155
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The North Atlantic thermohaline circulation simulated by the GISS climate model during 1970–99

, &
Pages 81-92 | Received 12 Apr 2006, Published online: 21 Nov 2010

References

  • Bjerknes , J. 1964 . Atlantic air‐sea interaction. . Adv. Geophys. , 10 : 1 – 82 .
  • Brauch , J.P. and Gerdes , R. 2005 . Response of the northern North Atlantic and Arctic oceans to a sudden change of the North Atlantic Oscillation. . J. Geophys. Res. , 110 : C11018 doi:10.1029/2004JC002436
  • Cayan , D.R. 1992a . Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: The connection to monthly atmospheric circulation. . J. Clim. , 5 : 354 – 369 .
  • Cayan , D.R. 1992b . Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. . J. Phys. Ocean. , 22 : 859 – 881 .
  • Cohen , J. and Barlow , M. 2005 . The NAO, the AO, and global warming: How closely related? . J. Clim. , 18 : 4498 – 4513 .
  • Curry , R.G. and McCartney , M.S. 2001 . Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. . J. Phys. Ocean. , 31 : 3374 – 3400 .
  • Delworth , T.L. , Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R.J. 1993 . Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. . J. Clim. , 6 : 1993 – 2011 .
  • Delworth , T.L. and Greatbatch , L. 2000 . Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. . J. Clim. , 13 : 1481 – 1495 .
  • Delworth , T.L. and Dixon , K.W. 2000 . Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. . J. Clim. , 13 : 3721 – 3727 .
  • Deser , C. and Blackmon , M.L. 1993 . Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900–1989. . J. Clim. , 6 : 1743 – 1753 .
  • Dickson , R.R. , Lazier , J. , Meincke , J. , Rhines , P. and Swift , J. 1996 . Long‐term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic . Prog. Oceanogr. , 38 : 214 – 295 .
  • Fyfe , J.C. , Boer , G.J. and Flato , G.M. 1999 . The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations and their projected changes under global warming. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 26 : 1601 – 1604 .
  • Gent , P.R. 2001 . Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century? . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 : 1023 – 1026 .
  • Gent , P.R. and McWilliams , J.C. 1990 . Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. . J. Phys. Ocean. , 20 : 150 – 155 .
  • Gregory , J.M. , Dixon , K.W. , Stouffer , R.J. , Weaver , A.J. , Driesschaert , E. , Eby , M. , Fichefet , T. , Hasumi , H. , Hu , A. , Jungclaus , J.H. , Kamenkovich , I.V. , Levermann , A. , Montoya , M. , Murakami , S. , Nawrath , S. , Oka , A. , Sokolov , A.P. and Thorpe , R.P. 2005 . A model intercomparison of changes in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32 : L12703 doi:10.1029/2005GL023209
  • Grötzner , A. , Latif , M. and Barnett , T.P. 1998 . A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM. . J. Clim. , 11 : 831 – 847 .
  • Halliwell , G.R. Jr. 1998 . Simulation of North Atlantic decadal/multidecadal winter anomalies driven by basin‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies. . J. Clim. , 11 : 5 – 21 .
  • Hansen , J. , Lacis , A. , Rind , D. , Russel , G. , Stone , P. , Fung , I. , Ruedy , R. and Lerner , J. 1984 . “ Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms. ” . In Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity , Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Edited by: Hansen , J.E. and Takahashi , T. vol. 29 , 130 – 163 . Washington, D.C. : AGU .
  • Hansen , J. , Lacis , A. , Ruedy , R. , Sato , M. and Wilson , H. 1993 . How sensitive is the world's climate? . Natl. Geogr. Res. Explor. , 9 : 142 – 158 .
  • Hansen , J. , Sato , M. , Nazarenko , L. , Ruedy , R. , Lacis , A. , Koch , D. , Tegen , I. , Hall , T. , Shindell , D. , Santer , B. , Stone , P. , Novakov , T. , Thomason , L. , Wang , R , Jacob , D. , Hallandsworth , S. , Bishop , L. , Logan , J. , Thompson , A. , Stolarski , R. , Lean , J. , Willson , R. , Levitus , S. , Antonov , J. , Rayner , N. , Parker , D. and Christy , J. 2002 . Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 4347 doi: 10.1029/2001JD001143
  • Hansen , J. , Sato , M. , Ruedy , R. , Nazarenko , L. , Lacis , A. , Schmidt , G.A. , Russell , G. , Aleinov , I. , Bauer , M. , Bauer , S. , Bell , N. , Cairns , B. , Canuto , V. , Chandler , M. , Cheng , Y. , Del Genio , A. , Faluvegi , G. , Fleming , E. , Friend , A. , Hall , T. , Jackman , C. , Kelley , M. , Kiang , N. , Kock , D. , Lean , J. , Lerner , J. , Lo , K. , Menon , S. , Miller , R. , Minnis , P. , Novakov , T. , Oinas , V. , Perlwitz , J.A. , Perlwitz , Ju. , Rind , D. , Romanou , A. , Shindell , D. , Stone , P. , Sun , S. , Tausnev , N. , Thresher , D. , Wielicki , B. , Wong , T. , Yao , M. and Zhang , S. 2005 . Efficacy of climate forcings. . J. Geophys. Res. , 110 : D18104 doi:10.1029/2005JD005776
  • Hu , A. , Meehl , G.A. , Washington , W.M. and Dai , A. 2004 . Response of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation to increased atmospheric CO2 in a coupled model. . J. Clim. , 17 : 4267 – 4279 .
  • Hu , Z.‐Z. and Wu , Z. 2004 . The intensification and shift of the annual North Atlantic Oscillation in a global warming scenario simulation. . Tellus , 56A : 112 – 124 .
  • Hurrell , J.W. 1995 . Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. . Science , 169 : 676 – 679 .
  • Hurrell , J.W. 1996 . Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime tele‐connections on Northern Hemisphere temperature. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 23 : 665 – 668 .
  • Hurrell , J.W. and Van Loon , H. 1997 . Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. . Clim. Change , 36 : 301 – 326 .
  • Jones , P.D. , Jonsson , T. and Wheeler , D. 1997 . Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and south‐west Iceland. . Int. J. Climatol. , 17 : 1433 – 1450 .
  • Kushnir , Y. 1994 . Interdacadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. . J. Clim. , 7 : 141 – 157 .
  • Large , W.G. , McWilliams , J.C. and Doney , S.C. 1994 . Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. . Rev. Geophys. , 32 : 363 – 403 .
  • Latif , M. , Roeckner , E. , Mikolajewicz , U. and Voss , R. 2000 . Tropical stabilization of thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation. . J. Clim. , 13 : 1809 – 1813 .
  • Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R.J. 1999 . The role of thermohaline circulation in climate. . Tellus , 51 ( A‐B ) : 91 – 109 .
  • Osborn , T.J. 2004 . Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: The roles of internal variability and greenhouse gas forcing. . Clim. Dyn. , 22 : 605 – 623 .
  • Osborn , T.J. , Briffa , K.R. , Tett , S.F.B. , Jones , P.D. and Trigo , R.M. 1999 . Evaluation of the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model. . Clim. Dyn. , 15 : 685 – 702 .
  • Ostermeier , G.M. and Wallace , J.M. 2003 . Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation‐Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode during the twentieth century. . J. Clim. , 16 : 336 – 341 .
  • Overland , J.E. and Wang , M. 2005 . The Arctic climate paradox: The recent decrease of the Arctic Oscillation. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32 : L06701 doi: 10.1029/2004GL021752
  • Peterson , B.J. , McClelland , J. , Curry , R. , Hilmes , R.M. , Walsh , J.E. and Aagaard , K. 2006 . Trajectory shifts in the Arctic and subarctic freshwater cycle. . Science , 313 : 1061 – 1066 .
  • Rahmstorf , S. 1999 . Shifting seas in the greenhouse? . Nature , 399 : 523 – 524 .
  • Rahmstorf , S. and Ganopolski , A. 1999 . Long‐term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled model. . Clim. Change , 43 : 353 – 367 .
  • Rogers , J. and Vanloon , H. 1979 . The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe: Part 2. Some oceanic and atmospheric effects in middle and high latitudes. . Mon. Weather Rev. , 107 : 509 – 519 .
  • Russell , G.L. and Rind , D. 1999 . Response to CO2 transient increase in the GISS coupled model: Regional cooling in a warming climate. . J. Clim. , 12 : 531 – 539 .
  • Schmidt , G.A. , Ruedy , R. , Hansen , J.E. , Aleinov , I. , Bell , N. , Bauer , M. , Bauer , S. , Cairns , B. , Canuto , V. , Cheng , Y. , Del Genio , A. , Faluvegi , G. , Friend , A.D. , Hall , T.M. , Hu , Y. , Kelley , M. , Kiang , N.Y. , Koch , D. , Lacis , A.A. , Lerner , J. , Lo , K.K. , Miller , R.L. , Nazarenko , L. , Oinas , V. , Perlwitz , JA. , Rind , D. , Romanou , A. , Russell , G.L. , Sato , M. , Shindell , D.T. , Stone , P.H. , Sun , S. , Tausnev , N. , Thresher , D. and Yao , M.‐S. 2006 . Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in‐situ, satellite and reanalysis data. . J. Clim. , 19 : 153 – 192 .
  • Schmittner , A. , Latif , M. and Schneider , B. 2005 . Model projections of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation for the 21st century assessed by observations. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32 : L23710 doi:10.1029/2005GL024368
  • Shindell , D.T. , Miller , R.L. , Schmidt , G.A. and Pandoflo , L. 1999 . Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse‐gas forcing. . Nature , 399 : 452 – 455 .
  • Sun , S. and Bleck , R. 2001 . Atlantic thermohaline circulation and its response to increasing CO2 in a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 : 4223 – 4226 .
  • Thompson , D.W. J. and Wallace , J.M. 1998 . The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 25 : 1297 – 1300 .
  • Thompson , D.W.J. , Wallace , J.M. and Hegerl , G.C. 2000 . Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II. Trends. . J. Clim. , 13 : 1018 – 1036 .
  • Thompson , D.W.J. and Wallace , J.M. 2001 . Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode. . Science , 293 : 85 – 89 .
  • Timmermann , A. , Latif , M. , Voss , R. and Grotzner , A. 1998 . Northern hemispheric interdecadal variability: a coupled air‐sea mode. . J. Clim. , 11 : 1906 – 1931 .
  • Van Loon , H. and Rogers , J. 1978 . The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe: Part 1. General description. . Mon. Weather Rev. , 106 : 296 – 310 .
  • Visbeck , M. , Cullen , H. , Krahmann , G. and Naik , N. 1998 . An ocean model's response to North Atlantic Oscillation‐like wind forcing. . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 25 : 4521 – 4524 .
  • Wallace , J.M. , Smith , C. and Jiang , Q. 1990 . Spatial patterns of atmospheric‐ocean interaction in the northern winter. . J. Clim. , 3 : 990 – 998 .
  • Walsh , J.E. , Chapman , W.L. and Shy , T.L. 1996 . Recent decrease of sea level pressure in the central Arctic. . J. Clim. , 9 : 480 – 486 .
  • Walter , K. and Graf , H.‐F. 2002 . On the changing nature of the regional connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and sea surface temperature. . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 4338 doi:10.1029/2001JD000850
  • Wood , R.A. , Keen , A.B. , Mitchell , J.F.B. and Gregory , J.M. 1999 . Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric CO2 forcing in a climate model. . Nature , 399 : 572 – 575 .
  • Wu , P. and Gordon , C. 2002 . Oceanic influence on North Atlantic climate variability. . J. Clim. , 15 : 1911 – 1925 .
  • Zorita , E. , Kharin , V. and Von Storch , H. 1992 . The atmospheric circulation and sea‐surface temperature in the North Atlantic area in winter: Their interaction and relevance for Iberian precipitation. . J. Clim. , 5 : 1097 – 1108 .
  • Corresponding author's e‐mail: [email protected]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.