Sudden losses and sudden gains during a DBT-PTSD treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse

References

• Aderka I. M, Appelbaum-Namdar E, Shafran N, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Sudden gains in prolonged exposure for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011; 79(4): 441–446. 10.1037/a0024112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka I. M, Nickerson A, Boe H. J, Hofmann S. G. Sudden gains during psychological treatments of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2012; 80(1): 93–101. 10.1037/a0026455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000; 4th ed., text rev. ed., Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Beck A, Steer R, Brown G. Beck Depression Inventory-II Manual. 1996; 2nd ed, San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Becker C. B, Zayfert C, Anderson E. A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(3): 277–292. 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00138-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson J. I, Ehlers A, Matthews R, Pilling S, Richards D, Turner S. Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 190: 97–104. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake D. D, Weathers F. W, Nagy L. M, Kaloupek D. G, Klauminzer G. K, Charney D. S, etal. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) instruction manual. 2000; Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Bohus M, Borgmann E, Meinlschmidt G, Schneider S, Margraf J. Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Borderline personality disorder Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie. Materialien für die Psychotherapie. Textbook of behavioural therapy. Materials for psychotherapy 2012; Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 271–277.
   Google Scholar
• Bohus M, Dyer A. S, Priebe K, Krüger A, Kleindienst N, Schmahl C, etal. DBT for PTSD after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled study. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2013; 82: 221–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Limberger M. F, Stieglitz R. D, Domsalla M, Chapman A. L, etal. The short version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23): Development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology. 2009; 42(1): 32–39. 10.1159/000173701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, Dutra L, Westen D. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005; 162(2): 214–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill S. P, Foa E. B, Hembree E. A, Marshall R. D, Nacash N. Dissemination of exposure therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2006; 19(5): 597–610. 10.1002/jts.20173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chard K. M. An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2005; 73(5): 965–971. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M. Effective psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and critique. CNS Spectrums. 2009; 14(Suppl 1): 32–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Koenen K. C, Cohen L. R, Han H. Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002; 70(5): 1067–1074. 10.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Stolbach B. C, Herman J. L, Van der Kolk B, Pynoos R, Wang J, etal. A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2009; 22(5): 399–408. 10.1002/jts.20444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Stovall-McClough K. C, Nooner K, Zorbas P, Cherry S, Jackson C. L, etal. Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 167(8): 915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutajar M. C, Mullen P. E, Ogloff J. R, Thomas S. D, Wells D. L, Spataro J. Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2010; 34(11): 813–822. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis L. R. SCL-90-R, administration, scoring & procedures manual-II for the revised version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. 1992; Townson: Clinical Psychometric Research.
   Google Scholar
• Devilly G. J, Foa E. B. The investigation of exposure and cognitive therapy: Comment on Tarrier et al. (1999). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001; 69(1): 114–116. 10.1037//0022-006x.69.1.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doane L. S, Feeny N. C, Zoellner L. A. A preliminary investigation of sudden gains in exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2010; 48(6): 555–560. 10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeny N. C, Hembree E. A, Zoellner L. A. Myths regarding exposure therapy for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2003; 10(1): 85–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson D. M, McLeod G. F, Horwood L. J. Childhood sexual abuse and adult developmental outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New Zealand. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2013; 37(9): 664–674. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First M. B, Spitzer R. L, Gibbon M, Williams J. B. W, Benjamin L. S. User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I) – clinical version. 1997; Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa E. B, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment. 1997; 9: 445–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa E. B, Keane T. M, Friedman M. J, Cohen J. A. Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the international society for traumatic stress studies. 2009; 2nd ed, New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Foa E. B, Riggs D. S, Dancu C. V, Rothbaum B. O. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress. 1993; 6: 459–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa E. B, Zoellner L. A, Feeny N. C, Hembree E. A, Alvarez-Conrad J. Does imaginal exposure exacerbate PTSD symptoms?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002; 70(4): 1022–1028. 10.1037//0022-006x.70.4.1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembree E. A, Foa E. B, Dorfan N. M, Street G. P, Kowalski J, Tu X. Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD?. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2003; 16(6): 555–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imel Z. E, Laska K, Jakupcak M, Simpson T. L. Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2013; 81(3): 394–404. 10.1037/a0031474.supp.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayawickreme N, Cahill S. P, Riggs D. S, Rauch S. A, Resick P. A, Rothbaum B. O, etal. Primum non nocere (first do no harm): Symptom worsening and improvement in female assault victims after prolonged exposure for PTSD. Depression and Anxiety. 2014; 31(5): 412–419. 10.1002/da.22225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaycox L. H, Foa E. B. Obstacles in implementing exposure therapy for PTSD: Case discussions and practical solutions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 1996; 3(3): 176–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun J. J, Zoellner L. A, Feeny N. C. Sudden gains in prolonged exposure and sertraline for chronic PTSD. Depression and Anxiety. 2013; 30(7): 607–613. 10.1002/da.22119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly K. A, Rizvi S. L, Monson C. M, Resick P. A. The impact of sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress. 2009; 22(4): 287–293. 10.1002/jts.20427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly M. A. R, Roberts J. E, Ciesla J. A. Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral treatment for depression: When do they occur and do they matter?. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(6): 703–714. 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan M. M, Comtois K. A, Brown M. Z, Heard H. L, Wagner A. Suicide attempt self-injury interview (SASII): Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury. Psychological Assessment. 2006; 18(3): 303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loranger A.W, Sartorius N, Andreoli A, Berger P, Buchheim P, Channabasavanna S. M, etal. The international personality disorder examination, IPDE. The WHO/ADAMHA international pilot study of personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994; 51: 215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz W, Ehrlich T, Rubel J, Hallwachs N, Rottger M. A, Jorasz C, etal. The ups and downs of psychotherapy: Sudden gains and sudden losses identified with session reports. Psychotherapy Research. 2013; 23(1): 14–24. 10.1080/10503307.2012.693837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman R. K, Altman B, Greenwald E, Longpre R. E, Macklin M. L, Poiré R. E, etal. Psychiatric complications during flooding therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991; 51(1): 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Priebe K, Kleindienst N, Zimmer J, Koudela S, Ebner-Priemer U, Bohus M. Frequency of intrusions and flashbacks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: An electronic diary study. Psychological Assessment. 2013; 25(4): 1370–1376. 10.1037/a0033816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen C. S, Chow H. C, Finne J. F, Greenbaum M. A, Moos R. H, Sheikh J. I, etal. VA Practice patterns and practice guidelines for treating posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2004; 17(3): 213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steil R, Dyer A, Priebe K, Kleindienst N, Bohus M. Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2011; 24(1): 102–106. 10.1002/jts.20617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang T. Z, DeRubeis R. J. Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999; 67(6): 894–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang T. Z, DeRubeis R. J, Hollon S. D, Amsterdam J, Shelton R. Sudden gains in cognitive therapy of depression and depression relapse/recurrence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2007; 75(3): 404–408. 10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrier N, Pilgrim H, Sommerfield C, Faragher B, Reynolds M, Graham E, etal. A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999; 67(1): 13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J. E, Harvey S. T. A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with adults sexually abused in childhood. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(6): 749–767. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Minnen A, Harned M. S, Zoellner L, Mills K. Examining potential contraindications for prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2012; 3 18805, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick C, Johnson D. M, Yen S, Battle C. L, Sanislow C. A, Skodol A. E, etal. Clinical features and impairment in women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), BPD without PTSD, and other personality disorders with PTSD. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003; 191(11): 706–713. 10.1097/01.nmd.0000095122.29476.ff.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar