15
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLE

Genetic epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis

, &
Pages 91-100 | Published online: 02 Jan 2014

References

  • O'Neill T, Silman AJ. Psoriatic arthritis. Historical background and epidemiology. Balllieres Clin Ftheumatol 1994;8(2):245–61.
  • Goodfield M. Skin lesions in psoriasis. Baillieres Clin Ftheumatol 1994;8(2):295–316.
  • Scarpa R, Oriente P, Pucino A, Torella M, Vignone L, Fticcio A, et al. Psoriatic arthritis in psoriatic patients. Br J Ftheumatol 1984;23(4):246–50.
  • Leonard DG, O'Duffy JD, Rogers RS. Prospective analysis of psoriatic arthritis in patients hospitalized for psoriasis. Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53(8):511–8.
  • Green L, Meyers OL, Gordon W, Briggs B. Arthritis in psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis 1981;40(4):366–9.
  • Alenius GM, Stenberg B, Stenlund H, Lundblad M, Dahlqvist SR. Inflammatory joint manifestations are prevalent in psoriasis: prevalence study of joint and axial involvement in psoriatic pa-tients, and evaluation of a psoriatic and arthritic questionnaire. J Ftheumatol 2002;29(12):2577–82.
  • Little H, Harvie JN, Lester RS. Psoriatic arthritis in severe psoria-sis. Can Med Assoc J 1975;112(3):317–9.
  • Alibert JL. Precise theorique et practique sur les maladies de la peau. Paris: Caille et Ravier; 1818.
  • Blumberg BS, Bunim JJ, Calkins E, Pirani CL, Zvaifler NJ. AFtA nomenclature and classification of arthritis and rheumatism (tentative). Arthritis Rheum 1964;26:93–7.
  • Moll JM, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1973;3(1):55–78.
  • Harrison BJ, Silman AJ, Barrett EM, Scott DG, Symmons DP. Presence of psoriasis does not influence the presentation or short-term outcome of patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. J Ftheumatol 1997;24(9):1744–9.
  • Kaipiainen-Seppanen 0. Incidence of psoriatic arthritis in Fin-land. Br J Ftheumatol 1996;35(12):1289–91.
  • Soderlin MK, Borjesson 0, Kautiainen H, Skogh T, Leirisalo-Repo M. Annual incidence of inflammatory joint diseases in a population-based study in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(10):911–5.
  • Shbeeb M, Uramoto KM, Gibson LE, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in Olmsted County, Min-nesota, USA, 1982–1991. J Ftheumatol 2000;27(5):1247–50.
  • Gladman DD, Farewell VT. HLA studies in psoriatic arthritis: current situation and future needs. J Ftheumatol 2003;30(1):4–6.
  • Cats A. Psoriasis and arthritis. Cutis 1990;46(4):323–9.
  • Hellgren L. Association between rheumatoid arthritis and psoria-sis in total populations. Acta Ftheumatol Scand 1969;15(4):316–26.
  • Baker H. Epidemiological aspects of psoriasis and arthritis. Br J Dermatol 1966;78(5):249–61.
  • Wright V. Psoriasis and arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1956;(15):348–56.
  • Wright V, Moll JM. Psoriatic arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis 1971; (21):627–32.
  • McGonagle D, Conaghan PG, Emery P. Psoriatic arthritis: a unified concept twenty years on. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(6): 1080–6.
  • Porter GG. Psoriatic arthritis. Plain radiology and other imaging techniques. Baillieres Clin Ftheumatol 1994;8(2):465–82.
  • Watt I. Basic differential diagnosis of arthritis. Eur Radiol 1997; 7(3):344–51.
  • Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. A comparative radiographic study of rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis associated with psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis 1961;20:123–132.
  • Reid DM, Kennedy NS, Nicoll J, Smith MA, Tothill P, Nuki G. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ftheumatol 1986;5(3):372–8.
  • Harrison BJ, Hutchinson CE, Adams J, Bruce IN, Herrick AL. Assessing periarticular bone mineral density in patients with early psoriatic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(141007–11.
  • Gladman DD, Brubacher B, Buskila D, Langevitz P, Farewell VT. Differences in the expression of spondyloarthropathy: a com-parison between ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Invest Med 1993;16(1):1–7.
  • McEwen C, DiTata D, Lingg C, Porini A, Good A, Rankin T. Ankylosing spondylitis and spondylitis accompanying ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, psoriasis and Reiter's disease. A com-parative study. Arthritis Rheum 1971;14(3):291–318.
  • van Romunde LK, Cats A, Hermans J, Valkenburg HA, de Vries E. Psoriasis and arthritis. III. A cross-sectional comparative study of patients with "psoriatic arthritis" and seronegative and serop-ositive polyarthritis: radiological and HLA aspects. Ftheumatol Int 1984;4(2):67–73.
  • Helliwell PS, Hetthen J, Sokoll K, Green M, Marchesoni A, Lubrano E, et al. Joint symmetry in early and late rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: comparison with a mathematical model. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(4):865–71.
  • Moll JM, Wright V. Familial occurrence of psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1973;32(3):181–201.
  • Fearon U, Veale DJ. Pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26(4):333–7.
  • Vyse TJ, Todd JA. Genetic analysis of autoimmune disease. Cell 1996;85(3):311–8.
  • Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Penett F, Schentag C, Rahman P. HLA is a candidate region for psoriatic arthritis, evidence for excessive HLA sharing in sibling pairs. Hum Immunol 2003;64(9): 887–9.
  • The International Psoriasis Genetics Study. Assessing linkage to 14 candidate susceptibility loci in a cohort of 942 affected sib pairs. Am J Hum Genet 2003;73(2):430–7.
  • Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Campbell D, Andrew L, March R, et al. A genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(4588–95.
  • Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S, Bradbury L, Brophy S, Milicic A, et al. Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evi-dence of non-MHC genetic-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet 2001;68(4):918–26.
  • Barton A, Oilier W. Genetic approaches to the investigation of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Ftheumatol 2002;14(3):260–9.
  • Nair RP, Henseler T, Jenisch S, Stuart P, Bichakjian CK, Lenk W. et al. Evidence for two psoriasis susceptibility loci (HLA and 17q) and two novel candidate regions (16q and 20p) by genome-wide scan. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6(8):1349–56.
  • Trembath RC, Clough RL, Rosbotham JL, Jones AB, Camp RD, Frodsham, A, et al. Identification of a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 6p and evidence for further disease loci revealed by a two-stage genome-wide search in psoriasis. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6(5):813–20.
  • Burden AD, Javed S, Bailey M, Hodgins M, Connor M, Tillman D. Genetics of psoriasis: paternal inheritance and a locus on chromosome 6p. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110(6):958–60.
  • Leder RO, Mansbridge JN, Hallmayer J, Hodge SE. Familial psoriasis and HLA-B: unambiguous support for linkage in 97 published families. Hum Hered 1998;48(4198–211.
  • Capon F, Novelli G, Semprini S, Clementi M, Nudo M, Vultaggio P, et al. Searching for psoriasis susceptibility genes in Italy: ge-nome scan and evidence for a new locus on chromosome 1. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112(1):32–5.
  • Balendran N, Clough RL, Arguello JR, Barber R, Veal C, Jones AB, et al. Characterization of the major susceptibility region for psoriasis at chromosome 6p2I.3. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113(3): 322–8.
  • Samuelsson L, Enlund F, Torinsson A, Yhr M, Inerot A, Enerback C, et al. A genome-wide search for genes predisposing to familial psoriasis by using a stratification approach. Hum Genet 1999;105(6):523–9.
  • Lee YA, Ruschendorf F, Windemuth C, Schmitt-Egenolf M, Stadelmann A, Nurnberg G, et al. Genome-wide scan in German families reveals evidence for a novel psoriasis-susceptibility locus on chromosome 19p13. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67(4):1020–4.
  • Enerback C, Martinsson T, Inerot A, Wahlstrom J, Enlund F, Yhr M, et al. Evidence that HLA-Cw6 determines early onset of pso-riasis, obtained using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Acta Derm Venereol 1997;77(4):273–6.
  • Tiilikainen A, Lassus A, Karvonen J, Vartiainen P, Julin M. Pso-riasis and HLA-Cw6. Br J Dermatol 1980;102(2):179–84.
  • Heresh AM, Proctor J, Jones SM, Dixey J, Cox B, Welsh K, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism and the HLA-Cw*0602 allele in psoriatic arthritis. Ftheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41(5):525–30.
  • Gladman DD, Cheung C, Ng CM, Wade JA. HLA-C locus alleles in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Hum Immunol 1999; 60(3):259–61.
  • Espinoza LR, Vasey FB, Oh JH, Wilkinson R, Osterland CK. Association between HLA-BW38 and peripheral psoriatic arthri-tis. Arthritis Rheum 1978;21(1):72–5.
  • Armstrong RD, Panayi GS, Welsh KI. Histocompatibility anti-gens in psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy, and ankylosing spondyli-tis. Ann Rheum Dis 1983;42(2):142–6.
  • Nair RP, Stuart P, Henseler T, Jenisch S, Chia NV, Westphal E, et al. Localization of psoriasis-susceptibility locus PSORS1 to a 60-kb interval telomeric to HLA-C. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66(6):1833–44.
  • Martinez-Borra J, Gonzalez S, Santos-Juanes J, Sanchez DR, Torre-Alonso JC, Lopez-Vazquez A, et al. Psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis share a 100-kb susceptibility region telomeric to HLA-C. Ftheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(9):1089–92.
  • Orru S, Giuressi E, Casula M, Loizedda A, Murru R, Mulargia M, et al. Psoriasis is associated with a SNP haplotype of the corneodesmosin gene (CDSN). Tissue Antigens 2002;60(4):292–8.
  • Gerber LH, Murray CL, Perlman SG, Barth WF, Decker JL, Nigra TA, et al. Human lymphocyte antigens characterizing pso-riatic arthritis and its subtypes. J Rheumatol 1982;9(5):703–7.
  • McKendry RJ, Sengar DP, DesGroseilliers JP, Dunne JV. Fre-quency of HLA antigens in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Can Med Assoc J 1984;130(4):411–5.
  • McHugh NJ, Laurent MR, Treadwell BL, Tweed JM, Dagger J. Psoriatic arthritis: clinical subgroups and histocompatibility anti-gens. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46(3):184–8.
  • Woodrow JC, Ilchysyn A. HLA antigens in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Med Genet 1985;22(6):492–5.
  • Brenner W, Gschnait F, Mayr WR. HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 in psoriasis vulgaris: association with the age of onset. Arch Dermatol Res 1978;262(3):337–9.
  • Gladman DD, Anhorn KA, Schachter RK, Mervart H. HLA antigens in psoriatic arthritis. J Ftheumatol 1986;13(3):586–92.
  • Gonzalez S, Brautbar C, Martinez-Borra J, Lopez-Vazquez A, Segal R, Blanco-Gelaz MA, et al. Polymorphism in MICA rather than HLA-B/C genes is associated with psoriatic arthritis in the Jewish population. Hum Immunol 2001;62(6):632–8.
  • Murray C, Mann DL, Gerber LN, Barth W, Perlmann S, Decker JL, et al. Histocompatibility alloantigens in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Evidence for the influence of multiple genes in the major histocompatibility complex. J Clin Invest 1980;66(4):670–5.
  • Sakkas LI, Loqueman N, Bird H, Vaughan RW, Welsh KI, Panayi GS. HLA class II and T cell receptor gene polymorphisms in psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. J Ftheumatol 1990;17(11):1487–90.
  • O'Donnell BF, O'Loughlin S, Codd MB, Powell FC. HLA typing in Irish psoriatics. Ir Med J 1993;86(2):65–8.
  • Torre Alonso JC, Rodriguez PA, Arribas Castrillo JM, Ballina GJ, Ftiestra Noriega JL, Lopez LC. Psoriatic arthritis (PA): a clinical, immunological and radiological study of 180 patients. Br J Ftheumatol 1991;30(4):245–50.
  • Roux H, Mercier P, Maestracci D, Serratrice G, Sany J, Seignalet J, et al. Psoriatic arthritis and HLA antigens. J Ftheumatol Suppl 1977;3:64–5.
  • Espinoza LR, Vasey FB, Gaylord SW, Dietz C, Bergen L, Bridgeford P, et al. Histocompatibility typing in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies: a survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1982; 11(3):375–81.
  • Salvarani C, Macchioni PL, Zizzi F, Mantovani W, Rossi F, Baricchi R, et al. Clinical subgroups and HLA antigens in Italian patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Ftheumatol 1989;7(4): 391–6.
  • Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Nicholls A, Walters D, James DC. HL-A 27 and arthropathies associated with ulcerative colitis and psoriasis. Lancet 1974;1(7864956–8.
  • Karvonen J, Lassus A, Sievers U, Tiilikainen A. HL-A antigens in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Clin Res 1974;6(5):304–7.
  • Eastmond CJ, Woodrow JC. The HLA system and the arthropa-thies associated with psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis 1977;36(2):112–21.
  • Crivellato E, Zacchi T. Association between HLA-B16 and psori-atic spondylitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1986;66(3):262–4.
  • Crivellato E, Zacchi T. HLA-B39 and the axial type of psoriatic arthritis. Acta Derm Venereol 1987;67(3):249–50.
  • Kantor SM, Hsu SH, Bias WB, Arnett FC. Clinical and immuno-genetic subsets of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Ftheumatol 1984; 2(2):105–9.
  • Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Rahman P, Schentag CT, Penett F, Ng CM, et al. HLA-DRB1*04 alleles in psoriatic arthritis: com-parison with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. Hum Immunol 2001;62(11):1239–44.
  • Korendowych E, Dixey J, Cox B, Jones S, McHugh N. The influence of the HLA-DFtB1 rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope on the clinical characteristics and radiological outcome of psori-atic arthritis. J Ftheumatol 2003;30(1):96–101.
  • Harrison B, Thomson W, Symmons D, Collier B, Wiles N, Payton T, et al. The influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles and rheumatoid factor on disease outcome in an inception cohort of patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(10):2174–83.
  • Ollier WE, MacGregor A. Genetic epidemiology of rheumatoid disease. Br Med Bull 1995;51(4267–85.
  • Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Kopciuk KA, Cook RJ. HLA markers and progression in psoriatic arthritis. J Ftheumatol 1998; 25(4):730–3.
  • Cox ST, Marsh SG, Scott I, Clayton J, Arguello JR, McWhinnie AJ, et al. HLA-A, -B, -C polymorphism in a UK Ashkenazi Jewish potential bone-marrow donor population. Tissue Antigens 1999;53(441–50.
  • Elder JT, Nair RP, Henseler T, Jenisch S, Stuart P, Chia N, et al. The genetics of psoriasis 2001: the odyssey continues. Arch Dermatol 2001;137(11):1447–54.
  • Ettehadi P, Greaves MW, Wallach D, Aderka D, Camp RD. Elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) biological ac-tivity in psoriatic skin lesions. Chin Exp Immunol 1994;96(1):146–51.
  • Partsch G, Steiner G, Leeb BF, Dunky A, Broil H, Smolen JS. Highly increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines in psoriatic arthritis synovial fluid. J Ftheumatol 1997;24(3):518–23.
  • Ftitchlin C, Haas-Smith SA, Hicks D, Cappuccio J, Osterland CK, Looney RJ. Patterns of cytokine production in psoriatic synovium. J Ftheumatol 1998;25(8):1544–52.
  • Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, Emery P. Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of the entheseal pathology in resis-tant spondylarthropathy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imag-ing study. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(9):2112–7.
  • Pipitone N, Kingsley GH, Manzo A, Scott DL, Pitzalis C. Current concepts and new developments in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Ftheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(10):1138–48.
  • Hohler T, Kruger A, Schneider PM, Schopf RE, Knop J, Ftittner C, et al. A TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism is associated with juvenile onset psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Invest Dermatol 1997;109(4):562–5.
  • Hohler T, Grossmann S, Stradmann-Bellinghausen B, Kaluza W, Reuss E, de Vlam K, et al. Differential association of polymor-phisms in the TNF-alpha region with psoriatic arthritis but not psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(4213–8.
  • Ravindran JS, Lagan A, Ahmed T, Owen P, Korendowych E, Lewis J, et al. TNF-a haplotypes are associated with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (Suppl) 2002;48:1017.
  • Hamamoto Y, Tateno H, Ishida T, Muto M. Lack of association between promoter polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene and psoriatic arthritis in Japanese patients. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115(6):1162–4.
  • Nishibu A, Oyama N, Nakamura K, Kaneko F. Lack of associa-tion of TNF-238A and -308A in Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris, psoriatic arthritis and generalized pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2002;29(3):181–4.
  • Balding J, Kane D, Livingstone W, Mynett-Johnson L, Bresnihan B, Smith 0, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms: association with psoriatic arthritis susceptibility and severity. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(5):1408–13.
  • Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Torre-Alonso JC, Gonzalez-Roces S, Sanchez DR, Rodriguez PA, et al. The MICA-A9 triplet repeat polymorphism in the transmembrane region confers additional susceptibility to the development of psoriatic arthritis and is inde-pendent of the association of Cw*0602 in psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(5):1010–6.
  • Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Lopez-Vazquez A, Garcia-Fernandez S, Torre-Alonso JC, Lopez-Larrea C. MICA rather than MICB, TNF-A, or HLA-DFtB1 is associated with suscepti-bility to psoriatic arthritis. J Ftheumatol 2002;29(5):973–8.
  • Maksymowych WP, Tao S, Vaile J, Suarez-Almazor M, Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS. LMP2 polymorphism is associated with extraspinal disease in HLA-B27 negative Caucasian and Mexican Mestizo patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Ftheumatol 2000;27(4183–9.
  • Maksymowych WP, Suarez-Almazor M, Chou CT, Russell AS. Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences susceptibility to extraspinal disease in HLA-B27-positive individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54(4):321–4.
  • Hohler T, Schneider PM, Rittner C, Hasenclever P, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Marker-Hermann E. LMP polymorphisms do not influence disease expression in psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Ftheumatol 1996;14(6):661–4.
  • Deverson EV, Gow IR, Coadwell WJ, Monaco JJ, Butcher GW, Howard JC. MHC class II region encoding proteins related to the multidrug resistance family of transmembrane transporters. Na-ture 1990;348(6303):738–41.
  • Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, Beck S, Townsend A, Kelly A. Sequences encoded in the class II region of the MHC related to the "ABC" superfamily of transporters. Nature 1990; 348(6303):741–4.
  • Spies T, Bresnahan M, Bahram S, Arnold D, Blanck G, Mellins E, et al. A gene in the human major histocompatibility complex class II region controlling the class I antigen presentation pathway. Nature 1990;348(6303):744–7.
  • Fraile A, Collado MD, Mataran L, Martin J, Nieto A. TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphism in Spanish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Exp Chin Immunogenet 2000;17(4):199–204.
  • Maksymowych WP, Tao S, Li Y, Wing M, Russell AS. Allelic variation at the TAP 1 locus influences disease phenotype in HLA-B27 -positive individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens 1995;45(5):328–32.
  • Hohler T, Weinmann A, Schneider PM, Ftittner C, Schopf RE, Knop J, et al. TAP-polymorphisms in juvenile-onset psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Hum Immunol 1996;51(1):49–54.
  • Sakkas LI, Demaine AG, Panayi GS, Welsh KJ. Arthritis in pa-tients with psoriasis is associated with an immunoglobulin gene polymorphism. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31(4276–8.
  • Sakkas LI, Marchesoni A, Kerr LA, Ranza R, Colombo B, Welsh KI, et al. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene polymorphisms in Italian patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Ftheumatol 1991;30(6):449–50.
  • Nicklin MJ, Weith A, Duff GW. A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Genomics 1994; 19(2):382–4.
  • Ravindran JS, Owen P, Lagan A, Lewis J, Korendowych E, Welsh K, et al. Interleukininterleukin llbetal and interleukin 1receptor gene polymorphisms in psoriatic arthritis. Ftheumatol-ogy (Oxford) 2004;43(422–6.
  • Tarlow JK, Cork MJ, Clay FE, Schmitt-Egenolf M, Crane AM, Stierle C, et al. Association between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) gene polymorphism and early- and late-onset psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1997;136(1):147–8.
  • Inohara N, Koseki T, del Peso L, Hu Y, Yee C, Chen S, et al. Nodl, an Apaf-1 -like activator of caspase-9 and nuclear factor-kappaB. J Biol Chem 1999;274(21):14560–7.
  • Inohara N, Nunez G. The NOD: a signaling module that regulates apoptosis and host defense against pathogens. Oncogene 2001; 20(44):6473–81.
  • Inohara N, Ogura Y, Chen FF, Muto A, Nunez G. Human Nodl confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Biol Chem 2001;276(4):2551–4.
  • Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cezard JP, Belaiche J, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001; 124. 411(6837):599–603.
  • Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibil- ity to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001;411(6837):603–6.125.
  • Nair RP, Stuart P, Ogura Y, Inohara N, Chia NV, Young L, et al. Lack of association between NOD2 3020InsC frameshift muta-tion and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117(6):1671–2.
  • Borgiani P, Vallo L, D'Apice MR, Giardina E, Pucci S, Capon F, et al. Exclusion of CARD15/NOD2 as a candidate susceptibility 126. gene to psoriasis in the Italian population. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12(6):540–2.
  • Young C, Allen MH, Cuthbert A, Ameen M, Veal C, Leman J, et al. A Crohn's disease-associated insertion polymorphism 127. (3020insC) in the NOD2 gene is not associated with psoriasis vulgaris, palmo-plantar pustular psoriasis or guttate psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2003;12(4):506–9.
  • Rahman P, Bartlett S, Siannis F, Penett FJ, Farewell VT, Peddle 128. L, et al. CARD15: a pleiotropic autoimmune gene that confers susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 2003;73(3):677–81.129.
  • Smith GD. Reflections on the limitations to epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54(4):325–31.
  • Hewett D, Samuelsson L, Polding J, Enlund F, Smart D, Cantone 130. K, et al. Identification of a psoriasis susceptibility candidate gene by linkage disequilibrium mapping with a localized single nude- 131. otide polymorphism map. Genomics 2002;79(3):305–14.
  • Cornelis F, Faure S, Martinez M, Prud'homme JF, Fritz P, Dib C, et al. New susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis suggested by a genome-wide linkage study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 132. 1998;95(18):10746–50.
  • Burkhardt HL, Huffmeyer U, Bohm B, Lohmann J, Wendler J, Traupe H, et al. Genetic association of psoriatic arthritis to the candidate gene SLC12A8 on chromosome 3q [abstract]. Arthritis 133. Rheum (Suppl) 2003;48:1002.
  • Veal CD, Clough RL, Barber RC, Mason S, Tillman D, Ferry B, 134. et al. Identification of a novel psoriasis susceptibility locus at lp and evidence of epistasis between PSORS1 and candidate loci. J Med Genet 2001;38(47–13.
  • Barton A, John S, 011ier WE, Silman A, Worthington J. Associa-tion between rheumatoid arthritis and polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor receptor II, but not tumor necrosis factor receptor I, in Caucasians. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(461–65.
  • Dieude P, Petit E, Cailleau-Moindrault S, Osorio J, Pierlot C, Martinez M, et al. Association between tumor necrosis factor receptor II and familial, but not sporadic, rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(8):2039–44.
  • Helms C, Cao L, Krueger JG, Wijsman EM, Chamian F, Gordon D, et al. A putative RUNX1 binding site variant between SLC9A3R1 and NAT9 is associated with susceptibility to psoria-sis. Nat Genet 2003;35(4):349–56.
  • Karason A, Gudjonsson JE, Upmanyu R, Antonsdottir AA, Hauksson VB, Runasdottir EH, et al. A susceptibility gene for psoriatic arthritis maps to chromosome 16q: evidence for imprint-ing. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72(1):125–31.
  • Rahman P, Gladman DD, Schentag CT, Petronis A. Excessive paternal transmission in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(6):1228–31.
  • Coulton BL, Thomson K, Symmons DP, Popert AJ. Outcome in patients hospitalised for psoriatic arthritis. Clin Ftheumatol 1989;8(2):261–5.
  • Gladman DD. Natural history of psoriatic arthritis. Balllieres Clin Ftheumatol 1994;8(2):379–94.
  • Wong K, Gladman DD, Husted J, Long JA, Farewell VT. Mortal-ity studies in psoriatic arthritis: results from a single outpatient clinic. I. Causes and risk of death. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(10): 1868–72.
  • Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Wong K, Husted J. Mortality studies in psoriatic arthritis: results from a single outpatient center. II. Prognostic indicators for death. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(6): 1103–10.
  • Gladman DD. Effectiveness of psoriatic arthritis therapies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003;33(1):29–37.
  • Bruce IN, Gladman DD. Psoriatic arthritis - recognition and management. Biodrugs 1998;9:271–8.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.