Getty C, Gardner JF, Salyers AA. Tn4351 transposes in Bacteroides spp. and mediates the integration of plasmid R751 into the Bacteroides chromosome. J Bacteriol 165: 929–936, 1986
  • Guiney DG, Hasegawa P, Davis CE. Plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Bacteroides fragilis: Differential expression of antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7203–7206, 1984
  • Privitera G, Sebald M, Fayolle F. Common regulatory mechanism of expression and conjugative ability of a tetracycline resistance plasmid in Bacteroides fragilis. Nature 278: 657–659, 1979
  • Tally FP, Shimell MJ, Carson GR, Malamy HM. Chromosomal and plasmid mediated transfer of clindamycin resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. In: Levy SB, Clowes RC, Koernig EL eds. Molecular biology, pathogenicity and ecology of bacterial plasmids. New York: Plenum Publishing, 51–60, 1981
  • Guiney DG Jr, Hasegawa P, Davis CE. Expression in Escherichia coli of cryptic tetracycline resistance genes from Bacteroides R plasmids. Plasmid 11: 248–252, 1984
  • Tally FP, Carson J, Enright E, Terranova–McFall G, Malamy MH. Efficient transfer of resistance determinants from Bacteroides fragilis to E. coli. 25th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Abstract 14, 1985
  • Guiney DG Jr. Promiscuous transfer of drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. J Infect Dis 149: 320–329, 1984
  • Guiney DG, Yakobson E. Location and nucleotide sequence of the transfer origin of the broad host range plasmid RK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3595–3598, 1983
  • Tally FP, Cuchural GJ, Jacobus NV, Gorbach SL, Aldridge K, Cleary T, Finegold SM, Hill G, Iannini P, O'Keefe JP, Pierson C. Nationwide study of the susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 675–677, 1985
  • Dubreuil L, Devos J, Neut C, Romond C. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from several French hospitals to three major antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 764–766, 1984
  • Reig M, Campello MG, Baquero F. Epidemiology of clindamycin resistance in the Bacteroides fragilis group. J Antimicrob Chemother 14: 595–603, 1984
  • Kesado T, Watanabe K, Asahi Y, Isono M, Ueno K. Susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) and to other antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21: 1016–1022, 1982

References

  • Nord CE, Heimdahl A, Kager L, Malmborg AS. The impact of different antimicrobial agents on the normal gastrointestinal microflora of humans. Rev Infect Dis 6 ( Suppl): 270–275, 1984
  • Heimdahl A, Kager L, Nord CE. Changes in the oropharyngeal and colon microflora in relation to antimicrobial concentrations in saliva and faeces. Scand J Infect Dis 44: 52–58, 1985
  • Sukchotiratana M, Linton AH. Antibiotics and the oral streptococci of man. J Appl Bact 38: 277–294, 1975
  • Heimdahl A, von Konow L, Nord CE. Beta-lactamase producing Bacteroides species in the oral cavity in relation to penicillin therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 8: 225–229, 1981
  • Tunér K, Nord CE. Emergence of beta-lactamase producing anaerobic bacteria in the tonsils during penicillin treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol 5: 399–404, 1986
  • Heimdahl A, von Konow L, Nord CE. Clinical significance of penicillin-resistant beta-lactamase producing Bacteroides species in human orofacial infections. Proceedings of the Beta-Lactam-Symposium. Kiel: Springer 49–56, 1983
  • Heimdahl A, Kager L, Nord CE. Alterations in the human oropharyngeal microflora related to therapy with aztreonam, moxalactam and ampicillin plus sulbactam. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 49–52, 1986
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Effect of erythromycin and clindamycin on the indigenous human anaerobic flora and new colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1: 38–48, 1982
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Colonization of the oropharynx with pathogenic microorganisms. A potential risk factor for infection in compromised patients. Chemioterapia 4: 186–191, 1985
  • Nord CE, Heimdahl A. Microorganisms and antimicrobial agents in periodontal diseases. 3rd European Symposium: Borderland between caries and periodontal diseases. In press.
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Influence of doxycycline on the normal human flora and colonization of the oral cavity and colon. Scand J Infect Dis 15: 293–302, 1983
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE, Okuda K. Effect of tinidazole on the oral, throat, and colon microflora of man. Med Microbiol Immunol 168: 1–10, 1980
  • Heimdahl A, von Konow L, Nord CE. Effect of tinidazole on the human oral microflora: A comparison between high single and low repeated doses. J Antimicrob Chemother 10 ( Suppl A): 157–164, 1982
  • Borthen L, Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Selective suppression of the anaerobic oropharyngeal microflora with local metronidazole. Brit J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. In press.
  • Bystedt H, Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Prophylaxis with tinidazole in oral surgery. Tissue penetration and effect on the oral microflora. Int J Oral Surg 13: 200–205, 1984
  • Bergan T, Delin C, Johansen S, Kolstad IM, Nord CE, Thorsteinsson SB. Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and effect of repeated dosage on salivary and fecal microflora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29: 298–302, 1986
  • Edlund C, Nord CE, Bergan T, Josefsson K, Solberg R. Pharmacokinetics and impact of norfloxacin on human oropharyngeal and colon microflora. Scand J Infect Dis. In press.
  • van der Waaij D. Colonization resistance of the digestive tract: Clinical consequences and complications. J Antimicrob Chemother 10: 263–270, 1982
  • Aronsson B, Möllby R, Nord CE. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiological data from Sweden 1980–1982. J Infect Dis 151: 476–481, 1985
  • Sjövall J, Huitfeldt B, Magni L, Nord CE. Effect of beta-lactam prodrugs on human intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis ( Suppl 49): 73–83, 1986
  • Nord CE, Bergan T, Aase S. Impact of azlocillin on the colon microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 163–166, 1986
  • Kager L, Malmborg AS, Nord CE, Sjöstedt S. The effect of piperacillin prophylaxis on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Infection 11: 251–254, 1983
  • Kager L, Malmborg AS, Nord CE. Impact of short-term as compared with long-term prophylaxis with cefoxitin on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 9: 387–392, 1983
  • Nilsson-Ehle I, Nord CE, Ursing B. Ceftriaxone: Pharmacokinetics and effect on the intestinal microflora in patients with acute bacterial infections. Scand J Infect Dis 17: 77–82, 1985
  • Alestig K, Carlberg H, Nord CE, Trollfors B. Effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. J Antimicrob Chemother 12: 163–167, 1983
  • Kager L, Malmborg AS, Nord CE, Sjöstedt S. Impact of single dose as compared to three dose prophylaxis with latamoxef (moxalactam) on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. J Antimicrob Chemother 14: 171–177, 1984
  • Kager L, Malmborg AS, Sjöstedt S, Nord CE. Concentrations of ampicillin plus sulbactam in serum and intestinal mucosa and effects on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2: 559–563, 1983
  • Nord CE, Kager L, Philipsson A, Stiernstedt G. Impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on faecal flora. Eur J Clin Microbiol 3: 475–477, 1984
  • Kager L, Brismar B, Malmborg AS, Nord CE. Effect of aztreonam on the colon microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Infection 13: 111–114, 1985
  • Nord CE, Kager L. Tinidazole. Microbiology, pharmacology and efficacy in anaerobic infections. Infection 11: 54–60, 1983
  • Kager L, Ljungdahl I, Malmborg AS, Nord CE. Effect of tinidazole prophylaxis on the normal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Scand J Infect Dis ( Suppl 26): 84–91, 1981
  • Edlund C, Nord CE. Comparative in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 149–151, 1986

References

  • Higuchi T. Prodrugs: Principles and practice. In: Prescott LF, Nimmo WS, eds. Drug absorption. Sydney: ADIS Press, 177–185, 1981
  • Bergan T. Pharmacokinetic comparison of oral bacampicillin and parenteral ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 971–974, 1978
  • Ehrnebo M, Nilsson S-O, Boréus LO. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and its prodrugs bacampicillin and pivampicillin in man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 7: 429–451, 1979
  • Sjövall J, Magni L, Bergan T. Pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin compared with those of ampicillin, pivampicillin, and amoxycillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 90–96, 1978
  • Loo JCK, Foltz EL, Wallick H, Kwan KC. Pharmacokinetics of pivampicillin and ampicillin in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16: 35–43, 1974
  • Jones KH, Langley PF, Lees LJ. Bioavailability and metabolism of talampicillin. Chemotherapy 24: 217–226, 1978
  • Bolme P, Dahlström B, Diding NÅ, Flink O, Paalzow L. Ampicillin: Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of three brands. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 10: 237–243, 1976
  • Magni L, Sjövall J, Syvälahti E. Comparative clinical pharmacology of bacampicillin and high oral doses of ampicillin. Infection 6: 283–289, 1978
  • Sjövall J, Westerlund D, Alván G, Magni L, Nord CE, Sörstad J. Rectal bioavailability of bacampicillin hydrochloride in man as determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Chemotherapy 30: 137–147, 1984
  • Mitchard M, Andrews J, Kendall MJ, Wise R. Mecillinam serum levels following intravenous injection: A comparison with pivmecillinam. J Antimicrob Chemother 3 ( Suppl B): 83–88, 1977
  • Foulds G, Barth WE, Bianchine JR, English AR, Girard D, Hayes SL, O'Brien MM, Somani P. Pharmacokinetics of CP-45,899 and pro-drug CP-47,904 in animals and humans. In: Nelson JD, Grassi C, eds. Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Disease. Vol. I. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 353, 1980
  • English AR, Retsema JA, Girard AE, Lynch JE, Barth WE. CP-45,899, a beta-lactamase inhibitor that extends the antibacterial spectrum of beta-lactams: Initial bacteriological characterization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 14: 414–419, 1978
  • Knothe H, Lembke U. Der Einfluss von Ampicillin und Pivampicillin auf die Darmflora des Menschen. Zbl Bakt Hyg I Abt Orig A 223: 324–332, 1973
  • Leigh DA, Reeves DS, Simmons K, Thomas AL, Wilkinson PJ. Talampicillin: A new derivative of ampicillin. Brit Med J 1: 1378–1380, 1976
  • Knothe H, Wiedemann B. Die Wirkung von Ampicillin auf die Darmflora des gesunden Menschen. Zbl Bakt I. Abt Orig 197: 234–243, 1965
  • Motohiro T, Tanaka K, Koga T, Shimada Y, Tomita N, Katabuchi Y, Sakata Y, Fujimoto T, Ono E, Nishiyama T, Kuda N, Ishimoto K, Tominaga K, Yamashita F. Effects of KS-R1 (ampicillin suppository) and ampicillin oral dosing on fecal flora of children. Jpn J Antibiot 38: 1049–1085, 1985
  • Knothe H. Der Einfluss von Pivmecillinam auf die Darmflora des Menschen. Arzneim Forsch 26: 427–431, 1976
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE, Weilander K. Effect of bacampicillin on human mouth, throat and colon flora. Infection 7 ( Suppl 5): 446–451, 1979
  • Gipponi M, Sciutto C, Accornero L, Bonassi S, Raso C, Vignolo C, Cafiero F. Assessing modifications of the intestinal bacterial flora in patients on long-term oral treatment with bacampicillin or amoxicillin: A random study. Chemioterapia 4: 214–217, 1985
  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man. Scand J Infect Dis 11: 233–242, 1979
  • Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE. Normal indigenous intestinal flora. In: Hentges DJ, ed. Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. New York: Academic Press, 3–31, 1983
  • Olsson B, Dornbusch K, Nord CE. Factors contributing to resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 15: 263–268, 1979
  • Rogers HJ, Bradbrook ID, Morrison PJ, Spector RG, Cox DA, Lees LJ. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sultamicillin estimated by high performance liquid chromatography. J Antimicrob Chemother 11: 435–445, 1983
  • Tsuneoka K, Veno K, Kato K, Kawasaki K, Sakaguchi M, Shimooka K. The effect of sultamicillin on human faecal flora and characters of feces. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 33 ( Suppl 2): 154–169, 1985
  • Kager L, Liljeqvist L, Malmborg AS, Nord CE, Pieper R. Effects of ampicillin plus sulbactam on bowel flora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22: 208–212, 1982
  • Kager L, Malmborg AS, Sjöstedt S, Nord CE. Concentrations of ampicillin plus sulbactam in serum and intestinal mucosa and effects on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2: 559–563, 1983
  • Mittermayer HW. The effect of amoxycillin and amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid on human bowel flora. In: Croydon EAP, Michel MF eds. Augmentin clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 125–133, 1983
  • Drossman DA, Sandler RS, McKee DC, Lovitz AJ. Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 83: 529–534, 1982

References

  • Swift MJ. Microbial diversity and decomposer niches. In: Klug MJ, Reddy CA, eds. Current perspectives in microbial ecology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 8–16, 1984
  • Coates ME, Gustafsson BE. The germ-free animal in biomedical research. Laboratory Animal Handbooks 9. Laboratory Animals Ltd., London, 1–442, 1984
  • Midtvedt T, Björneklett A, Carlstedt-Duke B, Gustafsson BE, Höverstad T, Lingaas E, Norin KE, Saxerholt H, Steinbakk M. The influence of antibiotics upon microflora-associated characteristics in man and mammals. In: Wostmann BS, ed. Germfree research. Microflora control and its application to the biomedical sciences. New York: Alan R Liss Inc, 241–244, 1985
  • Andrews JH. Relevance of r- and K-theory to the ecology of plant pathogens. In: Klug MJ, Reddy CA, eds. Current perspectives in microbial ecology. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1–7, 1984

References

  • Sjövall J, Magni L, Bergan T. Pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin compared with those of ampicillin, pivampicillin, and amoxycillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 90–96, 1978
  • Ekström B, Müller G. Entwicklung der Penicillinester. Fortschr Antimikrob Antineoplast Chemother 4–6: 1245–1256, 1985
  • Smith JT. Awakening the slumbering potential of 4-quinolone antibacterials. Pharm J 233: 299–305, 1984
  • Bergan T. Pharmacokinetic comparison of oral bacampicillin and parenteral ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 971–974, 1978
  • Sjövall J, Huitfeldt B, Magni L, Nord CE. Effect of beta-lactam prodrugs on human intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis ( Suppl 49): 73–83, 1986
  • Swahn Å. Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of two 35S-labelled ampicillin esters. Europ J Clin Pharmacol 9: 299–306, 1976
  • Bergan T. Pharmacokinetics of tissue penetration of antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis 3: 45–66, 1981
  • Simon C, Malerczyk V, Klaus M. Absorption of bacampicillin and ampicillin and penetration into body fluids (skin blister fluid, saliva, tears) in healthy volunteers. Scand J Infect Dis ( Suppl 14): 228–232, 1978
  • Kimbel KH. Toxikologische Beurteilungskriterien (Nebenwirkungsaspekte). In: Hitzenberger G, ed. Beurteilungskriterien für Chemotherapeutika. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 35–58, 1977
  • Nord CE, Heimdahl A, Kager L, Malmborg AS. The impact of different antimicrobial agents on the normal gastrointestinal microflora of humans. Rev Infect Dis 6 ( Suppl 1): 270–275, 1984
  • Aronson B, Möllby R, Nord CE. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980–1982. J Infect Dis 151: 476–481, 1985
  • Arvidsson A, Alván G, Angelin B, Borgå O, Nord CE. Ceftriaxone: Renal and biliary excretion and effect on the colon microflora. J Antimicrob Chemother 10: 207–215, 1982
  • Bergan T, Delin C, Johnsen S, Kolstad IM, Nord CE, Thorsteinsson SB. Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and effect of repeated dosage on salivary and fecal microflora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29: 298–302, 1986
  • Edlund C, Bergan T, Josefsson K, Solberg R, Nord CE. Impact of norfloxacin on human oropharyngeal and colonic microflora and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Scand J Infect Dis. In press.
  • Nord CE, Bergan T, Aase S. Impact of azlocillin on the colon microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 163–166, 1986
  • Stöckel K. Pharmacokinetik parenteraler Cephalosporine in Prüfphase III. Fortschr Antimikrob Antineoplast Chemother 1: 105–113, 1982
  • Brogard JM, Comte F. Pharmacokinetics of the new cephalosporins. Antibiotics Chemother 31: 145–210, 1982
  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE. The cephalosporins and cephamycins. In: Peterson PK, Verhoef J eds. The antimicrobial agents annual. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 164–178, 1986
  • Weinstein AJ, Alanis A. Antibiotic side effects. In: Ristuccia AM, Cunha BA eds. Antimicrobial therapy. New York: Raven Press, 1985
  • Loeschke K, Tredup J, Ruckdeschel G. Klinik der Antibiotikaassoziierten Kolitis. Fortschr Antimikrob Antineoplast Chemother 3: 409–418, 1984
  • Hirai K, Irikura T, Iyobe S, Mitsuhashi S. Inhibition of conjugal transfer of R-plasmids by norfloxaxin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 32: 471–475, 1984
  • Michel-Briand Y, Laporte JM, Uccelli V. Influence of quinolone derivatives on plasmid maintenance and plasmid transfer. Chemioterapia Suppl 4: 471–472, 1985
  • Baumgartner JD, Glauser MP. Tolerance study of ceftriaxone compared to that of amoxycillin in patients with pneumonia. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Viennas part 28: 20–22, 1983
  • Mastella G, Agostini M, Barlocco G, Bonomi U, Borgo G, . Alternative antibiotics for the treatment of pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 12 ( Suppl A): 297–311, 1983
  • Norrby R, Alestig K. Gastrointestinal reactions to cefoperazone. Lancet II: 1417, 1981
  • Siegers CP, Klaassen CD. Die Bedeutung der biliären Ausscheidung von Pharmaka beim Menschen. Dtsch Med Wschr 108: 1564–1570, 1983
  • Bergan T. Pharmacokinetic properties of the cephalosporins. In: Willians JD, ed. The cephalosporin antibiotics. Auckland: Adis Press, 1986
  • Carlberg H, Alestig K, Nord CE, Trollfors B. Intestinal side effects of cefoperazone. J Antimicrob Chemother 10: 483–487, 1982
  • Alestig K, Carlberg H, Nord CE, Trollfors B. Effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. J Antimicrob Chemother 12: 163–167, 1983

References

  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE Jr. Emergence of resistance during therapy with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics: Role of inducible beta-lactamases and implications for the future. Rev Infect Dis 5: 639–648, 1983
  • Wiedemann B, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM, Seeberg AH, Brauers J. The importance of chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases in enterobacteria for the development of resistance. In: S. Mitsuhashi and V. Krcmery, eds. Transferable antibiotic resistance: plasmids and gene manipulation. New York: Springer Verlag, 191–199, 1985
  • Seeberg AH, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM, Wiedemann B. Chromosomal beta-lactamases of Enterobacter cloacae are responsible for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23: 918–925, 1983
  • Piddock LJV, Wise R. Newer mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 16: 279–284, 1985
  • Wiedemann B, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM. Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Chemioterapia 4: 24–27, 1984
  • Then RL, Angehrn P. Trapping of non-hydrolyzable cephalosporins by cephalosporinases in Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a possible resistance mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21: 711–717, 1982
  • Kliebe C, Nies BA, Meyer JF, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM, Wiedemann B. Evolution of plasmid-coded resistance to broadspectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 302–307, 1985
  • Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie V. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Resistenz: Wirksamkeit von Chemotherapeutika. Zschr der Antimikrob Chemother ( Suppl 1/2): 113–134, 1983

References

  • Jackson GG. Present status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their safe, effective use. Clin Ther 1: 200–214, 1977
  • Bryan LE. Aminoglycoside resistance. In: Bryan LE ed. Antimicrobial drug resistance. New York: Academic Press, 241–278, 1984
  • Price KE, Kresel PA, Farchione LA, Siskin SB, Karpow SA. Epidemiological studies of aminoglycoside resistance in the USA. J Antimicrobiol Chemother, (Suppl A) 8: 89–105, 1981
  • Dickie P, Bryan LE, Pichard MA. Effect of enzymatic adenylation on dehydrostreptomycin accumulation in Escherichia coli carrying an R-factor: model explaining aminoglycoside resistance by inactivating mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24: 569–580, 1978
  • Phillips I, Shannon K. Aminoglycoside resistance. Brit Med Bull 40: 28–35, 1984
  • Miller GH, Sabatelli FJ, Hare RS, Waitz JA. Survey of aminoglycoside resistance patterns. Developm Industr Microbiol 21: 91–104, 1980
  • Olson B, Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Chamberlin W, Kabins SA. Occult aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiology and implications for therapy and control. J Infect Dis 152: 769–774, 1985
  • Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Gruensfelder R, Kabins SA. Endemic aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-negative bacilli: Epidemiology and mechanisms. J Infect Dis 141: 338–345, 1980
  • Shimizu K, Kumada T, Hsieh W-C, Chung H-Y, Chong Y, Hare R, Miller GH, Sabatelli FJ, Howard J. Comparison of aminoglycoside resistance patterns in Japan, Formosa and Korea, Chile and the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 282–288, 1985
  • Søgaard H, Zimmermann-Nielsen C, Siboni K. Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a urological ward for male patients during a nine-year period: Relationship to antibiotic consumption. J Infect Dis 130: 646–650, 1974
  • Bulger RJ, Larson E, Sherris JC, Sherris RN. Decreased incidences of resistance to antimicrobial agents among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter. Observations in a University Hospital over a 10-year period. Anns Int Med 72: 65–71, 1970
  • Mouton RP, Glerum JH, van Loenen AC. Relationship between antibiotic consumption and frequency of antibiotic resistance of four pathogens—a seven-year survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 2: 9–19, 1976
  • Calderwood SA, Wennersten C, Moellering RC, Kunz LJ, Krogstad DJ. Resistance to six aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics among enterococci: Prevalence, evolution and relationship to synergism with penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 12: 401–405, 1977
  • Knothe H. Mikrobiologische Aspekte der neuen Aminoglykosid-Antibiotika. Adv Clin Pharmacol 15: 1–12, 1978
  • Guerrant RL, Strausbaugh LJ, Wenzel RP, Hamory BH, Sande MA. Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Amer J Med 62: 58–65, 1977
  • Jauregui L, Cushing RD, Lerner AM. Gentamicin/amikacin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli at Detroit General Hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 8: 89–105, 1977
  • Levine JF, Maslow MJ, Leibowitz RE, Pollock AA, Hanna BA, Schaefler S. Amikacin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: Correlation of occurrence with amikacin use. J Infect Dis 151: 295–300, 1985
  • Grüneberg RN, Brumfitt W. Single-dose treatment of acute urinary tract infection: A controlled trial. Brit Med J 3: 649–651, 1967
  • Bauernfeind A, Harms K, Bertele RM, Petermüller Ch. Quantitative bacteriological aspects of cystic fibrosis. In: Simon C, Wilkinson PJ, eds. Diagnoses of Infectious Diseases. New Aspects. Stuttgart: Schattauer 1985
  • Lorian V ed. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1980
  • Daschner F, Langmaack H, Wiedemann B. Antibiotic resistance in intensive care unit areas. Infect Control 4: 382–387, 1983

References

  • Burman LG. Apparent absence of transferable resistance to nalidixic acid in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 3: 509–516, 1977
  • Smith JT. Mechanisms of drug resistance. In: Edwards DI, Hiscock DR, eds. Chemotherapeutic Strategy. London: Macmillan Press, 79–83, 1983
  • Barry AL, Jones RN. Cross-resistance among cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, DJ-6783, enoxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, and oxolinic acid after in vitro selection of resistant populations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 775–777, 1984
  • King A, Shannon K, Phillips I. The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin compared with that of norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 13: 325–331, 1984
  • Eliopoulos GM, Gardella A, Moellering RC. In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, a new carboxyquinoline antimicrobial agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 331–335, 1984
  • Reeves DS, Bywater MJ, Holt HA. The activity of enoxacin against clinical bacterial isolates in comparison with that of five other agents, and factors affecting that activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 14( Suppl C): 7–17, 1984
  • Reeves DS, Bywater MJ, Holt HA, White LO. In vitro studies with ciprofloxacin, a new 4-quinolone compound. J Antimicrob Chemother 13: 333–346, 1984
  • Tenney JH, Maack RW, Chippendale GR. Rapid selection of organisms with increasing resistance on subinhibitory concentrations of norfloxacin in agar. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23: 188–189, 1983
  • Chin N-X, Neu HC. In vitro activity of enoxacin, a quinolone carboxylic acid, compared with those of norfloxacin, new β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24: 754–763, 1983
  • Chin N-X, Neu HC. Ciprofloxacin, a quinolone carboxylic acid compound active against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 319–326, 1984
  • Nakamura S, Minami A, Katae H, Inoue S, Yamagishi J, Takase Y, Shimizu M. In vitro antibacterial properties of AT-2266, a new pyridonecarboxylic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23: 641–648, 1983
  • Piffaretti JC, Demarta A, Leidi-Bulla L, Peduzzi R. In vitro emergence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2: 600–601, 1983
  • Cullmann W, Stieglitz M, Baars B, Opferkuch W. Comparative evaluation of recently developed quinolone compounds—with a note on the frequency of resistant mutants. Chemotherapy 31: 19–28, 1985
  • Inoue S, Ohue T, Yamagishi J, Nakamura S, Shimizu M. Mode of incomplete cross-resistance among pipemidic, piromidic and nalidixic acids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 14: 240–245, 1978
  • Rella M, Haas D. Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO to nalidixic acid and low levels of β-lactam antibiotics: mapping of chromosomal genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22: 242–249, 1982
  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE, Goering RV, Werner V. Selection of multiple antibiotic resistance by quinolones, β-lactams, and aminoglycosides with special reference to cross-resistance between unrelated drug classes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 797–801, 1984
  • Smith JT, Mutational resistance to 4-quinolone antibacterial agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol 3: 347–350, 1984
  • Yamagishi J-I, Furutani Y, Inoue S, Ohue T, Nakamura S, Shimuzu M. New nalidixic acid resistance mutations related to deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase activity. J Bacteriol 148: 450–458, 1981
  • Crumplin GC, Kenwright M, Hirst T. Investigations into the mechanism of action of the antibacterial agent norfloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 13( Suppl B): 9–23, 1984
  • Traub WH. Incomplete cross-resistance of nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid-resistant variants of Serratia marcescens against ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin. Chemotherapy 31: 34–39, 1985
  • Smith JT. Awakening the slumbering potential of the 4-quinolone antibacterials. Pharmaceutical J 233: 299–305, 1984
  • Ratcliffe NT, Smith JT. Norfloxacin has a bactericidal mechanism unrelated to that of other 4-quinolones. J Pharm Pharmacol 37: 92P, 1985
  • Kreuser KN, Cozzarelli NR. Escherichia coli mutants thermosensitive for deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase subunit A: effects on deoxyribonucleic acid replication, transcription and bacteriophage growth. J Bacteriol 140: 424–435, 1979
  • Orr E, Staudenbauer WL. An Escherichia coli mutant thermosensitive in the β subunit of DNA gyrase: effect on the structure and replication of colicin E1 plasmid in vitro. Mol gen Genet 181: 52–56, 1981
  • Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. The fluoroquinolones: Pharmacology, clinical uses and toxicities in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 716–721, 1985
  • Lockley MR, Wise R, Dent J. The pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of ofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 14: 647–652, 1984

References

  • Smith HW. The effects of the use of antibiotics on the emergence of antibiotic resistant disease producing organisms in animals. In: Woodbine M, ed. Antibiotics in agriculture. London: Butterworths, 374–388, 1962
  • Smith HW. Anti-microbial drugs in animal feeds. Nature Lond 218: 728–731, 1968
  • Anderson ES. Drug resistance in Salmonella typhimurium and its implications. Br Med J 3: 333–339, 1968
  • Anderson ES. The ecology of transferable drug resistance in the enterobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 22: 131–180, 1968
  • Anderson ES, Datta N. Resistance to penicillins and its transfer in Enterobacteriaceae. Lancet I: 407–409, 1965
  • Anderson ES, Lewis MJ. Drug resistance and its transfer in Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 206: 579–593, 1965
  • Anderson ES. Origin of transferable drug-resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae. Br Med J 2: 1289–1291, 1965
  • Huber WG. The impact of antibiotic drugs and their residues. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 15: 101–132, 1971
  • Report. Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine. London: HMSO 1968
  • Sojka WJ, Slavin G, Brand TF, Davies G. A survey of drug resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales. Brit Vet J 128: 189–198, 1972
  • Sojka WJ, Hudson EB, Slavin G. A survey of drug resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales during 1971. Brit Vet J 130: 128–138, 1974
  • Sojka WJ, Hudson EB. A survey of drug resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales during 1972. Brit Vet J 132: 95–104, 1976
  • Sojka WJ, Wray C, Hudson EB. A survey of drug resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales during 1973 and 1974. Brit Vet J 133: 292–311, 1977
  • Sojka WJ, Wray C. A survey of drug resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales from 1975 to 1978. Brit Vet J 136: 463–477, 1980
  • Sojka WJ, Wray C, McLarren I. A survey of Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales from 1979 to 1981. Brit Vet J 140: 576–591, 1984
  • Sojka WJ, Wray C, McLarren I. A survey of Salmonella isolated from animals in England and Wales in 1982 and 1983. Brit Vet J. In press.
  • Wray C. Is Salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice? Vet Rec 116: 485–489, 1985
  • Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Rowe B. Spread of multi-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204 and 193 in Britain. Br Med J 2: 997, 1978
  • Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Rowe B. Epidemic spread of a chloramphenicol resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204 in bovine animals in Britain. Vet Rec 103: 438–440, 1978
  • Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Rowe B. Chloramphenicol resistant S. typhimurium. Vet Rec 104: 60–61, 1979
  • Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Ashley AS, Rowe R. Plasmid-encoded trimethoprim resistance in multiresistant epidemic Salmonella typhimurium phage/type 204 and 193 in Britain. Br Med J 280: 1210, 1980
  • Ward LR, Rowe B, Threlfall EJ. Incidence of trimethoprim resistance in Salmonella isolated in Britain: a twelve-year study. Lancet II: 705–706, 1982
  • Davies G, Sojka WJ, Wray C, Williams BM. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhimurium. Vet Rec 102: 67, 1978
  • Rowe B, Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Ashley AS. International spread of multiresistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 from Britain to Europe. Vet Rec 105: 468–469, 1979
  • Davies G. Chloramphenicol resistant S. typhimurium. Vet Rec 104: 128, 1979

References

  • Weinstein L. Gram-negative bacterial infections: A look at the past, a view of the present, and a glance at the future. Rev Inf Dis 7( Suppl): 538–544, 1985
  • Farrar WE. Antibiotic resistance in developing countries. J Inf Dis 152: 1103–1105, 1985

References

References

  • Loosli CG. Synergism between respiratory viruses and bacteria. Yale J Biol Med 40: 522–540, 1967/68
  • Fransen H. Clinical and laboratory studies on the role of viruses, bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bedsonia in acute respiratory illness. Stockholm: Balder AB, 1970
  • Degré M. Combined viral-bacterial infection in the respiratory tract. An experimental study. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 1971
  • Lewis PA, Shope RE. Swine influenza. II. A hemophilic bacillus from the respiratory tract of infected swine. J Exp Med 54: 361–371, 1931
  • Shope RE. Swine influenza. I. Experimental transmission and pathology. J Exp Med 54: 349–360, 1931
  • Brightman IJ. Streptococcus infection occurring in ferrets inoculated with human influenza virus. Yale J Biol Med 8: 127–135, 1935/36
  • Schwab JL, Saslaw S, Woolpert OC, Merino C, Doan CA. Reactions of monkeys to experimental respiratory infections. II. Response to Streptococcus haemolyticus group C. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 48: 560–563, 1941
  • Gerone PJ, Ward TG, Chappell WA. Combined infections in mice with influenza virus and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Amer J Hyg 66: 331–341, 1957
  • Harford CG. Pulmonary edema in influenza pneumonia of the mouse and the relation of fluid in the lung to the inception of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Exp Med 91: 245–259, 1950
  • Verlinde JD, Makstenieks O. Experimental respiratory infection in monkeys produced by influenza A virus and Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Ges Virusforsch 5: 345–360, 1954
  • Janssen RJ, Chappell WA, Gerone PJ. Synergistic activity between PR 8 influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus in guinea pig. Amer J Hyg 78: 275–284, 1963
  • Volkert M, Pierce C, Horsfall FL, Dubos RJ. The enhancing effect of concurrent infection with pneumotrophic viruses on pulmonary tuberculosis of mice. J Exp Med 86: 203–213, 1947
  • Klein JO, Green GM, Tilles JG, Kass EH, Finland M. Effect of intranasal reovirus infection on antibacterial activity of mouse lung. J Infect Dis 119: 43–50, 1969
  • Hetrick FM, Chang SC, Byrne RJ, Hansen PA. The combined effect of Pasteurella multocida and myxovirus parainfluenza-3 upon calves. Amer J Vet Res 24: 929–947, 1963
  • Degré M, Glasgow LA. Synergistic effect in viral-bacterial infection. 1. Combined infection of the respiratory tract in mice with parainfluenza virus and Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 118: 449–462, 1968
  • Jakab GJ. Effect of sequential inoculations of Sendai virus and Pasteurella pneumotrophica in mice. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 164: 723–728, 1974
  • Howard CJ, Stott EJ, Taylor G. The effect of pneumonia induced in mice with Mycoplasma pulmonis on resistance to subsequent bacterial infection and the effect of a respiratory infection with Sendai virus on the resistance of mice to Mycoplasma pulmonis. J Gen Microbiol 109: 79–87, 1978
  • Jakab GJ. Interactions between Sendai virus and bacterial pathogens in the murine lung: A review. Lab Animal Sci 31: 170–177, 1981
  • Degré M. Synergistic effect in viral-bacterial infection. 5. Functional studies on the role of the ciliary activity in the mouse trachea. Acta Path Microbiol Scand Sect B 79: 137–141, 1971
  • Willems FTC, van der Veen J. Growth of Sendai virus in organ cultures of mouse tissue. Arch Ges Virusforsch 23: 148–156, 1968
  • Gardner ID, Kung TM. Histopathological changes in the lungs of influenza-infected mice superinfected with Staphylococcus aureus. Br J Exp Path 61: 415–420, 1980
  • Green GM. Patterns of bacterial clearance in murine influenza. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1965: 26–29, 1965
  • Jakab GJ, Warr GA, Knight ME. Pulmonary and systemic defenses against challenge with Staphylococcus aureus in mice with pneumonia due to influenza A virus. J Infect Dis 140: 105–108, 1979
  • Sellers TF, Schulman J, Bouvier C, McCone R, Kilburne ED. The influence of influenza virus infection on exogenous staphylococcal and endogenous murine bacterial infection of the bronchopulmonary tissues of mice. J Exp Med 114: 237–255, 1961
  • Jakab GJ, Green GM. Defect in intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus within alveolar macrophages in Sendai virus-infected murine lungs. J Clin Invest 57: 1533–1539, 1976
  • Ruutu P, Vaheri A, Kosunen TU. Depression of human neutrophil motility by influenza virus in vitro. Scand J Immunol 6: 897–906, 1977
  • Larsson HE, Blades R. Impairment of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by influenza virus. Lancet I: 283, 1976
  • Bricaire F, Vilde JL, Hannoun C. Modifications de l'activité bactéricide des leucocytes humains induites par le virus grippal in vitro. Ann Virol 131 E: 467–478, 1980
  • Woods DE, Johanson WG Jr. Epithelial cell attachment as a determinant of respiratory tract colonization. Am Rev Resp Dis 115 ( Suppl 4): 272, 1977
  • Sanford BA, Shelokov A, Ramsay MA. Bacterial adherence to virus-infected cells: A cell culture model of bacterial superinfection. J Infect Dis 137: 176–181, 1978
  • Davison VE, Sanford BA. Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to influenza A virus-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures. Infect Immun 32: 118–126, 1981
  • Fainstein V, Musher DM, Catre TR. Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells during viral infection. J Infect Dis 141: 172–176, 1980
  • Ramphal R, Small PM, Shands JW Jr, Fischlschweiger W, Small PA Jr. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tracheal cells injured by influenza infection or by endotracheal intubation. Infect Immun 27: 614–629, 1980
  • Sanford BA, Davison VE, Ramsay MA. Staphylococcus aureus adherence to influenza A virus-infected and control cell cultures: evidence for multiple adhesins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 181: 104–111, 1986
  • Bukholm G, Modalsli K, Degré M. Effect of measles virus infection and interferon treatment on invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HEp-2 cell cultures. J Med Microbiol. In press 1986
  • Bukholm G, Degré M. Invasiveness of Salmonella typhimurium in HEp-2 cell cultures preinfected with coxsackie B1 virus. Acta Path Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect B. 92: 45–51, 1984
  • Rollag H, Degré M. Effect of interferon preparations on uptake of non-opsonized Escherichia coli by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Acta Path Microbiol Scand Sect B 89: 153–159, 1981
  • Bukholm G, Degré M. Effect of human leukocyte interferon on invasiveness of Salmonella species in HEp-2 cell cultures. Infect Immun 42: 1198–1202, 1983
  • Bukholm G, Berdal BP, Haug C, Degré M. Mouse fibroblast interferon modifies Salmonella typhimurium infection in infant mice. Infect Immun 45: 62–66, 1984

References

  • Report on the National Survey of Infection in Hospitals. Part 2: Results 1: The general distribution of infection. J Hosp Infect, ( Suppl 2): 13–17, 1980
  • Neu HC. The emergence of bacterial resistance and its influence on empiric therapy. Rev Infect Dis 5: S9–20, 1983
  • Finland M. Emergence of resistance in hospitals, 1935–75. Rev Infect Dis 1: 4–21, 1979
  • Acar JF. Problems and changing patterns of resistance with Gram-negative bacteria. Rev Infect Dis 7: S545–551, 1985
  • Medeiros AA. Beta-lactamases. Brit Med Bull 40: 18–27, 1984
  • Hedges R, Jacob A. Transposition of ampicillin resistance from RP4 to other replicons. Mol Gen Genet 312: 31–40, 1974
  • Datta N. Classification of plasmids as an aid to understanding their epidemiology and evolution. J Antimicrob Chemother, 3( Suppl. C): 19–23, 1977
  • Fleming MP, Datta N, Grüneberg RN. Trimethoprim resistance determined by R-factors. Brit Med J 1: 726–728, 1972
  • Sköld O, Widh A. A new dihydrofolate reductase with low trimethoprim sensitivity induced by an R-factor mediating high resistance to trimethoprim. J Biol Chem 249: 4324–4325, 1974
  • Barth PT, Datta N, Hedges RW, Grinter NJ. Transposition of a deoxyribonucleic acid sequence encoding trimethoprim and streptomycin resistance from R483 to other replicons. J Bacteriol 125: 800–810, 1976
  • Datta N, Hughes VM, Nugent ME, Richards H. Plasmids and transposons and their stability and mutability in bacteria isolated during an outbreak of hospital infection. Plasmid 2: 182–196, 1979
  • Chirnside ED, Emmerson AM, Smith JT. A follow-up survey of transferable, plasmid-encoded trimethoprim resistance in a general hospital (1975–1983). J Antimicrob Chemother 16: 419–434, 1985
  • Datta N. Drug resistance and R factors in the bowel bacteria of London patients before and after admission to hospital. Brit Med J 2: 407–411, 1969
  • Datta N, Faiers MC, Reeves DS, Brumfitt W, Orskov F, Orskov I. R factors in Escherichia coli in faeces after oral chemotherapy in general practice. Lancet I:312–315, 1971
  • Shaw EJ, Datta N, Jones G, Marr FM, Froud WJB. Effect of stay in hospital and oral chemotherapy on the antibiotic sensitivity of bowel coliforms. J Hyg 71: 529–534, 1973
  • Brumfitt W, Faiers MC, Reeves DS, Datta N. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli causing urinary-tract infection in general practice: relation to faecal flora. Lancet I:315–317, 1971
  • Rose HD, Schreier J. The effect of hospitalisation and antibiotic therapy on the Gram-negative fecal flora. Amer J Med Sci 255: 228–236, 1968
  • Pollack M, Charache P, Nieman R, Jett MP, Reinhardt JA, Hardy PH. Factors influencing colonisation and antibiotic-resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacteria in hospital patients. Lancet II: 668–671, 1972
  • Thomas FE, Jackson RT, Melly MA, Alford RH. Sequential hospitalwide outbreaks of resistant Serratia and Klebsiella infections. Arch Intern Med 137: 581–584, 1977
  • Kupersztoch-Portnoy YM. Antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria in Mexico: Relationship to drug consumption. In: Levy SB, Clowes RC, Koenig EL, eds. Molecular biology, pathogenicity and ecology of bacterial plasmids. New York: Plenum Press, 529–537, 1981
  • Ball AP, Wallace ET. A ten-year survey of the sensitivities of urinary pathogens in a pyelonephritis unit. J Int Med Res, ( Suppl 2): 18–22, 1974
  • Søgaard H, Zimmerman-Nielsen C, Siboni K. Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a urological ward for male patients during a nine-year period: Relationship to antibiotic consumption. J Infect Dis 130: 646–650, 1974
  • Schaberg DR, Weinstein RA, Stamm WE. Epidemics of nosocomial urinary tract infection caused by multiply-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: Epidemiology and control. J Infect Dis 133: 363–366, 1976
  • Speller DCE, Bint AJ, Stephens M. Experience with amikacin and colistin in an outbreak of infection by resistant Klebsiella aerogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 3: 483–491, 1977
  • Schaberg DR, Alford RH, Anderson R, Farmer JJ, Melly MA, Schaffner W. An outbreak of nosocomial infection due to multiply resistant. Serratia marcescens: evidence of interhospital spread. J Infect Dis 134: 181–188, 1976
  • Maki DG, Hennekens CG, Phillips CW, Shaw WV, Bannett JV. Nosocomial urinary tract infection with Serratia marcescens: An epidemiological study. J Infect Dis 128: 579–587, 1973
  • Curie K, Speller DCE, Simpson RA, Stephens M, Cooke DI. A hospital epidemic caused by a gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes. J Hyg 80: 115–123, 1978
  • Hughes VM, Datta N, Faiers MC. Interhospital spread of a multi-resistant klebsiella. Brit Med J 282: 696, 1981
  • Knight S, Casewell M. Dissemination of resistance plasmids among gentamicin-resistant enterobacteria from hospital patients. Brit Med J 283: 755–756, 1981
  • Datta N, Dacey S, Hughes V, Knight S, Richards H, Williams G, Casewell M, Shannon KP. Distribution of genes for trimethoprim and gentamicin resistance in bacteria and their plasmids in a general hospital. J Gen Microbiol 118: 495–508, 1980
  • Casewell MW, Talsania HG, Knight S. Gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes as a clinically significant source of transferable antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 8: 153–160, 1981
  • Towner KJ, Pearson NJ, Pinn PA, O'Grady F. Increasing importance of plasmid-mediated trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria: Two six-month clinical surveys. Brit Med J 280: 517–519, 1980
  • Mayer KH, Fling ME, Hopkins JD, O'Brien TF. Trimethoprim resistance in multiple genera of Enterobacteriaceae at a U.S. Hospital: Spread of the type II dihydrofolate reductase gene by a single plasmid. J Infect Dis 151: 783–789, 1985
  • Huovinen P, Toivanen P. Trimethoprim resistance in Finland after five years use of plain trimethoprim. Brit Med J 280: 72–74, 1980
  • Huovinen P, Mantyjarvi R, Toivanen P. Trimethoprim resistance in hospitals. Brit Med J 284: 782–784, 1982
  • Burman LG. Resistance to trimethoprim. Lancet I:1409, 1980
  • Grüneberg RN, Smellie JM, Leakey A, Atkin WS. Long-term, low-dose co-trimoxazole in prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection: Bacteriological aspects. Brit Med J 2: 206–208, 1976
  • Guerrant RL, Wood SJ, Krongaard L, Reid RA, Hodge RH. Resistance among fecal flora of patients taking sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim or trimethoprim alone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19: 33–38, 1981
  • Gruneberg RN. Susceptibility of urinary pathogens to various antimicrobial substances: A four year study. J Clin Path 29: 292–295, 1976
  • Marks PJ, Bruten DM, Speller DCE. Trimethoprim resistant coliforms. Lancet II: 774, 1977
  • Murray BE, Rensimer ER, DuPont HL. Emergence of high-level trimethoprim resistance in fecal Escherichia coli during oral administration of trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. N Eng J Med 306: 130–135, 1982
  • Huovinen P, Renkonen O-V, Pulkkinen L, Sunila R, Gronroos P, Klossner M-J, Virtanen S, Toivanen P. Trimethoprim resistance of Escherichia coli in outpatients in Finland after ten years use of plain trimethoprim. J Antimicrob Chemother 16: 435–441, 1985
  • Pearson NJ, Towner KJ, McSherry AM, Cattell WR, O'Grady F. Emergence of trimethoprim-resistant enterobacteria in patients receiving long-term co-trimoxazole for the control of intractable urinary tract infection. Lancet II: 1205–1209, 1979
  • Wilson JM, Guiney DG. Failure of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in acute leukaemia: Isolation of resistant plasmids from strains of Enterobacteriaceae causing bacteraemia. N Eng J Med 306: 16–20, 1982
  • Eickhoff TC, Steinhauer BW, Finland M. The Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia division. Biochemical and serological characteristics and susceptibility to antibiotics. Ann Intern Med 65: 1163–1179, 1966
  • Williams RJ, Lindridge MA, Said AA, Livermore DM, Williams JD. National survey of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 14: 9–16, 1984
  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE, Goering RV. In vitro antagonism of beta-lactam antibiotics by cefoxitin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21: 968–975, 1982
  • Sanders CC. Novel resistance selected by the new expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. J Infect Dis 147: 585–589, 1983
  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE. Emergence of resistance during therapy with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics: Role of inducible beta-lactamases and implications for the future. Rev Infect Dis 5: 639–648, 1983
  • Bouanchaud DH, Chabbert YA. Practical effectiveness of agents curing R factors and plasmids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 182: 305–311, 1971
  • Weisser J, Wiedemann B. Elimination of plasmids by 4-quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 700–702, 1985
  • Sanders CC, Sanders WE, Goering RV, Werner V. Selection of multiple antibiotic resistance by quinolones, beta-lactams and aminoglycosides with special reference to cross-resistance between unrelated drug classes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 797–801, 1984

References

  • Cramblett HG, Siewers CM. The etiology of gastroenteritis in infants and children with emphasis on the occurrence of simultaneous mixed viral-bacterial infections. Pediatrics 35: 885–898, 1965
  • Khan MU, Greenough WB III. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in Bangladesh. In: Takeda Y, Miwatani T, eds. Bacterial diarrhoeal diseases. Tokyo: KTK Scientific Publishers, 37–52, 1985
  • Lolekha S, Vibulbandhitkit S. Epidemiology of diarrhoea. Ramathibodi Med J 8: 45–52, 1985
  • Echevererria P, Pitaransi C, Eampokalap B, Vibulbandhitkit S, Boonthai P, Rowe B. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens among adults with diarrhoea in Bangkok, Thailand. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1: 193–204, 1983
  • Black RE, Merson MH, Rahman AS, Yunus M, Alim AR, Huq I, Yolken RH, Curlin GT. A two year study of bacterial, viral and parasitic agents associated with diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 142: 660–664, 1980
  • Möllby R, Back E. Bacterial and parasitic agents in acute diarrhoeal disease in Sweden. In: Holme T, Holmgren J, Merson MH, Möllby R eds. Acute enteric infections in children, new prospects for treatment and prevention. Amsterdam: Elsevier: North Holland Biomedical Press, 159–166, 1981
  • Lindenbaum J, Greenough WB, Islam MR. Antibiotic therapy of cholera. Bull WHO 36: 871–883, 1967
  • Wallace CK, Anderson PN, Brown TC, Khanra SR, Lewis GW, Pierce NF, Sanyal SN, Segre GV, Waldman RH. Optimal antibiotic therapy in cholera. Bull WHO 39: 239–245, 1968
  • Rettig PJ, Nelson JD. Shigella infections. In: Practice of pediatrics Vol II. Hagerstown, Maryland: Harper & Row, Chapter 18B, 1979
  • Hatalin KC, Kusmiesz HT, Hinton LV, Nelson JD. Treatment of acute diarrhoea in outpatients. Double-blind study comparing ampicillin and placebo. Am J Dis Child 124: 554–561, 1972
  • DuPont HL, Reves RR, Galindo E, Sullivan PS, Wood LV, Mendiola JG. Treatment of travellers' diarrhoea with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and with trimethoprim alone. N Engl J Med 307: 841–844, 1982
  • Lolekha S, Poonyarit P, Hongvisitgul W, Manatsathit S, Eambokalap B. Treatment of shigellosis with a single dose of ceftriaxone. Proceeding of the Symposium: Progress in therapy of bacterial infections. A new cephalosporin: ceftriaxone. Bangkok, Thailand, March 24–26, 1983. Excerpta Medica Asia Pacific Congress Series No. 19, 86–92, 1983.
  • Duangmani C, Lexomboon U, Boonthai P. Clinical observation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Thailand. Annual Report of SEATO Medical Research Laboratory, April 1974 to March 1975. Bangkok: US Army Medical Component of SEATO Medical Research Laboratory, 105–109, 1975
  • Rosenstein BJ. Salmonellosis in infants and children, epidemiologic and therapeutic considerations. J Pediatr 70: 1–7, 1967
  • Aserkoff B, Bennett JV. Effect of antibiotic therapy in acute salmonellosis on the fecal excretion of salmonellae. N Engl J Med 281: 636–640, 1969
  • Kazemi M, Gumpert TG, Marks MI. A controlled trial comparing sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ampicillin, and no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis in children. J Pediatr 83: 646–650, 1973
  • Dixon JMS. Effect of antibiotic treatment on duration of excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by children. Br Med J 2: 1343–1345, 1965
  • Rosenthal SL. Exacerbation of salmonella entritis due to ampicillin. N Engl J Med 280: 147–148, 1969

References

  • Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated colitis. Disease-a-Month. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1–55, 1984
  • George WL, Rolfe RD, Mulligan ME, Finegold SM. Infectious diseases 1979—Antimicrobial agent-induced colitis: An update. J Infect Dis 140: 266–268, 1979
  • Wexler H, Ingram-Drake L, Mac Donald K, Edelstein MAC, Gee R, Reinhardt J, Finegold SM. Changes in bowel flora in humans receiving two week courses of either cefixime or cefaclor. In: Workshop, “A new oral cephem antibiotic”. Proc. 14th Internat. Cong. Chemother., Kyoto, 1985. In Press.
  • Banno Y, Kobayashi T, Kono H, Watanabe K, Ueno K, Nozawa Y. Biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (D-1 and D-2) from Clostridium difficile. Rev Infect Dis 6( Suppl 1): S11–S20
  • Aronsson B, Möllby R, Nord CE. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiologic data from Sweden, 1980–1982. J Infect Dis 151: 476–481, 1985
  • Rolfe RD, Finegold SM. Intestinal beta-lactamase activity in ampicillin-induced, Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis. J Infect Dis 147: 227–235, 1983
  • Marcoux JA, Zabransky RJ, Washington JA II, Wellman WE, Martin WJ. Bacteroides bacteremia. Minn Med 53: 1169–1176, 1970
  • Saksena DS, Block MA, McHenry MC, Truant JP. Bacteroidaceae: Anaerobic organisms encountered in surgical infections. Surgery 63: 261–267, 1968
  • Finegold SM, Marsh VH, Bartlett JG. Anaerobic infections in the compromised host. Proc. Internat. Conf. on Nosocomial Infections, Atlanta, Aug., 1970. Chicago: Amer Hosp Assoc 123–134, 1971
  • Wilson WR, Martin WJ, Wilkowske CJ, Washington JA II. Anaerobic bacteremia. Mayo Clin Proc 47: 639–646, 1972
  • Felner JM, Dowell VR Jr. “Bacteroides“ bacteremia. Amer J Med 50: 787–796, 1971
  • Josefsson K, Heimdahl A, von Konow L, Nord CE. Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and erythromycin prophylaxis on anaerobic bacteraemia after oral surgery. J Antimicrob Chemother 16: 243–251, 1985
  • Thadepalli H, Gorbach SL, Broido PW, Norsen J, Nyhus L. Abdominal trauma, anaerobes, and antibiotics. Surg Gyn Obstet 173: 270–276, 1973
  • Watt-Boolsen S, Justesen T, Blichert-Toft M, Hansen JB. The prophylaxis of septic complications in colo-rectal surgery. Acta Chir Scand 145: 263–266, 1979
  • Klein RS, Berger SA, Yekutiel P. Wound infection during the Yom Kippur war: Observations concerning antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy. Ann Surg 182: 15–21, 1975
  • Serra P, Santini C, Venditti M, Mandelli F, Martino P. Superinfections during antimicrobial treatment with betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Infection 13( Suppl 1): 115–122, 1985
  • Rozenberg-Arska M, Dekker AW, Verhoef J. Ciprofloxacin for selective decontamination of the alimentary tract in patients with acute leukemia during remission induction treatment: The effect on fecal flora. J Infect Dis 152: 104–107, 1985
  • Jones RN. Gram-positive superinfections following beta-lactam chemotherapy: The significance of the enterococcus. Infection 13( Suppl 1): 81–88, 1985

References

  • EORTC Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group. Three antibiotic regimens in the treatment of infection in febrile granulocytopenic patients with cancer. J Infect Dis 137: 14–29, 1978
  • Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Gill FA, Witebsky FG. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 72: 101–111, 1982
  • Dejace P. Diagnosis and surveillance of infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. In press.
  • Boggs DR, Frei E III, Zierdt CH. Fever in malignant neoplastic disease: A controlled study of tetracycline therapy. Ann Intern Med 53: 754–764, 1960
  • Schimpff SC, Young VM, Greene WH, Vermeulen GD, Moody MR, Wiernik PH. Origin of infection in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Intern Med 77: 707–714, 1972
  • Schimpff SC, Aisner J, Wiernik PH. Infection in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: The alimentary canal as a major source of pathogens. In: van der Waaij, D, Verhoef J, eds. New criteria for antimicrobial therapy: maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance. Amsterdam–Oxford: Excerpta Medica, 12–29, 1979
  • Meunier-Carpentier F. Chemoprophylaxis of fungal infections. Am J Med 76: 652–656, 1984
  • Pizzo P, Schimpff SC. Strategies for the prevention of infection in the myelosuppressed or immunosuppressed cancer patient. Cancer Treat Rep 67: 223–234, 1983
  • Schimpff SC. Infection prevention in patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. In: Grieco MH, ed. Infections in the abnormal host. New York: Yorke Medical Books, 926–950, 1980
  • Bodey GP, Rodriguez V. Infections in cancer patients on a protective environment—prophylactic antibiotic program. Am J Med 59: 497–504, 1975
  • Schimpff SC, Greene WH, Young VM, Fortner CL, Jepsen L, Cusack N, Block JB, Wiernik PH. Infection prevention in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral nonabsorbable antibiotic prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med 82: 351–358, 1975
  • Dietrich M, Rosche H, Rommel K, Hochapfel G. Antimicrobial therapy as part of the decontamination procedures for patients with acute leukemia. Eur J Cancer 9: 443–447, 1973
  • Cohen M, Creaven P, Fossieck B, Johnston AV, Williams C. Effect of oral prophylactic broad-spectrum non absorbable antibiotics on the gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients and methotrexate in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma patients. Cancer 38: 1556–1559, 1976
  • Van der Waaij D, Berghuis-De Vries JM, Lekkerkerk-Van Der Wees JEC. Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. J Hyg (Lond) 69: 405–411, 1971
  • Van der Waaij D. The colonization resistance of the digestive tract in experimental animals and its consequences for prevention, acquisition of new bacteria and the prevention of spread of bacteria between cage mates. In: Van der Waaij D, Verhoef, J, eds. New criteria for antimicrobial therapy: maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 43–53, 1979
  • Van der Waaij D. Colonization resistance of the digestive tract as a major lead in the selection of antibiotics for therapy. In: Van der Waaij, D, Verhoef J, eds. New criteria for antimicrobial therapy: maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 271–282, 1979
  • Hughes WT, Kuhn S, Chaudhary S, Feldman S, Verzosa M, Aur RJA, Pratt C, George SC. Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. New Engl J Med 297: 1419–1426, 1977
  • Wade JC, Schimpff SC, Hargadon MT, Fortner CL, Young VM, Wiernik PH. A comparison of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. New Engl J Med 304: 1057–1062, 1981
  • EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the prevention of infection in neutropenic patients. J Infect Dis 150: 372–379, 1984
  • Dekker AW, Rozenberg-Arska M, Sixma JJ, Verhoef J. Prevention of infection by trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole plus amphotericin B in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Intern Med 95: 555–559, 1981
  • Wade JC, de Jongh CA, Newman KA, Crowley J, Wiernik PH, Schimpff SC. Selective antimicrobial modulation as prophylaxis against infection during granulocytopenia: Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole vs. nalidixic acid. J Infect Dis 147: 624–634, 1983
  • Hargadon MT, Young VM, Schimpff SC, Wade JC, Minah GE. Selective suppression of alimentary tract microbial flora as prophylaxis during granulocytopenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 20: 620–624, 1981
  • Klastersky J, Debusscher L, Weerts D, Daneau D. Use of oral antibiotics in protected units environment: Clinical effectiveness and role in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Path Biol 22: 5–12, 1974
  • Hahn DM, Schimpff SC, Fortner CL, Collier-Smyth A, Young VM, Wiernik PH. Infection in acute leukemia patients receiving oral nonabsorbable antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 958–964, 1978
  • King K. Prophylactic non-absorbable antibiotics in leukaemic patients. J Hyg (Camb) 85: 141–151, 1980
  • Bodey GP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cancer patients: Regimens of oral nonabsorbable antibiotics for prevention of infection during induction of remission. Rev Infect Dis, 3( Suppl): 259–268, 1981
  • Bodey GP, Rosenbaum B. Effect of prophylactic measures on the microbial flora of patients in protected environment units. Medicine (Baltimore) 53: 209–228, 1974
  • Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Edwards BK, Schumaker C, Kramer BS, Johnson A. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cancer: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 102: 125–133, 1983
  • Wilson JM, Guiney DG. Failure of oral trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis in acute leukemia. New Engl J Med 306: 16–20, 1982
  • de Jongh CA, Schimpff SC, Wiernik PH. Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 95: 783–784, 1981

References

  • Modr Z. Antibiotic policy in Czechoslovakia. J Antimicrob Chemother 4: 305–308, 1978
  • Modr Z. Statutory control of antibiotic use in man versus voluntary restriction. In: Stuart-Harris C, Harris DM, eds. The control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. London, New York: Academic Press, 211–220, 1982
  • WHO Technical Report Series 624. Surveillance and control of health hazards due to antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria, 1978
  • Kunin CM. Evaluation of antibiotic usage: A comprehensive look at alternative approaches. In: Ninet L, Bost PE, Bouanchaud DH, Florent J, eds. The future of antibiotherapy and antibiotic research. London, New York: Academic Press, 127–139, 1981
  • American Heart Association Committee on Prevention of Rheumatic Fever and Bacterial Endocarditis. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Circulation 56: 139A, 1977
  • Working Party Report. The antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Lancet II: 1323–1325, 1982
  • Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotic treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis. Lancet II: 815–817, 1985

References

  • McGowan JE Jr. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 5: 1033–1048, 1983
  • Jauregui L, Cushing RD, Lerner AM. Gentamicin/amikacin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli at Detroit General Hospital, 1975–1976. Am J Med 62: 882–888, 1977
  • Price KE, Kresel PA, Farchione LA, Siskin SB, Karpow SA. Epidemiological studies of aminoglycoside resistance in the USA. J Antimicrob Chemother 8( Suppl A): 89–105, 1981
  • Weinstein RA, Kabins SA. Strategies for prevention and control of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Am J Med 70: 449–454, 1981
  • Giamarellou H, Koratzanis G, Kanellakopoulou K, Daikos GK. Epidemiological study of Enterobacter cloacae resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins: A preliminary report. Chemioterapia 4: 43–46, 1985
  • Benveniste R, Davies J. R-factor-mediated gentamicin resistance: A new enzyme which modifies aminoglycoside antibiotics. FEBS Lett 14: 293–296, 1971
  • Matthew M, Harris AM, Marshall MJ, Ross GW. The use of analytical isoelectric focusing for detection and identification of β-lactamases. J Gen Microbiol 88: 169–178, 1975
  • Centers for Disease Control. Outline for surveillance and control of nosocomial infection. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 1979
  • King A, Shannon K, Eykyn S, Phillips I. Reduced sensitivity to β-lactam antibiotics arising during ceftazidime treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 12: 363–370, 1983
  • Mueller FE. Gentamicin in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections complicating burns. In: Gentamicin, First Int Symp. Basel: Schwabe and Co 148–153, 1967
  • Korfhagen TR, Loper JC, Ferrel JA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa R factors determining gentamicin plus carbenicillin resistance from patients with urinary tract colonizations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 7: 64–68, 1975
  • Gaman W, Cates C, Snelling CFT, Lank B, Ronald AR. Emergence of gentamicin- and carbenicillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital environment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9: 474–480, 1976
  • Snelling CFT, Ronald AR, Cates C, Forsythe W. Resistance of gram-negative bacilli to gentamicin. J Infect Dis 124( Suppl): 264–270, 1971
  • Levine JF, Maslow MJ, Leibowitz RE, Pollock AA, Hanna BA, Schaefler S, Simberkoff MS, Rahal JJ Jr. Amikacin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: Correlation of occurence with amikacin use. J Infect Dis 151: 295–300, 1985
  • Moody MM, deJongh CA, Schimpff SC, Tillman GL. Long-term amikacin use. Effects on aminoglycoside susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative bacilli. JAMA 248: 1199–1202, 1982
  • Giamarellou H, Chalkiopoulos K, Daphnis E, Petrikkos G, Kanellakopoulou A, Bethimoutis A, Daikos GK. Emergence of aminoglycoside multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1982–1983: Mechanisms of resistance and epidemiology in a general hospital. Chemioterapia 3: 28–32, 1984
  • Legakis NJ, Aliferopoulou M, Papavassiliou J, Papapetropoulou M. Serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical specimens in relation to antibiotic susceptibility. J Clin Microbiol 16: 458–463, 1982
  • Sanders CC. Inducible β-lactamases and non-hydrolytic resistance mechanisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 13: 1–3, 1984
  • Gwynn MN, Rolinson GN. Selection of variants of Gram-negative bacteria with elevated production of type 1 β-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 11: 577–581, 1983
  • McGowan JE, Finland M. Usage of antibiotics in a general hospital: Effect of requiring justification. J Infect Dis 130: 165–168, 1974
  • Cooke D, Salter AJ, Phillips I. Antimicrobial misuse, antibiotic policies and information resources. J Antimicrob Chemother 6: 435–443, 1980

References

  • Lacey RW, Lord VL, Howson GL, Luxton DEA, Trotter IS. Double-blind study to compare the selection of antibiotc resistance by amoxycillin or cephradine in the commensal flora. Lancet 2: 529–532, 1983
  • Schaeffer AJ, Sisney GA. Efficacy of norfloxacin in urinary tract infections: Biological effects on vaginal and fecal flora. J Urol 133: 628–630, 1985
  • Cofsky RD, DuBouchet L, Landesman SH. Recovery of norfloxacin in feces after administration of a single oral dose to human volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 110–111, 1984
  • Aronsson B, Möllby R, Nord CE. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease. Epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980–1982. J Infect Dis 151: 476–481, 1985
  • George WL, Rolfe RD, Finegold SM. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhoea and miscellaneous conditions. J Clin Microbiol 15: 1049–1053, 1982
  • Rogers TR, Petrou M, Lucas C, Chung JTN, Barrett AJ, Borriello SP, Honour P. Spread of Clostridium difficile among patients receiving non-absorbable antibiotics for gut decontamination. Brit Med J 283: 408–409, 1981
  • Fekety R, Kim KH, Brown D, Batts DH, Cudmore M, Silva J Jr. Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Med 70: 906–908, 1981
  • Bartlett JG, Bustetter LA, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB. Comparative effect of tetracycline and doxycycline on the occurence of resistant E. coli in the fecal flora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 7: 55–57, 1975
  • Trollfors B, Alestig K, Norrby R. Local and gastrointestinal reactions to intravenously administered cefoxitin and cefuroxime. Scand J Infect Dis 11: 315–316, 1979
  • Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Cefuroxime: A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 17: 233–266, 1979
  • Wise R, Bennett SA, Dent J. The pharmacokinetics of orally absorbed cefuroxime compared with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 13: 603–610, 1984
  • Nakamura T, Hashimoto I, Sawada Y, Mikami J, Bekki E, Hirasawa S, Abe H, Watanabe Y. Cefoperazone concentrations in bile and gall bladder wall after intravenous administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 18: 980–982, 1980
  • Arvidsson A, Alván G, Angelin B, Borgå O, Nord CE. Ceftriaxone: Renal and biliary excretion and effect on the colon microflora. J Antimicrob Chemother 10: 207–215, 1982
  • Ohkawa M, Hirano S, Tokunaga S, Motoi I, Shoda R, Ikeda A, Sugata T, Sawaki M, Shimamura M, Okasho A, Kuroda K. Pharmacokinetics of cefotetan in normal subjects and patients with impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23: 31–35, 1983
  • Norrby R, Alestig K. Gastrointestinal reactions to cefoperazone. Lancet II: 1417, 1981
  • Mastella G, Agostini M, Barlocco G, Bonomi U, Borgo G, Bozzino L, Cabrini G, Cappelletti LM, Castellani L, Conforti M, Marazzani S, Martini N, Montemezzi P, Paulon G, Pederzini F, Sancassani L, Scroccaro G. Alternative antibiotics for the treatment of pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 12( Suppl A): 297–311, 1983
  • Baumgartner JD, Glauser MP. Tolerance study of ceftriaxone compared to that of amoxycillin in patients with pneumonia. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Vienna, part 28: 20–22, 1983
  • Trollfors B, Norrby R, Bergmark J, Hultberg B, Linderholm H. Comparative toxicity of cefotetan and gentamicin. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 139–146, 1986
  • Carlberg H. Alestig K, Nord CE, Trollfors B. Intestinal side effects of cefoperazone. J Antimicrob Chemother 10: 483–487, 1982
  • Norrby SR, Rogers JD, Ferber F, Jones KH, Zacchei AG, Weidner LL, Demetriades JL, Gravallese DA, Hsieh JYK. Disposition of radiolabeled imipenem and cilastatin in normal human volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 707–714, 1984
  • Wang C, Calandra GB, Aziz MA, Brown KR. Efficacy and safety of imipenem/cilastatin: A review of worldwide clinical experience. Rev Infect Dis 7( Suppl 3): 528–536, 1985
  • Kager L, Brismar B, Malmborg AS, Nord CE. Effect of imipenem prophylaxis on colon microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, 1209–1210, 1985
  • Norrby SR. Clinical experience with aztreonam in Europe: A summary of studies in Belgium, England, Finland, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden. Rev Infect Dis 7 ( Suppl 4): 836–839, 1985
  • Chandrasekar PH, Smith BR, LeFrock JL, Carr B. Enterococcal superinfection and colonization with aztreonam therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 280–282, 1984
  • Finegold SM. Anaerobic infections and Clostridium difficile colitis emerging during antibacterial therapy. Scand J Infect Dis, ( Suppl. 49): 160–164, 1986

Reference

  • Reese RE, Douglas RG. A practical approach to infectious diseases. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown & Co., 1983

Reference

  • Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man. Scand J Infect Dis 11: 233–242, 1979

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.