Optimizing fitness for duty and post-combat clinical services for military personnel and combat veterans with ADHD—a systematic review of the current literature

References

• Adler L. A., Kunz M., Chua H. C., Rotrosen J., Resnick S. G. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Is ADHD a vulnerability factor?. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2004; 8: 11–16. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Adler L. A., Spencer T., Faraone S. V., Kessler R. C., Howes M. J., Biederman J., etal. Validity of pilot Adult ADHDSelf-Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD symptoms. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2006; 18(3): 145–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antshel K. M., Kaul P., Biederman J., Spencer T. J., Hier B. O., Hendricks K. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Clinical features and familial transmission. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013; 74(3): e197–e204. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Arnsten A. F. Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: An important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction. CNS Drugs. 2009; 23(Suppl. 1): 33–41. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Arnsten A. F., Pliszka S. R. Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2011; 99(2): 211–216. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Arnsten A. F., Rubia K. Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012; 51(4): 356–367. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Barkley R. A. Driving impairments in teens and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2004; 27: 233–260. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Bauer M. R., Ruef A. M., Pineles S. L., Japuntich S. J., Macklin M. L., Lasko N. B., etal. Psychophysiological assessment of PTSD: A potential research domain criteria construct. Psychological Assessment. 2013; 25(3): 1037–1043. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J., Petty C. R., Clarke A., Lomedico A., Faraone S. V. Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011; 45(2): 150–155. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Brehaut J. C, Miller A., Raina P., McGrail K. M. Childhood behavior disorders and injuries among children and youth: A population-based study. Pediatrics. 2003; 111: 262–269. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Castellanos F. X., Lee P. P., Sharp W., Jeffries N. O., Greenstein D. K., Clasen L. S., etal. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA. 2002; 288(14): 1740–1748. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Chen J. A., Keller S. M., Zoellner L. A., Feeny N. C. “How will it help me?” Reasons underlying treatment preferences between sertraline and prolonged exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2013; 201(8): 691–697. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• De Sousa A., Kalra G. Drug therapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Current trends. Mens Sana Monographs. 2012; 10(1): 45–69. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Fani N., Jovanovic T., Ely T. D., Bradley D., Tone E. B., Ressler K. J. Neural correlates of attention bias to threat in post-traumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychology. 2012; 90: 134–142. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ford J. D., Racusin R., Ellis C. G., Daviss W. B., Reiser J., Fleischer A., etal. Child maltreatment, other trauma exposure, and posttraumatic symptomatology among children with oppositional defiant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Child Maltreatment. 2000; 5(3): 205–217. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Gamo N. J., Arnsten A. F. Molecular modulation of prefrontal cortex: Rational development of treatments for psychiatric disorders. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2011; 125(3): 282–296. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Halperin J. M., Schulz K. P. Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Bulletin. 2006; 132(4): 560–581. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hanson J. A., Haub M. D., Walker J. J., Johnston D. T., Goff B. S., Dretsch M. N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and their relation to cognitive functioning, mood states, and combat stress symptomatology in deploying U.S. soldiers. Military Medicine. 2012; 177(6): 655–662. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Harrington K. M., Miller M. W., Wolf E. J., Reardon A. F., Ryabchenko K. A., Ofrat S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2012; 53(6): 679–690. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hughes K. C., Shin L. M. Functional neuroimaging of post-traumatic stress disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2011; 11(2): 275–285. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov I., Bansal R., Zhu H., Hao X., Sanchez-Pena J., Klahr K., etal. Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 167(4): 397–408. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov I., Murrough J., Bansal R., Hao X., Peterson B. Cerebellar morphology and the effects of stimulant medications in youths with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014; 39(3): 718–726. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kasparek T., Theiner P., Filova A. Neurobiology of ADHD from childhood to adulthood: Findings of imaging methods. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Adler L., Barkley R., Biederman J., Conners C. K., Demler O., etal. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 163: 716–723. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Klein R. G., Mannuzza S., Olazagasti M. A., Roizen E., Hutchison J. A., Lashua E. C., etal. Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2013; 69: 1295–1303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen K. C., Moffitt T. E., Poulton R., Martin J., Caspi A. Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: Results form a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychological Medicine. 2007; 37: 181–192. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Kooij J. J., Conners K. C., Goto T., Tanaka Y., Williams D., Allen A. J., etal. Validity of Conners’ adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder rating scale-investigator rated: Screening version in patients from within and outside of Europe. Psychiatry Research. 2013; 208(1): 94–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss M. R., Russell R. K., Powers T. E., Li Y. Accession standards for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A survival analysis of military recruits, 1995–2000. Military Medicine. 2006; 171(2): 99–102. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lam L. T. Attention deficit disorder and hospitalization due to injury among older adolescents in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2002; 6: 77–82. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Larson G. E., Hammer P. S., Conway T. L., Schmied E. A., Galarneau M. R., Konoske P., etal. Predeployment and in-theater diagnoses of American military personnel serving in Iraq. Psychiatric Services. 2011; 62(1): 15–21. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lee D. Y., Lee C. S., Park C. S., Kim B. J., Cha B. S., Lee S. J., etal. Effect of symptoms of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in Korean conscripts. Psychiatry Investigation. 2012; 9(2): 154–160. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Mayes R., Bagwell C., Erkulwater J. ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2008; 16(3): 151–166. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Memorandum, Policy Guidance for Deployment-Limiting Psychiatric Conditions and Medications. Washington, DC, US Department of Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. Retrieved November 7, 2006, from www.ha.osd.mil/policies/2006/061107_deployment-limiting_psych_conditions_meds.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson B. S., Potenza M. N., Wang Z., Zhu H., Martin A., Marsh R., etal. An FMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 166(11): 1286–1294. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Pliszka S., AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007; 46(7): 894–921. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Proal E., Reiss P. T., Klein R. G., Mannuzza S., Gotimer K., Ramos-Olazagasti M. A., etal. Brain gray matter deficits at 33-year follow-up in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder established in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2011; 68(11): 1122–1134. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ravindran L. N., Stein M. B. The pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders: A review of progress. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010; 71: 839–854. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Rice V. J., Butler J., Marra D. The relationship between symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder with soldier performance during training. Work. 2013; 44(Suppl. 1): S105–S114. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Rona R., Hooper R., Jones M., Iversen A. C., Hull L., Murphy D., etal. The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post-Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2009; 22: 11–19. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Rowland A. S., Skipper B. J., Umbach D. M., Rabiner D. L., Campbell R. A., Naftel A. J. The prevalence of ADHD in a population-based sample. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelson K. W., Krueger C. E., Burnett C., Wilson C. K. Neuropsychological functioning in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Neuropsychology. 2010; 16(2): 119–133. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Shaw P., Eckstrand K., Sharp W., Blumenthal J., Lerch J. P., Greenstein D., etal. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007; 104(49): 19649–19654. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Shvil E., Rusch H. L., Sullivan G. M., Neria Y. Neural, psychophysiological, and behavioral markers of fear processing in PTSD: A review of the literature. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2013; 15: 358. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Silva D., Colvin L., Hagemann E., Stanley F., Bower C. Children diagnosed with attention deficit disorder and their hospitalisations: Population data linkage study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Solanto M. V., Marks D. J., Wasserstein J., Mitchell K., Abikoff H., Alvir J. M., etal. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 167(8): 958–968. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Sowell E. R., Thompson P. M., Welcome S. E., Henkenius A. L., Toga A. W., Peterson B. S. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2003; 362(9397): 1699–1707. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Spencer R. C., Klein R. M., Berridge C. W. Psychostimulants act within the prefrontal cortex to improve cognitive function. Biological Psychiatry 1. 2012; 72(3): 221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman S. Relationships between the nature and timing of mental disorders before and after deploying to Iraq/Afghanistan, active component, US Armed Forces, 2002–2008. MSMR: Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2009; 16(2): 2–6.
   Google Scholar
• Tawa J., Murphy S. Psychopharmacological treatment for military posttraumatic stress disorder: An integrative review. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 2013; 25(8): 419–423. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• van Lieshout M., Luman M., Buitelaar J., Rommelse N. N., Oosterlaan J. Does neurocognitive functioning predict future or persistence of ADHD? A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013; 33(4): 539–560. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Visser S. N., Danielson M. L., Bitsko R. H., Holbrook J. R., Kogan M. D., Ghandour R. M. Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003–2011. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014; 53: 34–46.e2. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Weber D. A., Reynolds C. R. Clinical perspectives on neurobiological effects of psychological trauma. Neuropsychology Review. 2004; 14(2): 115–129. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Wisdom N. M., Pastorek N. J., Miller B. I., Booth J. E., Romesser J. M., Linck J. F. PTSD and cognitive functioning: Importance of including performance validity testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar