The impact of the military mission in Afghanistan on mental health in the Canadian Armed Forces: a summary of research findings

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 2000; Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Traumatic brain injury among members of the active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 1997–2006. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2007; 14(5): 2–6.
   Google Scholar
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Deaths by suicide while on active duty, active and reserve components, U.S. Armed Forces, 1998–2011. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2012; 19(6): 7–10.
   Google Scholar
• Belik S. L., Stein M. B., Asmundson G. J., Sareen J. Relation between traumatic events and suicide attempts in Canadian military personnel. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 54(2): 93–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belik S. L., Stein M. B., Asmundson G. J., Sareen J. Are Canadian soldiers more likely to have suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than Canadian civilians?. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 172(11): 1250–1258.
   Google Scholar
• Bohn M. J., Babor T. F., Kranzler H. R. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1995; 56(4): 423–432. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Boulos D. L., Zamorski M. A. Deployment-related mental disorders in Canadian Forces personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan, 2001–2008. CMAJ. 2013; 185(11): 545–E552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant R. A. Mental disorders and traumatic injury. Depression and Anxiety. 2011; 28(2): 99–102.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Armed Forces. Road to mental readiness (R2MR) program. 2013; National Defence and Canadian Forces Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.forces.gc.ca/health-sante/ps/mh-sm/r2mr-rvpm/default-eng.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Department of National Defence. Health and lifestyle information survey 2004: Regular Forces report. 2005; Ottawa, ON: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Department of National Defence . 2008/2009 Health and lifestyle information survey: Regular Forces report. 2010; Ottawa, ON: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Fikretoglu D., Liu A., Pedlar D., Brunet A. Patterns and predictors of treatment delay for mental disorders in a nationally representative, active Canadian military sample. Medical Care. 2010; 48(1): 10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Garber B. G. Canadian Forces Health Services Advisory Panel on management of mild traumatic brain injury in military operational settings: Report. 2008; Canadian Forces Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://cmp-cpm.forces.mil.ca/health-sante/ps/dh-sd/tbi-tcl-eng.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Garber B. G., Zamorski M. A., Jetly R. Mental health of Canadian Forces personnel while on deployment to Afghanistan. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2012; 57(12): 736–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss Gilroy Inc. Health study of the Canadian Forces personnel involved in the 1991 conflict in the Persian Gulf (1). 1998; Ottawa: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Abelson J., Demler O., Escobar J., Gibbon M., Guyer M. E., etal. Clinical calibration of DSM-IV diagnoses in the World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2004; 13(2): 122–139.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Andrews G., Mroczek D. K., Ustun T. B., Wittchen H. U. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998; 7: 171–185.
   Google Scholar
• Lee J. E. C., Sudom K. A., Zamorski M. A. Longitudinal analysis of psychological resilience and mental health in Canadian military personnel returning from overseas deployment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2013; 18(3): 327–337. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield D., McLeod G., Hall P. The CAGE questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974; 131(10): 1121–1123. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Mendes D. D., Mello M. F., Ventura P., Passarela C. M., Mari J. J. A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2008; 38(3): 241–259.
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Surgeon General, U. A. M. C. Final report: Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) IV—Operation Iraqi Freedom 05–07. 2006; Washington, DC: US Army Medical Command.
   Google Scholar
• Prins A., Ouimette P., Kimerling R., Cameron R. P., Hugelshofer D. S., Shaw-Hegwer J., etal. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operative characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry. 2003; 9(1): 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sareen J., Belik S. L., Afifi T. O., Asmundson G. J., Cox B. J., Stein M. B. Canadian military personnel's population attributable fractions of mental disorders and mental health service use associated with combat and peacekeeping operations. American Journal of Public Health. 2008; 98(12): 2191–2198.
   Google Scholar
• Sareen J., Cox B. J., Afifi T. O., Stein M. B., Belik S. L., Meadows G., etal. Combat and peacekeeping operations in relation to prevalence of mental disorders and perceived need for mental health care: Findings from a large representative sample of military personnel. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007; 64(7): 843–852.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab K. A., Ivins B., Cramer G., Johnson W., Sluss-Tiller M., Kiley K., etal. Screening for traumatic brain injury in troops returning from deployment in Afghanistan and Iraq: Initial investigation of the usefulness of a short screening tool for traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2007; 22(6): 377–389.
   Google Scholar
• Sedge P., Devlin J., Joshi V. The prevalence and occupational impact of posttraumatic stress disorder in a Canadian Forces military cohort: A retrospective chart review. 2012; Ottawa: Department of National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Smith B., Chu L. K., Smith T. C., Amoroso P. J., Boyko E. J., Hooper T. I., etal. Challenges of self-reported medical conditions and electronic medical records among members of a large military cohort. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2008; 8: 37.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer R. L., Kroenke K., Williams J. B. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999; 282(18): 1737–1744.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer R. L., Williams J. B., Kroenke K., Linzer M., deGruy F. V., III, Hahn S. R., etal. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA. 1994; 272(22): 1749–1756. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey Mental Health and Well-being Cycle 1.2: Master file documentation. 2002; Statistics Canada Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/document/5015_D4_T1_V1_E.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. The daily: Canadian Community Health Survey: Canadian Forces supplement on mental health. 2003; Statistics Canada Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/030905/dq030905b-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2: Mental Health and Well-being—Canadian Forces: Master file documentation. 2004; Statistics Canada Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/document/5084_D1_T1_V1_E.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Canadian Forces cancer and mortality study. 2011; Statistics Canada Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-580-x/82-580-x2005001-eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Stein D. J., Ipser J., McAnda N. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of meta-analyses and treatment guidelines. CNS Spectrums. 2009; 14(Suppl 1): 25–31. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. A population-based study. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. JAMA. 1997; 277(3): 238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J. L., Wilk J. E., Riviere L. A., McGurk D., Castro C. A., Hoge C. W. Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2010; 67(6): 614–623.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson J., MacLean M. B., Van Til L., Sweet J., Poirier A., Pedlar D., etal. Survey on transition to civilian life: Report on Regular Force veterans. 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/acc-vac/V32-231-2011-eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Warden D. L., Ryan L. M. War neurotrauma: The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) experience at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). 2005. National Neurotrauma Society Web Site. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.neurotrauma.org/2005/AbstractIndex/pdf/nns2005_0337.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Warner C. H., Appenzeller G. N., Grieger T., Belenkiy S., Breitbach J., Parker J., etal. Importance of anonymity to encourage honest reporting in mental health screening after combat deployment. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2011; 68(10): 1065–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers F. W., Litz B. T., Herman D. S., Huska J. A., Keane T. M. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. 1993; San Antonio, TX: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers F. W., Litz B. T., Huska J. A., Keane T. M. The PTSD Checklist (PCL)—Civilian version. 1994; Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A. Preliminary report on the self-reported incidence of mild traumatic brain injury/concussion in CF members deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan. 2009; Ottawa: Department of National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A. Report of the Canadian Forces expert panel on suicide prevention. 2010; Ottawa: Department of National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A. Report on the findings of the enhanced post-deployment screening of those returning from Op ARCHER/Task Force Afghanistan as of 11 February 2011. 2011a; Ottawa: Department of National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A. Suicide prevention in military organizations. International Review of Psychiatry. 2011b; 23(2): 173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A., Uppal S., Boddam R., Gendron F. The prevalence of mental health problems in the Canadian Armed Forces: Comparison with the Canadian general population. 2006a. Poster presented at the Canadian Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON, 24 May 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A., Ng E., Uppal S., Boddam R., Gendron F. Prevalence of mental health problems in the Canadian regular and reserve forces: Exploration of occupational risk factors. 2006b. Poster presented at the American Psychiatric Association Meeting, Toronto, ON, 24 May 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski M. A., Rusu C., Garber B. G. Prevalence and correlates of mental health problems in canadian forces personnel who deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan: Findings from postdeployment Screenings, 2009–2012. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014. 59(6), 319–326..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar