References
- International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Washington, DC: IASP Taxonomy. 2014. http://www.iasp-pain.org/Taxonomy?navItemNumber=576. Accessed June 30, 2015
- National Opioid Use Guideline Group (NOUGG). Canadian guidelines for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. 2010. http://nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca/documents/opioid_guideline_part_b_v5_6.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Boulanger A, Clark A, Squire P, et al. Chronic pain in Canada: have we improved our management of chronic non-cancer pain? Pain Res Manage 2007;12:39-47
- The Canadian Pain Society. Pain in Canada Fact Sheet. Toronto, ON, 2014. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.canadianpainsociety.ca/resource/resmgr/Docs/pain_fact_sheet_en.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Moulin D, Clark A, Spechley M, et al. Chronic pain in Canada: prevalence, treatment, impact, and the role of opioid analgesia. Pain Res Manage 2002;7:179-84
- Public Health Agency of Canada. The prevalence of chronic pain and pain-related interference in the Canadian population from 1994 to 1998. Ottawa, ON, 2014. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/hpcdp-pspmc/31-4/ar-04-eng.php. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Schopflocher D, Taenzer P, Jovey R. The prevalence of chronic pain in Canada. Pain Res Manage 2011;16:445-50
- Meana M, Cho R, DesMeules M. Chronic pain: the extra burden on Canadian Women. BMC Women's Health 2004;4:S1-S7
- Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research. Washington, DC, 2011. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Relieving-Pain-in-America-A-Blueprint-for-Transforming-Prevention-Care-Education-Research.aspx. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Choiniere M, Watt-Watson J, Victor C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for persistent postoperative nonanginal pain after cardiac surgery: a 2-year prospective multicentre study. CMAJ 2014;186:E213-E23
- Guerriere D, Choiniere M, Dion D, et al. The Canadian STOP-PAIN project - Part 2: What is the cost of pain for patients on waitlists of multidisciplinary pain treatment facilities? Can J Anaesth 2010;57:549-58
- Canadian Pain Coalition. Pain in Canada fact sheet. Oshawa, ON: Pain Resource Centre, 2015. http://prc.canadianpaincoalition.ca/en/canadian_pain_fact_sheet.html. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Canadian Newswire Group. Canadians deserve a national pain strategy. Toronto, ON, 2012 http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/960605/canadians-deserve-a-national-pain-strategy. Accessed June 30, 2015
- World Health Organization. WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults. Geneva, 2015. http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Buys L, Elliott M. Osteoarthritis. In: Diipiro J, Talbert R, Yee G, et al, editors. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiology approach. 8th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill of Companies, Inc., 2011. p. 1599-16720
- American Geriatrics Society Panel on the Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. JAGS 2009;57:1331-46
- Chou R, Fanciullo G, Fine P, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic non-cancer pain. J Pain 2009;10:113-30
- Diego L, Atayee R, Helmons P, et al. Novel opioid antagonists for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011;20:1047-56
- Hess B, Bernard M, Klotz H-P, et al. Attitude of Swiss physicians towards opioid-induced constipation: A national survey. Eur J Int Med 2011;22:527-31
- Kalso E, Edwards J, Moore R, et al. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain 2004;112:372-80
- Wee B, Adams A, Pall D, et al. How much does it cost a specialist palliative care unit to manage constipation in patients receiving opioid therapy? J Pain Sympt Manage 2010;39:644-54
- Coyne K, Margolis M, Yeomans K, et al. Opioid-induced constipation among patients with chronic noncancer pain in the United States, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom: laxative use, response and symptom burden over time. Pain Med 2015;16:1551-65; first published on-line Mar 20 2015 DOI: 10.111/pme.12724.
- Panchal S, Muller-Schwefe P, Wurzelmann J. Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: prevalence, pathophysiology and burden. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1181-7
- Longstreth G, Thompson W, Chey W, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1480-91
- Rentz A, Yu R, Müller-Lissner S, et al. Validation of the Bowel Function Index to detect clinically meaningful changes in opioid-induced constipation. J Med Econ 2009;12:371-83
- Ducrotté P, Caussé C. The Bowel Function Index: a new validated state for assessing opioid-induced constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 2012;28:457-66
- Ueberall M, Mueller-Lissner S, Buschmann-Kramm C, et al. The bowel function index for evaluating pain patients: definition of a reference range for non-constipated population of pain patients. J Int Med Res 2011;39:41-50
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPHA). Therapeutic Choices: Canada's Trusted Reference for Primary Care Therapeutics (CTC 7). Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2014
- Clemens K, Klaschik E. managing opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness: focus on methylnaltrexone bromide. Ther Clin Risk Manage 2010;3:77-82
- Leppert W. The impact of opioid analgesics on the gastrointestinal tract function and the current management possibilities. Wspolxzesna Onkol 2012;16:125-31
- BC Cancer Agency. Professional Practice Nursing Standards - Symptom Management Guidelines: Constipation. 2013. http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/nursingsite/Documents/2.%20Constipation.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Chappell D, Rehm M, Conzen P. Opioid-Induced Constipation in Intensive Care Patients: Relief in Sight? Crit Care 2008;12:161
- Bell T, Panchal S, Miaskowski C, et al. The prevalence, severity and impact of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: results of a US and European Patient Survey (PROBE 1). Pain Med 2009;10:35-42
- Purdue Pharma. NTargin® (oxycodone HCl/naloxone HCl controlled-release tablets) Product Monograph. Pickering, ON, 2013. www.purdue.ca. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Vondrackova D, Leyendecker P, Meissner W, et al. Analgesic efficacy and safety of oxycodone in combination wtih naloxone as prolonged-release tablets in patients wtih moderate to severe chronic pain. J Pain 2008;9:1144-54
- Simpson K, Leyendecker P, Holzer P, et al. Fixed-ratio combination oxycodone/naloxone compared with oxycodone alone for the relief of opioid-induced constipation in moderate to severe non-cancer pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:3503-12
- Löwenstein O, Leyendecker P, Hopp M, et al. Combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone improves bowel function in patients receiving opioids for moderate to severe non-malignant chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:531-43
- Ahmedzai S, Nauck F, Bar-Sela G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study to determine the safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate/severe chronic cancer pain. Palliative Med 2011;26:50-60
- Löwenstein O, Leyendecker P, Lux E, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone in the management of moderate/severe chronic non-malignant pain: results of a prospectively designed pooled analysis of two randomized, double-blind clincial trials. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2010;10:12
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies, 3rd edn. Ottawa, Ontario; CADTH; 2006. https://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/186_EconomicGuidelines_e.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2015
- Dunlop W, Uhl R, Khan I, et al. Quality of life benefits and cost impact of prolonged release oxycodone/naloxone versus prolonged release oxycodone in patients with moderate to severe non-malignant pain and opioid-induced constipation: a UK cost-utility analysis. J Med Econ 2012;15:564-75
- Coluzzi F, Ruggeri M. Clinical and economic evaluation of tapentadol extended-release and oxycodone/naloxone extended release in comparison with controlled release oxycodone in musculoskeletal pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2014;30:1139-51
- Caldwell J, Hale M, Boyd R, et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis pain with controlled-release oxycodone or fixed combination oxycodone plus acetaminophen added to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol 1999;26:862-9
- Gimbel J, Richards P, Portenoy R. Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2003;60:927-34
- Mucci-LoRosso P, Berman B, Silberstein P, et al. Controlled-release oxycodone compared with controlled-release morphine in the treatment of cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Eur J Pain 1998;2:239-49
- Watson C, Bubal N. Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain - a randomized trial in postherpectic pain. Neurology 1998;50:1837-41
- Watson C, Moulin D, Watt-Watson J, et al. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2003;105:71-8
- Ahmedzai S, Leppert W, Janecki M, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients wtih moderate-to-severe chronic cancer pain. Support Care Cancer 2015;23:823-30
- Purdue Pharma LP. Clinical Study Report OXN9001. Limburg, Germany: Purdue Pharma LP; 2008
- Sandner-Kiesling A, Leyendecker P, Hopp M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone in the management of non-cancer chronic pain. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:763-74
- IMS Brogan Inc. PharmaStat® database 2015. Ottawa, ON, 2015. http://imsbrogancapabilities.com/en/healthcare-pharmastat-plus.html. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Ontario Drug Benefit Formulary/Comparative Drug Index. Edition 42. Toronto, ON, 2015. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/drugs/formulary42/edition_42.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Purdue Pharma. Pricing data on file. Pickering, ON, 2015
- Purdue Pharma. Survey - Data on file. Pickering, ON, 2011
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Ontario Drug Benefit Program: Dispensing Fees 2015. Toronto, ON, 2015. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/drugs/programs/odb/opdp_dispensing_fees.aspx. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Living in Canada. Registered nurse salary Canada. Toronto, ON, 2015. http://www.livingin-canada.com/salaries-for-registered-nurses.html. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Hux M, O'Brien B, Iskedjian M, et al. Relation between severity of Alzheimer's disease and costs of caring. CMAJ 1998;159:457-65
- Statistics Canada. Consumer Price Index, health and personal care, by province (monthly). Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada, 2015. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis13a-eng.htm. Accessed June 30, 2015
- well.ca. Fleet enema – regular. Guelph, ON, 2015. https://well.ca/products/fleet-enema-regular_12797.html. Acessed June 30, 2015
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Schedule of Benefits for Physician Services under the Health Insurance Act. Toronto, ON, 2015. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/ohip/sob/physserv/physserv_mn.html. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Macario A. What does one minute of operating room time cost? J Clin Anesth 2010;22:233-6
- Guest J, Clegg J, Helter M. Cost-Effectiveness of Macrogol 4000 Compared to Lactulose in the Treatment of Chronic Functional Constipation in the UK. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(7):1841-52
- van der Linden M, van den Haak P, Penning van Beest F, Klok R, Herings R. Patient Reported Quality of Life in Cancer Patients on Opioid Therapy is Influenced by Constipation. Value Health. 2008;11(6):A485
- Penning van Beest F, van den Haak P, Klok R, et al. Quality of life in relation to constipation among opioid users. J Med Econ 2010;13:129-35
- Neumann P, Cohen J, Weinstein M. Updating cost-effectiveness - the curious resilience of the $50,000-per-QALY threshold. NEJM. 2014;371:796-7
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Tamper-resistant oxycodone: a review of the clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness (Rapid Response Report). Ottawa, ON, 2015. https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/htis/june-2015/RC0675%20Tamper%20Resistant%20Drugs%20Final.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015
- Rossiter L, Kirson N, Shei A, et al. Medical cost savings associated with an extended-release opioid with abuse-deterrent technology in the US. J Med Econ 2014;17:279-287
- White A, LeCates J, Birnbaum H, et al. Positive subjective measures in abuse liability studies and real-world non-medical use: potential impact of abuse-deterrent opioids on rates of nonmedical use and associated healthcare costs. J Opioid Manag 2015;11:199-210
- Purdue Pharma LP. Clinical Study Report OXN3001. Limburg, Germany: Purdue Pharma LP; 2007
- Purdue Pharma LP. Clinical Study Report OXN3006. Limburg, Germany: Purdue Pharma LP; 2008
- Purdue Pharma LP. Clinical Study Report OXN2001. Limburg, Germany: Purdue Pharma LP; 2011