- Tremblay, M., & Willms, J. (2000). Secular trends in the body mass index of Canadian children. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 163, 1429-1433.
- Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. (1989). Quality daily physical education rationale handbook. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Government of Canada, Fitness and Amateur Sport.
- Barlow, M., & Robertson, H. (1994). Class warfare. The assault on Canada's schools. Toronto, Canada: Key Porter Books Limited.
- Bunker, L. (1991). The role of play and motor skill development in building children's self-confidence and self-esteem. The Elementary School Journal, 91(5), 467-471.
- Graham, G. (1991). Specialist and classroom teacher effectiveness in children's physical education: A 3-year study. [Monograph]. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 10(4), 321-426.
- Hardman, K., & Marshall, J. (2000). The silent crisis in school physical education. Retrieved March 23, 2003, from
- Goodwin, D., Fitzpatrick, D., & Craigon, I. (1996). Cut-backs to physical education consulting services: Consequences and concerns. The Canadian Administrator, 35(6), 1-5.
- Halas, J. (2004, March). Never deny the body. Invited presentation to the Manitoba Liberal Party annual meeting. Portage la Prairie, Canada.
- Halas, J., Champagne, L., & van Ingen, C. (2003, November). Improving physical education for Aboriginal youth. Symposium on Aboriginal Education, Manitoba Association of School Superintendents, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Graham, G. (1995). Physical education through students' eyes and in students' voices: Implications for teachers and researchers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 478-482.
- Carlson, T. (1995). We hate gym: Student alienation from physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 467-477.
- Champagne, L., & Halas, J. (2003). "I quit!" Aboriginal students negotiate the "contact zone" in physical education. In V. Parashak & J. Forsyth (Eds.), North American Indigenous Games Research Symposium proceedings (pp. 55-64). Winnipeg, Canada: Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute.
- Coop, R., & Rotella, R. (1991). Sport and physical skill development in elementary schools: An overview. The Elementary School Journal, 91(5), 409-412.
- Dyson, B. (2002). The implementation of cooperative learning in an elementary physical education program. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 22, 69-85.
- Ennis, C. (1999). Creating a culturally relevant curriculum for disengaged girls. Sport, Education and Society, 4(1), 31-49.
- Ennis, C., Cothran, D., Davidson, K., Loftus, S., Owens, L., Swanson, L., et al. (1997). Implementing curriculum within a context of fear and disengagement. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 52-71.
- Fitzpatrick, D. (1998). Survey of selected Manitoba physical education, and health teaching variables (1998): Preliminary report. Winnipeg, Canada: Manitoba Physical Education Supervisors' Association. Retrieved March 27, 2003, from
- Fitzpatrick, D. (2001). The lived experience of physical awkwardness: A retrospective view. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Fleming, D., & Wirszyla, C. (1999). Why have physical education? Great potential is a heavy burden. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 10, 17-20.
- Gibbons, S., Ebbeck, V., & Weiss, M. (1995). Fair play for kids: Effects on the moral development of children in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66(3), 247-255.
- Hardman, K., & Marshall, J. (2001). The state and status of physical education in schools in international context. European Physical Education Review, 6(3), 203-229.
- Health Canada. (2002). Canada's physical activity guide for children. [On line]. Retrieved April 15, 2004, from
- Hopple, C., & Graham, G. (1995). What children think, feel, and know about physical fitness testing. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 408-417.
- Humbert, L. (1995). On the sidelines: The experiences of young women in physical education class. Avante, 1(2), 58-77.
- Janzen, H., Halas, J., Dixon, S., Kriellaars, D., & Doupe, M. (2002). The quality and quantity of physical education in Manitoba schools (Tech. Rep. No. HLHPRI 101). Winnipeg, Canada: Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute.
- Klein, N. (2000). No logo. Taking aim at the brand bullies. Toronto, Ontario: Vintage Canada.
- Kohn, A. (2003). The 500 pound gorilla. The Teachers' Net Gazette, 4(2). Retrieved January 9, 2004, from
- LeDrew, J. (1997). Women and primary physical education: A lesson in female-friendly values. CAHPERD Journal, Spring, 15-19.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
- University of Winnipeg Students' Union. (2004, January). The Uniter, p. 7.
- Janzen, H., (2003, October). R. Tait McKenzie Memorial Address: Daily physical education for K-12. Address presented at the CAHPERD/MPETA Conference, Winnipeg, Canada.
- McKenzie, T., Feldman, H., Woods, S., Romero, K., Dahlstrom, V., Stone, E., et al. (1995). Children's activity levels and lesson context during third-grade physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66, 184-193.
- McKenzie, T., Marshall, S., Sallis, J., & Conway, T. (2000). Student activity levels, lesson context, and teacher behavior during middle school physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 249-259.
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (1995). Moving into the future. National Standards for Physical Education. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2001). State of the Nation. Reston, VA: Author.
- Ogden, C., Flegal, K., Carroll, M., & Johnson, C. (2002). Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1728-1732.
- O'Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Kischuk, N., Barnett, T., & Renaud, L. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of physical activity behaviors among elementary school children in multiethnic, low income, inner-city neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada. Annals of Epidemiology, 9(7), 397-407.
- Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Marshall, J. (1999). The mode of information and education: Insights on critical theory from Michel Foucault. In T. Popkewitz & L. Fendler (Eds.), Critical theories in education. Changing terrains of knowledge and politics (pp. 145-168). New York: Routledge.
- Martinek, T., & Griffith, J. (1994). Learned helplessness in physical education: A developmental study of causal attributions and task persistence. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 13, 108-122.
- McHugh, E. (1996). "Going beyond the physical": Social skills and physical education. Runner, 34(2), 26-29.
- Lock, R., Minarik, L, & Omata, J. (1999). Gender and the problem of diversity: Action research in physical education. Quest, 51, 393-407.
- Manitoba Education and Training. (1995). Manitoba physical education assessment 1993 final report. English Language Schools. Winnipeg, Canada: Author.
- Manitoba Education and Training. (2002). Manitoba curriculum framework of outcomes for active, healthy lifestyles. Kindergarten to senior 4 physical education/health education. Winnipeg, Canada: Author.
- Manitoba Physical Education Teachers' Association. (2001). Manitoba safety guidelines for physical education. Winnipeg, Canada: Author.
- Piéron, M., Cloes, M., Delfosse, C., & Ledent, M. (1996). An investigation of the effects of daily physical education in kindergarten and elementary schools. European Physical Education Review, 2, 116-132.
- Pissanos, B., & Temple, I. (1990). Fitting together—Physical education specialists and classroom teachers. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 62(7), 55-61.
- Portman, P. (1995). Who is having fun in physical education class? Experiences of sixth-grade students in elementary and middle schools. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 445-453.
- Rahim, M., & Marriner, T. (1997). Students' attitudes toward physical activity: Specialist versus nonspecialist. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, XLIII, 161-164.
- Riddoch, C., & Boreham, C. (2000). Physical activity, physical fitness and children's health: Current concepts. In W. Van Mechelen (Ed.), Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine (pp. 243-252). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Sallis, J., McKenzie, T., Kolody, B., & Curtis, P. (1996). Assessing district administrators' perceptions of elementary school physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 67(8), 25-29.
- Solomon, G. (1997). Fair play in the gymnasium: Improving social skills among elementary school students. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 68(5), 22-25.
- Tomme, P., & Wendt, J. (1993). Affective teaching: Psycho-social aspects of physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 64, 66-69.
- UNESCO. (1978). International Charter of Physical Education and Sport. Retrieved January 15, 2004, from
- Janzen, H. (2003/2004). Daily physical education for K-12. Is government legislation in sight? Physical Education and Health Journal, 69(4), 4-12.
Classroom Teachers and the Challenges of Delivering Quality Physical Education
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.