REFERENCES

• PeräläJSuvisaariJSaarniSIet alLifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general populationArch Gen Psychiatry200764119https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19 17199051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO2018 Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organisation
   Google Scholar
• GreenMFNuechterleinKHShould schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?Schizophr Bull199925230931910416733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnRSKeefeRSESchizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focusJAMA Psychiatry201370101107111223925787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenMFWhat are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?Am J Psychiatry199615333218610818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FettA-KJKJViechtbauerWDominguezM-G de GPennDLvan OsJKrabbendamL201135573588https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
   Google Scholar
• PalmerBWHeatonRKPaulsenJSet alIs it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal?Neuropsychology19971134379223148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeefeRSEFentonWSHow should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment?Schizophr Bull2007334912920https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm046 17567627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReichenbergAHarveyPDBowieCRet alNeuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disordersSchizophr Bull200935510221029https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn044 18495643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AllenDNGoldsteinGWarnickEA consideration of neuropsychologically normal schizophreniaJ Int Neuropsychol Soc200391566312570358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaskinnAUelandTMelleIAgartzIAndreassenOASundetKNeurocognitive decrements are present in intellectually superior schizophreniaFront Psychiatry201454524847284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KeefeRSEEesleyCEPoeMPDefining a cognitive function decrement in schizophreniaBiol Psychiatry200557668869115780858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkCMGoldJMMcMahonRPHumberKIannoneVNBuchananRWNo, it is not possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normalNeuropsychology200519677816351353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldbergTERaglandJDTorreyEFGoldJMBigelowLBWeinbergerDRNeuropsychological assessment of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophreniaArch Gen Psychiatry19904711106610722241508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KremenWSSeidmanLJFaraoneS VToomeyRTsuangMTThe paradox of normal neuropsychological function in schizophreniaJ Abnorm Psychol.2000109474311196000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolthausenEAEWiersmaDSitskoornMMet alSchizophrenic patients without neuropsychological deficits: subgroup, disease severity or cognitive compensation?Psychiatry Res2002112111112379446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchaeferJGiangrandeEWeinbergerDRDickinsonDThe global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: consistent over decades and around the worldSchizophr Res20131501425023911259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FioravantiMBianchiVCintiMECognitive deficits in schizophrenia: an updated metanalysis of the scientific evidenceBMC Psychiatry201212164https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-64 22715980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FioravantiMCarloneOVitaleBCintiMEClareLA meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in adults with a diagnosis of schizophreniaNeuropsychol Rev2005152 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-6254-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeinrichsRWZakzanisKKNeurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidenceNeuropsychology1998123426445https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426 9673998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajjiTKIsmailZMulsantBHAge at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysisBr J Psychiatry20091954286293https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060723 19794194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoraEYucelMPantelisCCognitive functioning in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses: Meta-analytic studyBr J Psychiatry20091956475482https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055731 19949193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoraEYücelMPantelisCYucelMPantelisCCognitive impairment in affective psychoses: A meta-analysisSchizophr Bull2010361112125https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp093 19767349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarderSRFentonWMeasurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia: NIMH MATRICS initiative to support the development of agents for improving cognition in schizophreniaSchizophr Res20047215915531402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenMFNuechterleinKHThe MATRICS initiative: developing a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trialsSchizophr Res200472113https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.006 15531401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuechterleinKGreenM2006 Los Angeles, CA MATRICS Assessment
   Google Scholar
• GreenMFNuechterleinKHGoldJMet alApproaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteriaBiol Psychiatry2004565301307https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023 15336511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuechterleinKHBarchDMGoldJMGoldbergTEGreenMFHeatonRKIdentification of separable cognitive factors in schizophreniaSchizophr Res2004721293915531405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KernRSGreenMFNuechterleinKHDengB-HNIMH-MATRICS survey on assessment of neurocognition in schizophreniaSchizophr Res20047211119https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2004.09.004 15531403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuechterleinKHGreenMFKernRSet alThe MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validityAm J Psychiatry20081652203213https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042 18172019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KernRSNuechterleinKHGreenMFet alThe MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardizationAm J Psychiatry20081652214220https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043 18172018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleeryAGreenMFHellemannGSet alLatent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)Psychol Med2015451226572666https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000641 25916421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KernRSGoldJMDickinsonDet alThe MCCB impairment profile for schizophrenia outpatients: results from the MATRICS psychometric and standardization studySchizophr Res20111261-3124131https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.008 21159492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SperrySHOLKÖngürDet alMeasuring cognition in bipolar disorder with psychosis using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive BatteryJ Int Neuropsychol Soc.201921468472https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000442
   Google Scholar
• MurrayRMLewisSWIs schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)19872956600681682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeinbergerDRImplications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophreniaArch Gen Psychiatry1987447660https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012 3606332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DicksonHLaurensKRCullenAEHodgins SMeta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophreniaPsychol Med2012424743755https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001693 21896236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalkerEFSavoieTDavisDNeuromotor precursors of schizophreniaSchizophr Bull1994203441451https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/20.3.441 7526446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesholam-GatelyRIGiulianoAJGoffKPFaraoneS VSeidmanLJNeurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic reviewNeuropsychology2009233315336https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014708 19413446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatouros-BergmanHCervenkaSFlycktLEdmanGFardeLMeta-analysis of cognitive performance in drug-naïve patients with schizophreniaSchizophr Res20141581-3156162https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.034 25086658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleeryAVenturaJKernRSSet alCognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Profile of ImpairmentSchizophr Res20141571-33339https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.039 24888526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GurRECalkinsMEGurRCet alThe Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia: neurocognitive endophenotypesSchizophr Bull20073314968https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl055 17101692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuechterleinKHDawsonMEInformation processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disordersSchizophr Bull1984102160203https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/10.2.160 6729409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SnitzBEMacDonaldAWCarterCSCognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypesSchizophr Bull2006321179194https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi048 16166612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CornblattBObuchowskiMRobertsSPollackSErlenmeyer-KimlingLCognitive and behavioral precursors of schizophreniaDev Psychopathol199911348750810532621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusar-PoliPDesteGSmieskovaRet alCognitive functioning in prodromal psychosisArch Gen Psychiatry2012696562571https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1592 22664547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De HerdtAWampersMVancampfortDet alNeurocognition in clinical high risk young adults who did or did not convert to a first schizophrenic psychosis: A meta-analysisSchizophr Res20131491-34855https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.017 23830855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LamMLeeJRapisardaAet alLongitudinal cognitive changes in young individuals at ultrahigh risk for psychosisJAMA Psychiatry2018759929939https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1668 30046827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarriónREWalderDJAutherAMet alFrom the psychosis prodrome to the first-episode of psychosis: No evidence of a cognitive declineJ Psychiatr Res201896231238https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.10.014 29121595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AllottKWoodSJYuenHPet alLongitudinal cognitive performance in individuals at ultrahigh risk for psychosis: A 10-year Follow-upSchizophr Bull2018111https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby143 29140529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoraEMurrayRMMeta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: Do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis?Schizophr Bull2014404744755https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt085 23770934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RundBRA review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patientsSchizophr Bull1998243425435https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033337 9718634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BerghSHjorthøjCSørensenHJet alPredictors and longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 10 years after baseline: The OPUS studySchizophr Res20161751-35763https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2016.03.025 27050475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarderHESundetKRundBRet alTen year neurocognitive trajectories in first-episode psychosisFront Hum Neurosci20137643https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00643 24109449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffALSvetinaCShieldsGStewartJDeLisiLETen year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophreniaSchizophr Res20057812734https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2005.05.010 15964177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SzökeATrandafirADupontM-EEMéaryASchürhoffFLeboyerMLongitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysisBr J Psychiatry20081924248257https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.029009 18378982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonWKSavlaGNVahiaI Vet alCharacterizing trajectories of cognitive functioning in older adults with schizophrenia: does method matter?Schizophr Res201314319096https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.033 23218560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IraniFKalksteinSMobergEAMobergPJNeuropsychological performance in older patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studiesSchizophr Bull201137613181326https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq057 20547571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedmanJIHarveyPDColemanTet alSix-year follow-up study of cognitive and functional status across the lifespan in schizophrenia: a comparison with Alzheimer’s disease and normal agingAm J Psychiatry2001158914411448https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1441 11532729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarveyPDBertischHFriedmanJIet alThe course of functional decline in geriatric patients with schizophrenia: cognitive-functional and clinical symptoms as determinants of changeAm J Geriatr Psychiatry200311661061914609801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarveyPDReichenbergABowieCRPattersonTLHeatonRKThe course of neuropsychological performance and functional capacity in older patients with schizophrenia: influences of previous history of long-term institutional stayBiol Psychiatry20106710933939https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.008 20202624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoodwardNDPurdonSEMeltzerHYZaldDHA meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophreniaInt J Neuropsychopharmacol200580345747215784157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KeefeRSEBilderRMDavisSMet alNeurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE TrialArch Gen Psychiatry200764663364717548746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoriHNoguchiHHashimotoRet alAntipsychotic medication and cognitive function in schizophreniaSchizophr Res2006861-3138146https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2006.05.004 16793238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SakuraiHBiesRRStroupSTet alDopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in schizophrenia: analysis of the CATIE dataSchizophr Bull2013393564574https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr189 22290266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinkeviciuteIBegemannMPrikkenMet alEfficacy of different types of cognitive enhancers for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysisNPJ Schizophr20184122https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0064-6 30361502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KeefeRSEBuchananRWMarderSRet alClinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far?Schizophr Bull201339241743522114098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MedaliaAChoiJCognitive remediation in schizophreniaNeuropsychol Rev200919335336419444614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BowieCRMedaliaABridging groups2016 Oxford, UK Oxford University Press 66
   Google Scholar
• ChanJYCHiraiHWTsoiKKFCan computer-assisted cognitive remediation improve employment and productivity outcomes of patients with severe mental illness? A meta-analysis of prospective controlled trialsJ Psychiatr Res201568293300https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.010 26028551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrynszpanOPerbalSPelissoloAet alEfficacy and specificity of computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a meta-analytical studyPsychol Med2011410116317320380784
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGurkSRTwamleyEWSitzerDIMcHugoGJMueserKTA meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophreniaAm J Psychiatry2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WykesTHuddyVCellardCMcGurkSRCzoborPA meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizesAm J Psychiatry20111685472485https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855 21406461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GomarJJVallsERaduaJet alA multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial of computerized cognitive remediation therapy for schizophreniaSchizophr Bull20154161387139626006264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JahshanCVinogradovSWynnJKHellemannGGreenMFA randomized controlled trial comparing a “bottom-up” and “top-down” approach to cognitive training in schizophreniaJ Psychiatr Res2019109118125https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.027 30529836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrikkenMKoningsMJLeiWUBegemannMJHSommerIECThe efficacy of computerized cognitive drill and practice training for patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: A meta-analysisSchizophr Res2019204368374https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.034 30097278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FirthJStubbsBRosenbaumSet alAerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysisSchizophr Bull2017433546556https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw115 27521348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MervisJECapizziRJBorodaEMacDonald AWTranscranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of cognitive outcomesFront Hum Neurosci20171144https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00044 28210217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar