REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.2000
   Google Scholar
• BowdenCL.Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depressionPsychiatr Serv.200152515511141528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhaemiSN.KoJY.GoodwinFK.“Cade's disease” and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder.Can J Psychiatry.20024712513411926074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChamberlainSR.SahakianBJ.The neuropsychology of mood disordersCurr Psychiatry Rep.2006845846317162825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ClarkL.GoodwinGM.State-and trait-related deficits in sustained attention in bipolar disorder.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.2004254616815146334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GlahnDC.BeardenCE.NiendamTA.EscamillaMA.The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder.Bipolar Disord.2004617118215117396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeardenCE.HoffmanKM.CannonTD.The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review.Bipolar Disord.2001310615011465675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuraishiS.FrangouS.Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review.J Affect Disord.20027220922612450638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrangouS.DonaldsonS.HadjulisM.LandauS.GoldsteinLH.The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder I and its clinical correlates.Biol Psychiatry.20055885986416039620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van GorpWG.AltshulerL.ThebergeDC.WilkinsJ.DixonW.Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence. A preliminary study.Arch Gen Psychiatry.19985541469435759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SwannAC.DoughertyDM.PazzagliaPJ.PhamM.SteinbergJL.MoellerFG.Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with bipolar disorder.Am J Psychiatry.20051621680168716135628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarveyAG.SchmidtDA.ScarnaA.SemlerCM.GoodwinGM.Sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, patients with insomnia, and subjects without sleep problems.Am J Psychiatry.2005162505715625201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkL.SahakianBJ.Neuropsychological and biological approaches to understanding bipolar disorder. In: Jones S, Bentall RP, edsThe Psychology of Bipolar Disorder. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press2006
   Google Scholar
• PosnerMl.PetersenSE.The attention system of the human brain.Ann Rev Neurosci.19901325422183676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SahakianB.JonesG.LevyR.GrayJ.WarburtonD.The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type.Br J Psychiatry.19891 547978002597885
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ClarkL.IversenSD.GoodwinGM.A neuropsychological investigation of prefrontal cortex involvement in acute mania.Am J Psychiatry.20011581605161111578991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaxKW.StrakowskiSM.ZimmermanME.DelBelloMP.KeckPE.Jr.HawkinsJM.Frontosubcortical neuroanatomy and the continuous performance test in mania.Am J Psychiatry.19991561391419892312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SwannAC.PazzagliaP.NichollsA.DoughertyDM.MoellerFG.Impulsivity and phase of illness in bipolar disorder.J Affect Disord.20037310511112507743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkL.IversenSD.GoodwinGM.Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder.Br J Psychiatry.200218031331911925353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuSK.ChiuCH.ChangCJ.HwangTJ.HwuHG.ChenWJ.Deficits in sustained attention in schizophrenia and affective disorders: stable versus state-dependent markers.Am J Psychiatry.20021 5997598212042186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilder-WillisKE.SaxKW.RosenbergHL.FleckDE.ShearPK.StrakowskiSM.Persistent attentional dysfunction in remitted bipolar disorder.Bipolar Disord.20013586211333063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NajtP.GlahnD.BeardenCE.et al.Attention deficits in bipolar disorder: a comparison based on the Continuous Performance Test.Neurosci Lett.200537912212615823428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarmerCJ.ClarkL.GraysonL.GoodwinGM.Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder is not a working memory impairment in disguise.Neuropsychologic.20024015861590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den BoschRJ.RomboutsRP.van AsmaMJ.What determines continuous performance task performance?Schizophr Bull.199622643651 8938918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StussDT.LevineB.Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes.Ann Rev Psychol.20025340143311752491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobbinsTW.Dissociating executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. In: Roberts AC, Robbins TW, Weiskrantz L, eds.The Prefrontal Cortex: Executive and Cognitive Functions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press1998
   Google Scholar
