Tracing freshwater anomalies through the air‐land‐ocean system: A case study from the Mackenzie river basin and the Beaufort Gyre

References

• Bjornsson , H. , Mysak , L. A. and Brown , R.D. 1995 . On the interannual variability of precipitation and runoff in the Mackenzie drainage basin . Clim. Dyn. , 12 : 67 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin , J. and Watson , G. S. 1950 . Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression I . Biometrika , 37 : 409 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECMWF (European Centre For Medium Range Weather Forecasts) . ERA‐40 Project Report Series. 3 . Workshop on Re‐analysis . November 5–9 2001 . pp. 443 European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts . Technical report
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , J. J. , Prowse , T. D. and Peters , E. L. 2006 . Hydroclimatic controls on water balance and water level variability in Great Slave Lake . Hydrol. Proc. , 20 (19) : 4155 – 4172 .
   Google Scholar
• Golubeva , E. N. and Platov , G. A. 2007 . On improving the simulation of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : C04S05 doi:10.1029/2006JC003734
   Google Scholar
• Hibler , W. D. and Bryan , K. 1987 . A diagnostic ice‐ocean model . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 17 (7) : 987 – 1015 .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , M. M. , Finnis , J. , Barrett , A. P. and Serreze , M. C. 2007 . Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : G04S55 doi:10.1029/2006JG000354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnay , E. , Kanamitsu , M. , Kistler , R. , Collins , W. , Deaven , D. , Gandin , L. , Iredell , M. , Saha , S. , White , G. , Woolen , J. , Zhu , Y. , Chelliah , M. , Ebisuzaki , W. , Higgens , W. , Janowiak , J. , Ropelewski , K. C. , Wang , J. , Leetma , A. , Reynolds , R. , Jenne , R. and Joseph , D. 1996 . The NCEP/NCAR 40‐year reanalysis project . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 77 : 437 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackmann , G. M. and Gyakum , J. R. 1996 . The synoptic and planetary‐scale signatures of precipitating systems over the Mackenzie River basin . Atmosphere‐Ocean , 34 : 647 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large , W. G. , McWilliams , J. C. and Doney , S.C. 1994 . Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization . Rev. Geophys. , 32 : 363 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leconte , R. , Pietroniro , A. , Peters , D. L. and Prowse , T. D. 2001 . Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large, inland delta . Regulated Rivers: Res. Mgmt. , 17 (1) : 51 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , J. , Cho , H.‐R. and Stewart , R. E. 2002 . Characteristics of the water vapour transport over the Mackenzie River basin during the 1994–95 water year . Atmosphere‐Ocean , 40 : 101 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie , P. Y. T. , Hogg , W. D. , MacKay , M. D. , Zhang , X. and Hopkinson , R. F. 2002 . The water balance climatology of the Mackenzie Basin with reference to the 1994/95 water year . Atmosphere‐Ocean , 40 : 159 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , V. M. , Yau , K. and Badrinath , N. 2000 . Atmospheric water species budget in mesoscale simulations of lee cyclogenesis over the Mackenzie River Basin . Tellus , 52A : 140 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , B. J. , Holmes , R. M. , McClelland , J. W. , Vörösmarty , C. J. , Lammers , R. B. , Shiklomanov , A. I. , Shiklomanov , I. A. and Rahmstorf , S. 2002 . Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean . Science , 298 : 2171 – 2173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prowse , T. D. , Beltaos , S. , Gardner , J. T. , Gibson , J. J. , Granger , R. J. , Leconte , R. , Peters , D. L. , Pietroniro , A. , Romolo , L. A. and Toth , B. 2006 . Climate change, flow regulation, and land‐use effects on the hydrology of the Peace‐Athabasca‐Slave system; findings from the Northern River Basins Initiative . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 113 : 167 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins , M. A. , Fahnestock , M. , Frolking , S. and J , C. Vörösmarty. 2007. On the evaluation of snow water equivalent estimates over the terrestrial Arctic drainage basin . Hydrol. Process. , 21 (12) 1616 – 1623 . doi:10.1002/hyp.6724
   Google Scholar
• Rennermalm , A. K. , Wood , E. F. , D'ery , S. J. , Weaver , A. J. and Eby , M. 2006 . Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to Arctic Ocean runoff . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 33 : L07403 doi:10.1029/2005GL025231
   Google Scholar
• Serreze , M. C. , Clark , M. P. and Bromwich , D. H. 2003a . Large‐scale hydroclimatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 (D2) : 8160 doi:10.1029/2001JD000919
   Google Scholar
• Serreze , M. C. , Clark , M. P. , Bromwich , D. H. , Etringer , A. J. , Zhang , T. and Lammers , R. 2003b . Monitoring precipitation over the Arctic terrestrial drainage system: Data requirements, shortcomings, and applications of atmospheric reanalysis . J. Hydrometeorol. , 4 (2) : 387 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Serreze , M. C. , Barrett , A. P. , Slater , A. G. , Woodgate , R. A. , Aagaard , K. , Lammers , R. B. , Steele , M. , Moritz , R. , Meredith , M. and Lee , C. M. 2006 . The large‐scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 : C11010 doi:10.1029/2005JC003424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiklomanov , A. I. , Yakovleva , T. I. , Lammers , R. B. , Karasev , I. P. , Vörösmarty , C. J. and Linder , E. 2006 . Cold region river discharge uncertainty–estimates from large Russian rivers . J. Hydrol. , 326 : 231 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater , A. G. , Bohn , T. J. , McCreight , J. L. , Serreze , M. C. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2007 . A multi‐model simulation of pan‐Arctic hydrology . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : G04S45 doi:10.1029/2006JG000303
   Google Scholar
• Smirnov , V. and Moore , G.W.K. 2001 . Short‐term and seasonal variability of the atmospheric water vapor transport through the Mackenzie River Basin . J. Hydrometeorol. , 2 : 441 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , M. , Porcelli , A. and Zhang , J. 2006 . Origins of the SHEBA freshwater anomaly in the Mackenzie River delta . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 33 : L09601 doi:10.1029/2005GL024813
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , R. E. , Bussieres , N. , Cao , Z. , Cho , H. R. , Hudak , D. R. , Kochtubajda , B. , Leighton , H. G. , Louie , P. Y. T. , MacKay , M. D. , Marsh , P. , Strong , G. S. , Szeto , K. K. and Burford , J. E. 2002 . Hydrometeorological features of the Mackenzie Basin climate system during the 1994/95 water year: a period of record low discharge . Atmosphere‐Ocean , 40 : 257 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto , K. K. 2002 . Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie Basin . Atmosphere‐ Ocean , 40 : 181 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartinville , B. , Campin , J. M. , Fichefet , T. and Goosse , H. 2001 . Realistic representation of the surface freshwater flux in an ice‐ocean general circulation model . Ocean Modelling , 3 : 95 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Töyrä , J. and Pietroniro , A. 2005 . Towards operational monitoring of a northern wetland using geomatics‐based techniques . Remote Sens. Environ. , 97 : 174 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , J. E. , Zhou , X. , Portis , D. and Serreze , M. C. 1996 . Atmospheric contribution to hydrologic variations in the Arctic . Atmosphere‐Ocean , 32 : 733 – 755 .
   Google Scholar
• Woo , M. K. , Rouse , W. R. , Stewart , R. E. and Stone , J. 2008 . Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies, The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience, volume 1, chapter The Mackenzie GEWEX Study: a Contribution to Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Sciences , volume 1 , 1 – 22 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . ISBN 978–3–540–73935–7
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. and Steele , M. 2007 . The effect of vertical mixing on the Atlantic water layer circulation in the Arctic Ocean . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : C04S04 doi:10.1029/2006JC003732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corresponding author's e‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar