1,222
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Supplement 2016

The Danish National Database for Asthma: establishing clinical quality indicators

, , , , , , , & show all
Article: 33903 | Received 19 Oct 2016, Accepted 19 Oct 2016, Published online: 08 Nov 2016

References

  • Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy. 2004; 59: 469–78.
  • van den Akker-van Marle ME, Bruil J, Detmar SB. Evaluation of cost of disease: assessing the burden to society of asthma in children in the European Union. Allergy. 2005; 60: 140–9.
  • Weiss KB, Sullivan SD, Lyttle CS. Trends in the cost of illness for asthma in the United States, 1985–1994. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106: 493–9.
  • Hansen S, Strom M, Maslova E, Mortensen EL, Granstrom C, Olsen SF. A comparison of three methods to measure asthma in epidemiologic studies: results from the Danish National Birth Cohort. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e36328.
  • Nolte H, Nepper-Christensen S, Backer V. Unawareness and undertreatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a general population. Respir Med. 2006; 100: 354–62.
  • Backer V, Lykkegaard J, Bodtger U, Agertoft L, Korshoej L, Bräuner E. The Danish National Database for asthma. Clin Epidemiol. 2016; 8: 601–6.
  • Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Clark TJ, Pauwels RA, etal. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170: 836–44.
  • Patel M, Pilcher J, Pritchard A, Perrin K, Travers J, Shaw D, etal. Efficacy and safety of maintenance and reliever combination budesonide-formoterol inhaler in patients with asthma at risk of severe exacerbations: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013; 1: 32–42.
  • Rabe KF, Atienza T, Magyar P, Larsson P, Jorup C, Lalloo UG. Effect of budesonide in combination with formoterol for reliever therapy in asthma exacerbations: a randomised controlled, double-blind study. Lancet. 2006; 368: 744–53.
  • Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2016. Available from: www.ginasthma.org [cited 3 November 2016]..
  • Haahtela T, Jarvinen M, Kava T, Kiviranta K, Koskinen S, Lehtonen K, etal. Comparison of a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 388–92.
  • Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Ramsdale EH, O’Byrne PM, Hargreave FE. Effect of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) on airway hyperresponsiveness and clinical asthma in nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 142: 832–6.
  • Bateman ED, Clark TJ, Frith L, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Pedersen SE, etal. Rate of response of individual asthma control measures varies and may overestimate asthma control: an analysis of the goal study. J Asthma. 2007; 44: 667–73.
  • Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J, Villaran C, Pineiro A, Wei LX, etal. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma. A randomized, controlled trial. Montelukast/Beclomethasone Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 487–95.
  • Vathenen AS, Knox AJ, Wisniewski A, Tattersfield AE. Time course of change in bronchial reactivity with an inhaled corticosteroid in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 143: 1317–21.
  • Reddel HK, Jenkins CR, Marks GB, Ware SI, Xuan W, Salome CM, etal. Optimal asthma control, starting with high doses of inhaled budesonide. Eur Respir J. 2000; 16: 226–35.
  • Kandane-Rathnayake RK, Matheson MC, Simpson JA, Tang ML, Johns DP, Meszaros D, etal. Adherence to asthma management guidelines by middle-aged adults with current asthma. Thorax. 2009; 64: 1025–31.
  • Krishnan JA, Riekert KA, McCoy JV, Stewart DY, Schmidt S, Chanmugam A, etal. Corticosteroid use after hospital discharge among high-risk adults with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170: 1281–5.
  • Piecoro LT, Potoski M, Talbert JC, Doherty DE. Asthma prevalence, cost, and adherence with expert guidelines on the utilization of health care services and costs in a state Medicaid population. Health Serv Res. 2001; 36: 357–71.
  • Barnes CB, Ulrik CS. Asthma and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids: current status and future perspectives. Respir Care. 2015; 60: 455–68.
  • Wu AC, Butler MG, Li L, Fung V, Kharbanda EO, Larkin EK, etal. Primary adherence to controller medications for asthma is poor. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; 12: 161–6.
  • Klok T, Kaptein AA, Duiverman EJ, Brand PL. It’s the adherence, stupid (that determines asthma control in preschool children)!. Eur Respir J. 2014; 43: 783–91.
  • Inhaler Error Steering Committee Price D, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Briggs A, Chrystyn H, Rand C, etal. Inhaler competence in asthma: common errors, barriers to use and recommended solutions. Respir Med. 2013; 107: 37–46.
  • Ban GY, Trinh TH, Ye YM, Park HS. Predictors of asthma control in elderly patients. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 16: 237–43.
  • Capanoglu M, Dibek Misirlioglu E, Toyran M, Civelek E, Kocabas CN. Evaluation of inhaler technique, adherence to therapy and their effect on disease control among children with asthma using metered dose or dry powder inhalers. J Asthma. 2015; 52: 838–45.
  • Brennan VK, Osman LM, Graham H, Critchlow A, Everard ML. True device compliance: the need to consider both competence and contrivance. Respir Med. 2005; 99: 97–102.
  • Giraud V, Roche N. Misuse of corticosteroid metered-dose inhaler is associated with decreased asthma stability. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19: 246–51.
  • Kesten S, Elias M, Cartier A, Chapman KR. Patient handling of a multidose dry powder inhalation device for albuterol. Chest. 1994; 105: 1077–81.
  • Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, Sinha H, So S, Reddel HK. Metered-dose inhaler technique: the effect of two educational interventions delivered in community pharmacy over time. J Asthma. 2010; 47: 251–6.
  • Basheti IA, Reddel HK, Armour CL, Bosnic-Anticevich SZ. Improved asthma outcomes with a simple inhaler technique intervention by community pharmacists. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119: 1537–8.
  • Adams RJ, Fuhlbrigge A, Guilbert T, Lozano P, Martinez F. Inadequate use of asthma medication in the United States: results of the asthma in America national population survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 110: 58–64.
  • Bousquet J, Knani J, Henry C, Liard R, Richard A, Michel FB, etal. Undertreatment in a nonselected population of adult patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996; 98: 514–21.
  • Cerveri I, Zoia MC, Bugiani M, Corsico A, Carosso A, Piccioni P, etal. Inadequate antiasthma drug use in the north of Italy. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10: 2761–5.
  • Backer V, Ulrik CS, Harving H, Lange P, Søes-Petersen U, Plaschke PP. Management of asthma in adults: do the patients get what they need–and want?. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007; 28: 375–81.
  • Backer V, Nolte H, Pedersen L, Dam N, Harving H. Unawareness and undertreatment of asthma: follow-up in a different geographic area in Denmark. Allergy. 2009; 64: 1179–84.
  • Warman KL, Silver EJ, Stein RE. Asthma symptoms, morbidity, and antiinflammatory use in inner-city children. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 277–82.
  • Nathan RA. Beta 2 agonist therapy: oral versus inhaled delivery. J Asthma. 1992; 29: 49–54.
  • Davidsen JR, Hallas J, Søndergaard J, Christensen RD, Siersted HC, Hansen MP, etal. Association between prescribing patterns of anti-asthmatic drugs and clinically uncontrolled asthma: a cross-sectional study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 24: 647–53.
  • Colice GL. The misuse of asthma drugs. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013; 7: 307–20.
  • Haselkorn T, Fish JE, Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Miller DP, Chipps BE, etal. Consistently very poorly controlled asthma, as defined by the impairment domain of the Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines, increases risk for future severe asthma exacerbations in The Epidemiology and Natural History of Asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124: 895–902–e1–4.
  • von Bülow A, Kriegbaum M, Backer V, Porsbjerg C. The prevalence of severe asthma and low asthma control among Danish adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014; 2: 759–67. e2.
  • Winterstein AG, Hartzema AG. Pharmacy-specific quality indicators for asthma therapy. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2005; 1: 430–45.
  • Senthilselvan A, Lawson JA, Rennie DC, Dosman JA. Regular use of corticosteroids and low use of short-acting beta2-agonists can reduce asthma hospitalization. Chest. 2005; 127: 1242–51.
  • Silver HS, Blanchette CM, Kamble S, Petersen H, Letter MA, Meddis D, etal. Relationship between short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist use and healthcare costs. Am J Manag Care. 2011; 17: 19–27.
  • Vollmer WM, Markson LE, O’Connor E, Sanocki LL, Fitterman L, Berger M, etal. Association of asthma control with health care utilization and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 1647–52.
  • Juniper EF, O’Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J. 1999; 14: 902–7.
  • Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, etal. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113: 59–65.
  • Paris J, Peterson EL, Wells K, Pladevall M, Burchard EG, Choudhry S, etal. Relationship between recent short-acting β-agonist use and subsequent asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008; 101: 482–7.
  • Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Vollmer WM, Mosen D, Apter AJ, Stibolt TB, etal. Validation of a beta-agonist long-term asthma control scale derived from computerized pharmacy data. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 117: 995–1000.
  • Schatz M, Nakahiro R, Crawford W, Mendoza G, Mosen D, Stibolt TB. Asthma quality-of-care markers using administrative data. Chest. 2005; 128: 1968–73.
  • Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockroft D, etal. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149: 604–10.
  • Andrews AL, Simpson AN, Basco WT, Teufel RJ. Asthma medication ratio predicts emergency department visits and hospitalizations in children with asthma. Medicare Medicaid Res Rev. 2013; 3: E1–E10.
  • Silver HS, Blanchette CM, Kamble S, Petersen H, Letter M, Meddis D, etal. Quarterly assessment of short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist use as a predictor of subsequent health care use for asthmatic patients in the United States. J Asthma. 2010; 47: 660–6.
  • Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Vollmer WM, Mosen D, Apter AJ, Stibolt TB, etal. Development and validation of a medication intensity scale derived from computerized pharmacy data that predicts emergency hospital utilization for persistent asthma. Am J Manag Care. 2006; 12: 478–84.
  • Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Yang S-JT, Chen W, Crawford WW, Sajjan SG, etal. Relationship of asthma control to asthma exacerbations using surrogate markers within a managed care database. Am J Manag Care. 2010; 16: 327–33.
  • Cates CJ, Wieland LS, Oleszczuk M, Kew KM. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2: CD01031.
  • Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM, SMART Study Group . The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006; 129: 15–26.
  • Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, Wieland LS. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 10: CD010005.
  • Price JF, Radner F, Lenney W, Lindberg B. Safety of formoterol in children and adolescents: experience from asthma clinical trials. Arch Dis Child. 2010; 95: 1047–53.
  • Westby M, Benson M, Gibson P. Anticholinergic agents for chronic asthma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; 3 CD003269.
  • Lee SW, Kim HJ, Yoo KH, Park YB, Park JY, Jung JY, etal. Long-acting anticholinergic agents in patients with uncontrolled asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18: 1421–30.
  • Lee LA, Briggs A, Edwards LD, Yang S, Pascoe S. A randomized, three-period crossover study of umeclidinium as monotherapy in adult patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2015; 109: 63–73.
  • Vogelberg C, Engel M, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Leonaviciute-Klimantaviciene M, Sigmund R, Downie J, etal. Tiotropium in asthmatic adolescents symptomatic despite inhaled corticosteroids: a randomised dose-ranging study. Respir Med. 2014; 108: 1268–76.
  • van Schayck CP, Folgering H, Harbers H, Maas KL, van Weel C. Effects of allergy and age on responses to salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in moderate asthma and chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 1991; 46: 355–9.
  • Peters SP, Kunselman SJ, Icitovic N, Moore WC, Pascual R, Ameredes BT, etal. Tiotropium bromide step-up therapy for adults with uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 1715–26.
  • Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, Paggiaro P, Beck E, Vandewalker M, etal. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 1198–207.
  • Abadoglu O, Berk S. Tiotropium may improve asthma symptoms and lung function in asthmatic patients with irreversible airway obstruction: the real-life data. Clin Respir J. 2016; 10: 421–7.
  • Represas-Represas C, Botana-Rial M, Leiro-Fernandez V, Gonzalez-Silva AI, Garcia-Martinez A, Fernandez-Villar A. Short- and long-term effectiveness of a supervised training program in spirometry use for primary care professionals. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013; 49: 378–82.
  • Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, etal. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26: 948–68.
  • Hnizdo E, Sircar K, Yan T, Harber P, Fleming J, Glindmeyer HW. Limits of longitudinal decline for the interpretation of annual changes in FEV1 in individuals. Occup Environ Med. 2007; 64: 701–7.
  • Scichilone N, Marchese R, Soresi S, Interrante A, Togias A, Bellia V. Deep inspiration-induced changes in lung volume decrease with severity of asthma. Respir Med. 2007; 101: 951–6.
  • Picado C, Badiola C, Perulero N, Sastre J, Olaguibel JM, Lopez Vina A, etal. Validation of the Spanish version of the Asthma Control Questionnaire. Clin Ther. 2008; 30: 1918–31.
  • Kerstjens HA, Brand PL, de Jong PM, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Influence of treatment on peak expiratory flow and its relation to airway hyperresponsiveness and symptoms. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax. 1994; 49: 1109–15.
  • Carranza Rosenzweig JR, Edwards L, Lincourt W, Dorinsky P, ZuWallack RL. The relationship between health-related quality of life, lung function and daily symptoms in patients with persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2004; 98: 1157–65.
  • Lange P, Ulrik CS, Vestbo J. Mortality in adults with self-reported asthma. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Lancet (London, England). 1996; 347: 1285–9.
  • Osborne ML, Pedula KL, O’Hollaren M, Ettinger KM, Stibolt T, Buist AS, etal. Assessing future need for acute care in adult asthmatics: the Profile of Asthma Risk Study: a prospective health maintenance organization-based study. Chest. 2007; 132: 1151–61.
  • Gelb AF, Flynn Taylor C, Shinar CM, Gutierrez C, Zamel N. Role of spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide to predict exacerbations in treated asthmatics. Chest. 2006; 129: 1492–9.
  • Kitch BT, Paltiel AD, Kuntz KM, Dockery DW, Schouten JP, Weiss ST, etal. A single measure of FEV1 is associated with risk of asthma attacks in long-term follow-up. Chest. 2004; 126: 1875–82.
  • Patel M, Pilcher J, Reddel HK, Qi V, Mackey B, Tranquilino T, etal. Predictors of severe exacerbations, poor asthma control, and beta-agonist overuse for patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014; 2: 751–8.
  • Martinez FD. The origins of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in early life. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009; 6: 272–7.
  • Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Kurzius-Spencer M, Venker C, Halonen M, Quan SF, etal. The course of persistent airflow limitation in subjects with and without asthma. Respir Med. 2008; 102: 1473–82.
  • Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, Schnohr P, Jensen G. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 1194–200.
  • Connolly CK, Prescott RJ. The Darlington and Northallerton long term asthma study: pulmonary function. BMC Pulm Med. 2005; 5: 2.
  • Sposato B. Could FEV(1) decline have a role in daily clinical practice for asthma monitoring?. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013; 29: 1371–81.
  • Gibson PG, Simpson JL. The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it?. Thorax. 2009; 64: 728–35.
  • Hnizdo E. The value of periodic spirometry for early recognition of long-term excessive lung function decline in individuals. J Occup Environ Med. 2012; 54: 1506–12.
  • Contoli M, Baraldo S, Marku B, Casolari P, Marwick JA, Turato G, etal. Fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 125: 830–7.
  • Vonk JM, Jongepier H, Panhuysen CI, Schouten JP, Bleecker ER, Postma DS. Risk factors associated with the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and reduced transfer coefficient in patients with asthma after 26 years of follow up. Thorax. 2003; 58: 322–7.
  • Shaya FT, Dongyi D, Akazawa MO, Blanchette CM, Wang J, Mapel DW, etal. Burden of concomitant asthma and COPD in a Medicaid population. Chest. 2008; 134: 14–9.
  • Meyer PA, Mannino DM, Redd SC, Olson DR. Characteristics of adults dying with COPD. Chest. 2002; 122: 2003–8.
  • Coates AL, Desmond KJ, Demizio D, Allen PD. Sources of variation in FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149: 439–43.
  • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Boulet LP, McIvor RA, Fitzgerald JM, Hernandez P, etal. Overdiagnosis of asthma in obese and nonobese adults. CMAJ. 2008; 179: 1121–31.
  • Backer V, Stensen L, Sverrild A, Porsbjerg C. Confirmation of a diagnosis of asthma by asthma testing improves adherence to anti-asthma medication. Submitted.
  • Sverrild A, Malinovschi A, Porsbjerg C, Backer V, Alving K. Predicting airway hyperreactivity to mannitol using exhaled nitric oxide in an unselected sample of adolescents and young adults. Respir Med. 2013; 107: 150–2.
  • Backer V, Sverrild A, Ulrik CS, Bodtger U, Seersholm N, Porsbjerg C. Diagnostic work-up in patients with possible asthma referred to a university hospital. Eur Clin Respir J. 2015; 2: 27768. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ecrj.v2.27768.
  • Hoffmann-Petersen B, Host A, Larsen KT, Bergstein KR, Thomsen ML, Braendholt V, etal. Prevalence of IgE sensitization in Danish children with suspected asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013; 24: 727–33.
  • Grad R, Morgan WJ. Long-term outcomes of early-onset wheeze and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130: 299–307.
  • Holt PG, Sly PD. Viral infections and atopy in asthma pathogenesis: new rationales for asthma prevention and treatment. Nat Med. 2012; 18: 726–35.
  • Henderson J, Granell R, Heron J, Sherriff A, Simpson A, Woodcock A, etal. Associations of wheezing phenotypes in the first 6 years of life with atopy, lung function and airway responsiveness in mid-childhood. Thorax. 2008; 63: 974–80.
  • Savenije OE, Granell R, Caudri D, Koppelman GH, Smit HA, Wijga A, etal. Comparison of childhood wheezing phenotypes in 2 birth cohorts: ALSPAC and PIAMA. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127: 1505–12. e14..
  • Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Pappas TE, etal. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 178: 667–72.
  • Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Gurrin LC, Hill DJ, Hosking CS, Khalafzai RU, etal. House dust mite sensitization in toddlers predicts current wheeze at age 12 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128: 782–8. e9.
  • Kusel MMH, Kebadze T, Johnston SL, Holt PG, Sly PD. Febrile respiratory illnesses in infancy and atopy are risk factors for persistent asthma and wheeze. Eur Respir J. 2012; 39: 876–82.
  • Simpson A, Tan VYF, Winn J, Svensén M, Bishop CM, Heckerman DE, etal. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am J Res Crit Care Med. 2010; 181: 1200–6.
  • Arroyave WD, Rabito FA, Carlson JC. The relationship between a specific IgE level and asthma outcomes: results from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013; 1: 501–8.
  • Cheung DS, Grayson MH. Role of viruses in the development of atopic disease in pediatric patients. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012; 12: 613–20.
  • Burks AW, Tang M, Sicherer S, Muraro A, Eigenmann PA, Ebisawa M, etal. ICON: food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129: 906–20.
  • Pawankar R, Bunnag C, Khaltaev N, Bousquet J. Allergic Rhinitis and its impact on asthma in Asia Pacific and the ARIA update 2008. World Allergy Organ J. 2012; 5(Suppl 3): S212–7.
  • Agarwal R. Severe asthma with fungal sensitization. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011; 11: 403–13.
  • Basketter D, Berg N, Kruszewski FH, Sarlo K, Concoby B. Relevance of sensitization to occupational allergy and asthma in the detergent industry. J Immunotoxicol. 2012; 9: 314–9.
  • Tovey ER, Marks GB. It’s time to rethink mite allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128: 723–7. e6..
  • Baxi SN, Phipatanakul W. The role of allergen exposure and avoidance in asthma. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2010; 21: 57–71, viii–ix.
  • Gotzsche PC, Johansen HK. House dust mite control measures for asthma: systematic review. Allergy. 2008; 63: 646–59.
  • Harving H, Korsgaard J, Dahl R. House-dust mite exposure reduction in specially designed, mechanically ventilated ‘healthy’ homes. Allergy. 1994; 49: 713–8.
  • Harving H, Korsgaard J, Dahl R. Clinical efficacy of reduction in house-dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated ‘healthy’ homes. Allergy. 1994; 49: 866–70.
  • Platts-Mills TA, Mitchell EB. House dust mite avoidance. Lancet. 1982; 2: 1134.
  • Custovic A, Simpson A. The role of inhalant allergens in allergic airways disease. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012; 22: 393–401.
  • Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, Halken S, Host A, etal. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy. 2007; 62: 943–8.
  • Calderon MA, Gerth van Wijk R, Eichler I, Matricardi PM, Varga EM, Kopp MV, etal. Perspectives on allergen-specific immunotherapy in childhood: an EAACI position statement. Pediatr Allergy Immunol: official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2012; 23: 300–6.
  • Mosbech H, Deckelmann R, de Blay F, Pastorello EA, Trebas-Pietras E, Andres LP, etal. Standardized quality (SQ) house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet (ALK) reduces inhaled corticosteroid use while maintaining asthma control: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134: 568–75. e7.
  • Lambert N, Guiddir T, Amat F, Just J. Pre-treatment by omalizumab allows allergen immunotherapy in children and young adults with severe allergic asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014; 25: 829–32.
  • Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, etal. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008; 63(Suppl 86): 6–160.
  • Linneberg A, Gislum M, Johansen N, Husemoen LL, Jorgensen T. Temporal trends of aeroallergen sensitization over twenty-five years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007; 37: 1137–42.
  • Akdis M. New treatments for allergen immunotherapy. World Allergy Organ J. 2014; 7: 23.
  • Linneberg A, Bodtger U. The use of grass pollen-specific immunotherapy among grass pollen allergic rhinitis in the general population. Allergy. 2007; 62: 825–6.
  • Jutel M, Agache I, Bonini S, Burks AW, Calderon M, Canonica W, etal. International consensus on allergy immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 136: 556–68.
  • Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. Br Med J. 1950; 2: 739–48.
  • van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, ten Hacken NHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004; 59: 713–21.
  • Coogan PF, Castro-Webb N, Yu J, O’Connor GT, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Active and passive smoking and the incidence of asthma in the Black Women’s Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 191: 168–76.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in current cigarette smoking among high school students and adults, United States, 1965–2014. 2016. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm [cited 3 November 2016]..
  • Kuntz B, Lampert T. Social disparities in parental smoking and young children’s exposure to secondhand smoke at home: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data from the German KiGGS study between 2003–2006 and 2009–2012. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 485.
  • Tan CE, Glantz SA. Association between smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2012; 126: 2177–83.
  • Been JV, Nurmatov UB, Cox B, Nawrot TS, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A. Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014; 383: 1549–60.
  • Kit BK, Simon AE, Brody DJ, Akinbami LJ. US prevalence and trends in tobacco smoke exposure among children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatrics. 2013; 131: 407–14.
  • Borrelli B, McQuaid EL, Wagener TL, Hammond SK. Children with asthma versus healthy children: differences in secondhand smoke exposure and caregiver perceived risk. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014; 16: 554–61.
  • Dick S, Friend A, Dynes K, AlKandari F, Doust E, Cowie H, etal. A systematic review of associations between environmental exposures and development of asthma in children aged up to 9 years. BMJ Open. 2014; 4: e006554.
  • Dick S, Doust E, Cowie H, Ayres JG, Turner S. Associations between environmental exposures and asthma control and exacerbations in young children: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014; 4: e003827.
  • Silvestri M, Franchi S, Pistorio A, Petecchia L, Rusconi F. Smoke exposure, wheezing, and asthma development: a systematic review and meta-analysis in unselected birth cohorts. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50: 353–62.
  • Tinuoye O, Pell JP, Mackay DF. Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and physician-diagnosed childhood asthma. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013; 15: 1475–83.
  • Akinbami LJ, Kit BK, Simon AE. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on children with asthma, United States, 2003–2010. Acad Pediatr. 2013; 13: 508–16.
  • Simons E, To T, Moineddin R, Stieb D, Dell SD. Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014; 2: 201–7.
  • Strong C, Chang L-Y. Family socioeconomic status, household tobacco smoke, and asthma attack among children below 12 years of age: gender differences. J Child Health Care. 2014; 18: 388–98.
  • Tabuchi T, Fujiwara T, Nakayama T, Miyashiro I, Tsukuma H, Ozaki K, etal. Maternal and paternal indoor or outdoor smoking and the risk of asthma in their children: a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; 147: 103–8.
  • Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Neuman Å, Wickman M, Kull I, etal. Pre- and postnatal exposure to parental smoking and allergic disease through adolescence. Pediatrics. 2014; 134: 428–34.
  • Venero-Fernández SJ, Suárez-Medina R, Mora-Faife EC, García-García G, Valle-Infante I, Gómez-Marrero L, etal. Risk factors for wheezing in infants born in Cuba. QJM. 2013; 106: 1023–9.
  • Howrylak JA, Spanier AJ, Huang B, Peake RWA, Kellogg MD, Sauers H, etal. Cotinine in children admitted for asthma and readmission. Pediatrics. 2014; 133: e355–62.
  • Valsamis C, Krishnan S, Dozor AJ. The effects of low-level environmental tobacco smoke exposure on pulmonary function tests in preschool children with asthma. J Asthma. 2014; 51: 685–90.
  • Leung TF, Chan IHS, Liu TC, Lam CWK, Wong GWK. Relationship between passive smoking exposure and urinary heavy metals and lung functions in preschool children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48: 1089–97.
  • Ciaccio CE, DiDonna AC, Kennedy K, Barnes CS, Portnoy JM, Rosenwasser LJ. Association of tobacco smoke exposure and atopic sensitization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013; 111: 387–90.
  • Feleszko W, Ruszczyński M, Jaworska J, Strzelak A, Zalewski BM, Kulus M. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2014; 99: 985–92.
  • Lawson JA, Janssen I, Bruner MW, Hossain A, Pickett W. Asthma incidence and risk factors in a national longitudinal sample of adolescent Canadians: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2014; 14: 51.
  • Yoo S, Kim HB, Lee SY, Kim BS, Kim JH, Yu J, etal. Effect of active smoking on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and BHR in adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44: 954–61.
  • Thomson NC, Chaudhuri R. Asthma in smokers: challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009; 15: 39–45.
  • McLeish AC, Zvolensky MJ. Asthma and cigarette smoking: a review of the empirical literature. J Asthma. 2010; 47: 345–61.
  • Khokhawalla SA, Rosenthal SR, Pearlman DN, Triche EW. Cigarette smoking and emergency care utilization among asthmatic adults in the 2011 Asthma Call-Back Survey. J Asthma. 2015; 52: 732–9.
  • Moazed F, Calfee CS. Clearing the air. Smoking and incident asthma in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 191: 123–4.
  • Westergaard CG, Munck C, Helby J, Porsbjerg C, Hansen LH, Backer V. Predictors of neutrophilic airway inflammation in young smokers with asthma. J Asthma. 2014; 51: 341–7.
  • Accordini S, Janson C, Svanes C, Jarvis D. The role of smoking in allergy and asthma: lessons from the ECRHS. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012; 12: 185–91.
  • Ulrik CS, Lange P. Decline of lung function in adults with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 150: 629–34.
  • Lange P, Scharling H, Ulrik CS, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids and decline of lung function in community residents with asthma. Thorax. 2006; 61: 100–4.
  • Hollman GA, Allen DB. Overt glucocorticoid excess due to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Pediatrics. 1988; 81: 452–5.
  • Allen DB, Mullen M, Mullen B. A meta-analysis of the effect of oral and inhaled corticosteroids on growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994; 93: 967–76.
  • Pedersen S. Do inhaled corticosteroids inhibit growth in children?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164: 521–35.
  • Guidance for industry: Orally inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids: evaluation of the effects on growth in children. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Maryland, USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. 2007
  • Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 7: CD009471.
  • Pruteanu AI, Chauhan BF, Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose-response effects on growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 7: CD009878.
  • Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2: CD009611.
  • Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, Fuhlbrigge AL, Williams P, Zeiger RS, etal. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 904–12.
  • Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1064–9.
  • Jensen ME, Collins CE, Gibson PG, Wood LG. The obesity phenotype in children with asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011; 12: 152–9.
  • Lang JE. Obesity and asthma in children: current and future therapeutic options. Paediatr Drugs. 2014; 16: 179–88.
  • Chen YC, Dong GH, Lin KC, Lee YL. Gender difference of childhood overweight and obesity in predicting the risk of incident asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013; 14: 222–31.
  • Carroll CL, Stoltz P, Raykov N, Smith SR, Zucker AR. Childhood overweight increases hospital admission rates for asthma. Pediatrics. 2007; 120: 734–40.
  • Carroll CL, Bhandari A, Zucker AR, Schramm CM. Childhood obesity increases duration of therapy during severe asthma exacerbations. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006; 7: 527–31.
  • da Silva PL, de Mello MT, Cheik NC, Sanches PL, Correia FA, de Piano A, etal. Interdisciplinary therapy improves biomarkers profile and lung function in asthmatic obese adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47: 8–17.
  • da Silva PL, de Mello MT, Cheik NC, Sanches PL, Piano A, Corgosinho FC, etal. The role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines on exercise-induced bronchospasm in obese adolescents undergoing treatment. Respir Care. 2012; 57: 572–82.
  • van Leeuwen JC, Hoogstrate M, Duiverman EJ, Thio BJ. Effects of dietary induced weight loss on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in overweight and obese children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49: 1155–61.
  • Jensen ME, Gibson PG, Collins CE, Hilton JM, Wood LG. Diet-induced weight loss in obese children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013; 43: 775–84.
  • Beuther DA, Sutherland ER. Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175: 661–6.
  • Ali Z, Ulrik CS. Obesity and asthma: a coincidence or a causal relationship? A systematic review. Respir Med. 2013; 107: 1287–300.
  • Fitzpatrick S, Joks R, Silverberg JI. Obesity is associated with increased asthma severity and exacerbations, and increased serum immunoglobulin E in inner-city adults. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012; 42: 747–59.
  • Sutherland ER. Linking obesity and asthma. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014; 1311: 31–41.
  • Adeniyi FB, Young T. Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 7: CD009339.
  • Rabe KF, Vermeire PA, Soriano JB, Maier WC. Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study. Eur Respir J. 2000; 16: 802–7.
  • Ferreira-Magalhaes M, Sa-Sousa A, Morais-Almeida M, Azevedo LF, Azevedo I, Pereira AM, etal. High prevalence of hospitalisation for asthma in a population-based paediatric sample. Arch Dis Child. 2015; 100: 507–8.
  • Lougheed MD, Garvey N, Chapman KR, Cicutto L, Dales R, Day AG, etal. The Ontario Asthma Regional Variation Study: emergency department visit rates and the relation to hospitalization rates. Chest. 2006; 129: 909–17.
  • Rowe BH, Voaklander DC, Wang D, Senthilselvan A, Klassen TP, Marrie TJ, etal. Asthma presentations by adults to emergency departments in Alberta, Canada: a large population-based study. Chest. 2009; 135: 57–65.
  • Mossing R, Nielsen GD. [Cost-of-illness of asthma in Denmark in the year 2000]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2003; 165: 2646–9.
  • Kocevar VS, Bisgaard H, Jonsson L, Valovirta E, Kristensen F, Yin DD, etal. Variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries. Chest. 2004; 125: 1680–4.
  • Lane S, Molina J, Plusa T. An international observational prospective study to determine the cost of asthma exacerbations (COAX). Respir Med. 2006; 100: 434–50.
  • Reddel H, Ware S, Marks G, Salome C, Jenkins C, Woolcock A. Differences between asthma exacerbations and poor asthma control. Lancet. 1999; 353: 364–9.
  • Moore WC, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Ameredes BT, Bacharier L, etal. Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Severe Asthma Research Program. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119: 405–13.
  • Peters SP, Jones CA, Haselkorn T, Mink DR, Valacer DJ, Weiss ST. Real-world Evaluation of Asthma Control and Treatment (REACT): findings from a national Web-based survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119: 1454–61.
  • Griswold SK, Nordstrom CR, Clark S, Gaeta TJ, Price ML, Camargo CA Jr. Asthma exacerbations in North American adults: who are the ‘frequent fliers’ in the emergency department?. Chest. 2005; 127: 1579–86.
  • Jackson DJ, Sykes A, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Asthma exacerbations: origin, effect, and prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128: 1165–74.
  • Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Effect of gender on hospital admissions for asthma and prevalence of self–reported asthma: a prospective study based on a sample of the general population. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Thorax. 1997; 52: 287–9.
  • Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, Boulet LP, Boushey HA, Busse WW, etal. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 180: 59–99.
  • Sears MR. Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122: 662–8.
  • Fu LS, Tsai MC. Asthma exacerbation in children: a practical review. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014; 55: 83–91.
  • Miller MK, Lee JH, Miller DP, Wenzel SE, TENOR Study Group . Recent asthma exacerbations: a key predictor of future exacerbations. Respir Med. 2007; 101: 481–9.
  • Murphy VE, Gibson P, Talbot PI, Clifton VL. Severe asthma exacerbations during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106: 1046–54.
  • Chilmonczyk BA, Salmun LM, Megathlin KN, Neveux LM, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, etal. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 1665–9.
  • Lemiere C, Ernst P, Olivenstein R, Yamauchi Y, Govindaraju K, Ludwig MS, etal. Airway inflammation assessed by invasive and noninvasive means in severe asthma: eosinophilic and noneosinophilic phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 118: 1033–9.
  • ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Masclee AA, Spinhoven P, Schmidt JT, Zwinderman AH, etal. Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26: 812–8.
  • Kupczyk M, ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Bel EH, Papi A, Chanez P, etal. Frequent exacerbators–a distinct phenotype of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014; 44: 212–21.
  • Koga T, Oshita Y, Kamimura T, Koga H, Aizawa H. Characterisation of patients with frequent exacerbation of asthma. Respir Med. 2006; 100: 273–8.
  • Jorgensen IM, Jensen VB, Bulow S, Dahm TL, Prahl P, Juel K. Asthma mortality in the Danish child population: risk factors and causes of asthma death. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36: 142–7.
  • Bergstrom SE, Boman G, Eriksson L, Formgren H, Foucard T, Horte LG, etal. Asthma mortality among Swedish children and young adults, a 10-year study. Respir Med. 2008; 102: 1335–41.
  • Luskin AT, Chipps BE, Rasouliyan L, Miller DP, Haselkorn T, Dorenbaum A. Impact of asthma exacerbations and asthma triggers on asthma-related quality of life in patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014; 2: 544–52 e1–2.
  • Bai TR, Vonk JM, Postma DS, Boezen HM. Severe exacerbations predict excess lung function decline in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2007; 30: 452–6.
  • Moonie SA, Sterling DA, Figgs L, Castro M. Asthma status and severity affects missed school days. J Sch Health. 2006; 76: 18–24.
  • Bonilla S, Kehl S, Kwong KY, Morphew T, Kachru R, Jones CA. School absenteeism in children with asthma in a Los Angeles inner city school. J Pediatr. 2005; 147: 802–6.
  • Rabe KF, Adachi M, Lai CK, Soriano JB, Vermeire PA, Weiss KB, etal. Worldwide severity and control of asthma in children and adults: the global asthma insights and reality surveys. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 40–7.
  • Ward MM, Javitz HS, Smith WM, Whan MA. Lost income and work limitations in persons with chronic respiratory disorders. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55: 260–8.
  • Kusel MM, de Klerk NH, Kebadze T, Vohma V, Holt PG, Johnston SL, etal. Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119: 1105–10.
  • Sly PD, Boner AL, Bjorksten B, Bush A, Custovic A, Eigenmann PA, etal. Early identification of atopy in the prediction of persistent asthma in children. Lancet. 2008; 372: 1100–6.
  • Cameron P, Kostin JS, Zaks JM, Wolfe JH, Tighe G, Oselett B, etal. The health of smokers’ and nonsmokers’ children. J Allergy. 1969; 43: 336–41.
  • Harlap S, Davies AM. Infant admissions to hospital and maternal smoking. Lancet. 1974; 1: 529–32.
  • Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood. Thorax. 1997; 52: 905–14.
  • Cook DG, Strachan DP. Health effects of passive smoking-10: summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research. Thorax. 1999; 54: 357–66.
  • Cook DG, Strachan DP. Health effects of passive smoking. 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children. Thorax. 1997; 52: 1081–94.
  • Paulose-Ram R, Tilert T, Dillon CF, Brody DJ. Cigarette smoking and lung obstruction among adults aged 40–79: United States, 2007–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2015; 181: 1–8.