• McGrathJ.ScheldtS.WelhamJ.ClairA.Performance on tests sensitive to impaired executive ability in schizophrenia, mania and well controls: acute and subacute phases.Schizophr Res.1997261271379323343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriceR.Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania.Br J Psychiatry.199015750542397362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurphyFC.SahakianBJ.RubinszteinJS.et al.Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression.Psychol Med.1999291307132110616937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinszteinJS.MichaelA.UnderwoodBR.TempestM.SahakianBJ.Impaired cognition and decision-making in bipolar depression but no 'affective bias' evident.Psychol Med.20063662963916420729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BassoMR.LoweryN.NeelJ.PurdieR.BornsteinRA.Neuropsychological impairment among manic, depressed, and mixed-episode inpatients with bipolar disorder.Neuropsychology.200216849111853360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorkowskaA.RybakowskiJK.Neuropsychological frontal lobe tests indicate that bipolar depressed patients are more impaired than unipolar.Bipolar Disord.20013889411333068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SweeneyJA.KmiecJA.KupferDJ.Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery.Biol Psychiatry.20004867468411032979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor TavaresJV.ClarkL.CannonDM.EricksonK.DrevetsWC.SahakianBJ.Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression.Biol Psychiatry.20076291792417825802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorrentC.Martinez-AranA.DabanC.et al.Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder.Br J Psychiatry.200618925424916946361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinszteinJS.MichaelA.PaykelES.SahakianBJ.Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder.Psychol Med.2000301025103612027040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerrierIN.StantonBR.KellyTP.ScottJ.Neuropsychological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.Br J Psychiatry.199917524625110645326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-AranA.VietaE.ReinaresM.et al.Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder.Am J Psychiatry.200416126227014754775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurM.PortellaMJ.Martinez-AranA.PifarreJ.VietaE.Persistent neuropsychological deficit in euthymic bipolar patients: executive function as a core deficit.J Clin Psychiatry.2007681078108617685745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonJM.GallagherP.HughesJH.et al.Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder.Br J Psychiatry.2005186324015630121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoiserJP.RubinszteinJS.SahakianBJ.Cognition in depression.Psychiatry.200324347
   Google Scholar
• BerlinHA.RollsET.KischkaU.Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions.Brain.20041271108112614985269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkL.ManesF.Social and emotional decision-making following frontal lobe injury.Neurocase.20041039840315788279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurphyFC.RubinszteinJS.MichaelA.et al.Decision-making cognition in mania and depression.Psychol Med.20013167969311352370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarmerCJ.GraysonL.GoodwinGM.Enhanced recognition of disgust in bipolar illness.Biol Psychiatry.20025129830411958780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LembkeA.KetterTA.Impaired recognition of facial emotion in mania.Am J Psychiatry.20021 5930230411823275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VennHR.GrayJM.MontagneB.et al.Perception of facial expressions of emotion in bipolar disorder.Bipolar Disord.2004628629315225145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsML.DrevetsWC.RauchSL.LaneR.Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders.Biol Psychiatry.20035451552812946880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsML.DrevetsWC.RauchSL.LaneR.Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception.Biol Psychiatry.20035450441412946879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BecharaA.TranelD.DamasioH.Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions.Brain.20001232189220211050020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AdidaM.ClarkL.PomiettoP.et al.Impaired decision-making associated with lack of insight in bipolar mania.Bipolar Disord. In press.
   Google Scholar
• GotlibIH.KrasnoperovaE.YueDN.JoormannJ.Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression.J Abnorm Psychol.200411312113514992665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MathewsA.RidgewayV.WilliamsonDA.Evidence for attention to threatening stimuli in depression.Behavr Res Ther.199634695705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LyonHM.StartupM.BentallRP.Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention, and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder.J Abnorm Psychol.199910827328210369037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonRG.KubosKL.StarrLB.RaoK.PriceTR.Mood changes in stroke patients: relationship to lesion location.Compr Psychiatry.1983245555666653097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StarksteinSE.RobinsonRG.PriceTR.Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders.Brain.1987110104510593651794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonRG.BostonJD.StarksteinSE.PriceTR.Comparison of mania and depression after brain injury: causal factors.Am J Psychiatry.19881451721783341462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlexanderGE.DeLongMR.StrickPL.Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex.Ann Rev Neurosci.198693573813085570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EhmannTS.BeningerRJ.GawelMJ.RiopelleRJ.Depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a comparison with disabled control subjects.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.19903392140682
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CotterD.MackayD.ChanaG.BeasleyC.LandauS.EverallIP.Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder.Cereb Cortex.20021238639411884354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajkowskaG.HalarisA.SelemonLD.Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder.Biol Psychiatry.20014974175211331082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DrevetsWC.PriceJL.SimpsonJR.Jret al.Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders.Nature.19973868248279126739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LyooIK.KimMJ.StollAL.et al.Frontal lobe gray matter density decreases in bipolar I disorder.Biol Psychiatry.20045564865115013835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-LarsonMP.DelBelloMP.ZimmermanME.SchwiersML.StrakowskiSM.Regional prefrontal gray and white matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder.Biol Psychiatry.2002529310012114000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LochheadRA.ParseyRV.OquendoMA.MannJJ.Regional brain gray matter volume differences in patients with bipolar disorder as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry.Biol Psychiatry.2004551154116215184034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlumbergHP.SternE.RickettsS.et al.Rostral and orbital prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the manic state of bipolar disorder.Am J Psychiatry.19991561986198810588416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoodwinGM.CavanaghJT.GlabusMF.KehoeRF.O'CarrollRE.EbmeierKP.Uptake of 99mTc-exametazime shown by single photon emission computed tomography before and after lithium withdrawal in bipolar patients: associations with mania.Br J Psychiatry.19971704264309307691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinszteinJS.FletcherPC.RogersRD.et al.Decision-making in mania: a PET study.Brain.20011242550226311701607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AltshulerLL.BookheimerSY.TownsendJ.et al.Blunted activation in orbitofrontal cortex during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Biol Psychiatry.20055876376916310510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElliottR.OgilvieA.RubinszteinJS.CalderonG.DolanRJ.SahakianBJ.Abnormal ventral frontal response during performance of an affective go/no go task in patients with mania.Biol Psychiatry.2004551163117015184035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GruberSA.RogowskaJ.HolcombP.SoraciS.Yurgelun-ToddD.Stroop performance in normal control subjects: an fMRI study.Neuroimage.20021634936012030821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KronhausDM.LawrenceNS.WilliamsAM.et al.Stroop performance in bipolar disorder: further evidence for abnormalities in the ventral prefrontal cortex.Bipolar Disord.20068283916411978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatsuoK.KatoN.KatoT.Decreased cerebral haemodynamic response to cognitive and physiological tasks in mood disorders as shown by nearinfrared spectroscopy.Psychol Med.2002321029103712214784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MonksPJ.ThompsonJM.BullmoreET.et al.A functional MRI study of working memory task in euthymic bipolar disorder: evidence for task-specific dysfunction.Bipolar Disord.2004655056415541071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlumbergHP.LeungHC.SkudlarskiP.et al.A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state-and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices.Arch Gen Psychiatry.20036060160912796223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlumbergHP.DoneganNH.SanislowCA.et al.Preliminary evidence for medication effects on functional abnormalities in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in bipolar disorder.Psychopharmacology.200518330831316249909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurgelun-ToddDA.GruberSA.KanayamaG.KillgoreWD.BairdAA.YoungAD.fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder.Bipolar Disord.2000223724811249801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrakowskiSM.AdlerCM.HollandSK.MillsN.DelBelloMP.A preliminary FMRI study of sustained attention in euthymic, unmedicated bipolar disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology.2004291734174015173843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernsGS.MartinM.ProperSM.Limbic hyperreactivity in bipolar II disorder.Am J Psychiatry.20021 5930430611823276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KrugerS.AidaM.YoungLT.GoldappleK.ParikhS.MaybergHS.Risk and resilience markers in bipolar disorder: brain responses to emotional challenge in bipolar patients and their healthy siblings.Am J Psychiatry.200616325726416449479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MansellW.LamD.“I won't do what you tell me!”: Elevated mood and the assessment of advice-taking in euthymic bipolar I disorder.Behav Res Ther.2006441787180116487480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KetterTA.KimbrellTA.GeorgeMS.et al.Effects of mood and subtype on cerebral glucose metabolism in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.Biol Psychiatry.2001499710911164756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrooksJO.3rdWangPW.StrongC.et al.Preliminary evidence of differential relations between prefrontal cortex metabolism and sustained attention in depressed adults with bipolar disorder and healthy controls.Bipolar Disord.2006824825416696826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrugerS.SeminowiczD.GoldappleK.KennedySH.MaybergHS.State and trait influences on mood regulation in bipolar disorder: blood flow differences with an acute mood challenge.Biol Psychiatry.2003541274128314643095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalhiGS.LagopoulosJ.WardPB.et al.Cognitive generation of affect in bipolar depression: an fMRI study.Eur J Neurosci.20041974175414984424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenCH.LennoxB.JacobR.CalderA.et al.Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed States of bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Biol Psychiatry.200659313916112653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawrenceNS.WilliamsAM.SurguladzeS.et al.Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression.Biol Psychiatry.20045557858715013826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PachetAK.WisniewskiAM.The effects of lithium on cognition: an updated review.Psychopharmacology.200317022523414504681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HonigA.ArtsB.PondsR.RiedelWJ.Lithium induced cognitive sideeffects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice.Int Clin Psychopharmacol.19991416717110435769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KocsisJH.ShawED.StokesPE.et al.Neuropsychologic effects of lithium discontinuation.J Clin Psychopharmacol.1993132682758376614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JauharP.McClureI.HillaryC.WatsonA.Psychomotor performance of patients on maintenance lithium therapy.Hum Psychopharmacol.19938141143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StipE.DufresneJ.LussierI.YathamL.A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: mild and selective effects on learning.J Affect Disord.20006014715711074103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuddLL.Effect of lithium on mood, cognition, and personality function in normal subjects.Arch Gen Psychiatry.197936860866378164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuddLL.HubbardB.JanowskyDS.HueyLY.TakahashiKl.The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects.Arch Gen Psychiatry197734355357320957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AltshulerLL.VenturaJ.van GorpWG.GreenMF.ThebergeDC.MintzJ.Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects.Biol Psychiatry.20045656056915476685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amado-BoccaraI.GougoulisN.Poirier LittreMF.GalinowskiA.LooH.Effects of antidepressants on cognitive functions: a review.Neurosci Biobehav Rev.1995194794937566749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaneRM.O'HanlonJF.Cognitive and psychomotor effects of antidepressants with emphasis on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the elderly depressed patient.German J Psychiatry.19992142
   Google Scholar
• CurranHV.Benzodiazepines, memory and mood: a review.Psychopharmacology.1991105181684055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaybergHS.BrannanSK.MahurinRK.et al.Cingulate function in depression: a potential predictor of treatment response.Neuroreport.19978105710619141092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaxenaS.BrodyAL.HoML.ZohrabiN.MaidmentKM.BaxterLR.JrDifferential brain metabolic predictors of response to paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression.Am J Psychiatry.200316052253212611834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeorgeMS.WassermannEM.KimbrellTA.et al.Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial.Am J Psychiatry.1997154175217569396958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerM.LondonED.RasgonN.et al.Supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine alter regional cerebral metabolism and improve mood in bipolar depression.Mol Psychiatry.20051045646915724143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenedettiF.BernasconiA.BlasiV.et al.Neural and genetic correlates of antidepressant response to sleep deprivation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of moral valence decision in bipolar depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry.20076417918717283285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atre-VaidyaN.TaylorMA.SeidenbergM.ReedR.PerrineA.GlickOberwiseF.Cognitive deficits, psychopathology, and psychosocial functioning in bipolar mood disorder.Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol.1998111201269742510
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-AranA.VietaE.ColomF.et al.Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome.Bipolar Disord.2004622423215117401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GruberSA.RossoIM.Yurgelun-ToddD.Neuropsychological performance predicts clinical recovery in bipolar patients.J Affect Disord.200810525326017524493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArtsB.JabbenN.KrabbendamL.van OsJ.Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives.Psychol Med.2007115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• larkL.KemptonMJ.ScarnaA.GrasbyPM.GoodwinGM.Sustained attention deficit confirmed in euthymic bipolar disorder, but not in firstdegree relatives of bipolar patients or euthymic unipolar depression.Biol Psychiatry.20055718318715652878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkL.ScarnaA.GoodwinGM.Impairment of executive function but not memory in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar I disorder and in euthyrn ic pat ients with un ipolar depression.Am J Psychiatry.20051621980198216199852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaslerG.DrevetsWC.GouldTD.GottesmanIIManjiHK.Toward constructing an endophenotype strategy for bipolar disorders.Biol Psychiatry.2006609310516406007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsML.FrankE.Redefining bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V.Am J Psychiatry.20061631135113616816214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar