Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter Chemical Characterization in a Heavily Industrialized City in Central Mexico during Winter 2003

References

• Alfaro-Moreno, E.; Martínez, L.; García-Cuéllar, C.; Bonner, J.; Murray, J.C.; Rosas, I.; Ponce de león, R.S.; Osornio-Vargas, A. Biological Effects Induced in Vitro by PM10 from Three Different Zones of Mexico City; Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, 715–720.
   Google Scholar
• Borja-Aburto, V.; Castillejos, M.; Gold, D.; Bierzwinski, S.; Loomis, D. Mortality and Ambient Fine Particles in Southwest Mexico City: 1993– 1995; Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106, 849–855.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W.; Pope, C.A. Acute Respiratory Effects of Particulate Air Pollution; Ann. Rev. Public Health 1994, 15, 107–132.
   Google Scholar
• Forastiere, F. Fine Particle and Lung Cancer; Occup. Environ. Med. 2004, 61, 797–798.
   Google Scholar
• Ghio, A.J.; Silbajoris, R.; Carson, J.L.; Samet, J.M. Biological Effects Oil Fly Ash; Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110(Suppl. 1), 89–94.
   Google Scholar
• Healey, K.; Lingard, J.N.; Tomlin, A.; Hughes, A.; White, K.L.M., Wild, C.P.; Routledge, M.N. Genotoxicity of Size-Fractionated Samples of Urban Particulate Matter; Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2005, 45, 380–387.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, J.D.; Eide, I.; Seagrave, J.; Zielinska, B.; Whitney, K.; Lawson, D.R.; Mauderly, J.L. Relationship between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples; Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 1527–1538.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., III. Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: Biological Mechanism and Who’s at Risk; Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 6493–6502.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas-Bracho, L.; Garibay-Bravo, V. Partículas Suspendidas, Aeropartículas o Aerosoles ¿Hacen daño a la Salud? Gaceta Ecológica 69; Instituto Nacional de Ecología: México; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Salnikow, K.; Li, X.; Lippmann, M. Effect of Nickel and Iron Co-Exposure on Human Lung Cells; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 196, 258–265.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J. G. Ambient Particles and Health: Lines that Divide. Critical Review Discussion; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 995–1008.
   Google Scholar
• Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-1993. Salud Ambiental. Criterio para Evaluar la Calidad del Aire Respecto a Partículas Menores de 10 Micras (PM10) en el Aire Ambiente como Medida de Protección a la Salud de la Población. DCXCV; Diario Oficial de la Federación: México, 1994; 16, P–4.
   Google Scholar
• Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-1993. Salud Ambiental. Criterio para Evaluar la Calidad del Aire Respecto a Partículas Menores de 10 Micras (PM10) en el Aire Ambiente como Medida de Protección a la Salud de la Población; Diario Oficial de la Federación: México, 2005; 55–64.
   Google Scholar
• INEGI. XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000. México, México; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• SEMARNAT-IEG. Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en la Ciudad de Salamanca (PROAIRE). Periódico Oficial del Estado de Guanajuato: Guanajuato, Mexico, 2003; No. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo. Informe Técnico Final LAA/01/03. Informe Final Sobre Impacto por Emisiones de Partículas Suspendidas de la Fracción Fina en la Atmósfera de Salamanca, Gto. Proyecto F. 21026 “Estudio local y regional del impacto de las emisiones de las emisiones de PEMEX y CFE en la calidad del aire en Salamanca, Gto”; Internal Report, 2003: PS-MA-IF-F21026–02.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Fujita, E.; Watson, J.G.; Zhiqiang, L.; Lawson, D.; Ashbaugh, L. Evaluation of Filter-Based Aerosol Measurements during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study; Environ. Monit. Assess. 1994, 30, 49–80.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Zhiqiang, L.; Lowenthal, D.; Frazier, C.; Solomon, P.; Thuillier, R.; Magliano, K. Descriptive Analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at Regionally Representative Locations during SJVAQS/ AUSPEX; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2079–2112.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Frazier, C.A. X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Ambient Air Samples. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles; Lands-berger, S.; Creatchman, M., Eds.; Gordon and Breach: Newark, NJ, 1999; 67–96.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G. Ion Chromatography. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles; Landsberger, S.; Creatchman, M., Eds.; Gordon and Breach: Newark, NJ, 1999; 99–137.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Crow, D.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Merrifield, T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurement; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 23–41.
   Google Scholar
• TSI. Model 3936 SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer). Aerosol Instrument Manager Software. Instruction Manual; TSI: Minneapolis, MN, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Lioy, P.; Mueller, P. Chapter 10: The Measurement Process: Precision, Accuracy, and Validity. In Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 8th ed.; Cohen, B.; Hering, S., Eds.; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Cincinnati, OH, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Edgerton, S.A.; Vega, E.; Ortiz, E. Spatial Differences in Outdoor PM10 Mass and Aerosol Composition in Mexico City; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 423–434.
   Google Scholar
• Vega, E.; Reyes, E.; Sánchez, G.; Ortiz, E.; Ruiz, M.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Edgerton, S. Basic Statistics of PM2 . 5 and PM10 in the Atmosphere of Mexico City; Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 287, 167–176.
   Google Scholar
• Vega, E.; Reyes, E.; Ruiz, H.; García, J.; Sánchez, G.; Martínez, G.; González, U.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G. Analysis of PM2 . 5 and PM10 in Mexico City Atmosphere during 2000–2002; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 54, 786–798.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Kuhns, H.; Etyemezian, V.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Crow, D.; Kohl, S.D.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Green, M.C. Source Profiles for Industrial, Mobile and Area Sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational Study; Chemosphere 2004, 54, 185–208.
   Google Scholar
• Clegg, S.L.; Brimblecombe P.; Wexler, A.S. A Thermodynamic Model of the System H+ - NH4 + - Na+ - SO4 = - NO3 - - Cl- - H2O at 298.15 k; J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 2155–2171.
   Google Scholar
• Reyes, E.; Vega, E.; Sánchez, G.; Mugica, V.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G. Paved, Unpaved Roads and Tunnel Particulate Matter Emission Profiles for Mexico City. Presented at the 94th A&WMA Annual Conference & Exhibition, Orlando, FL, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad del Aire (SINAICA), Instituto Nacional de Ecología; available at http://sinaica.ine.gob.mx/ (accessed 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. From Air Pollution to Climate Change; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1998.
   Google Scholar