9,839
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special issue: Global mental health: Trauma and adversity among populations in transition

Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: a debate piece

, &
Article: 28687 | Received 28 May 2015, Accepted 08 Dec 2015, Published online: 12 Feb 2016

References

  • Acarturk C., Konuk E., Cetinkaya M., Senay I., Sijbrandij M., Cuijpers P., Aker T. EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2015; 6: 27414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414 [PubMed Abstract].
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000; Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. (Revised 4th ed.).
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2013; Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 5th ed..
  • Bisson J. I., Ehlers A., Matthews R., Pilling S., Richards D., Turner S. Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 2: 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402.
  • Boroske-Leiner K. , Hofmann A. , Sack M . Ergebnisse zur internen und externen Validität des Interviews zur komplexen Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (I-kPTBS) [Assessment of complex PTSD: Internal and external validity of a diagnostic interview]. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie. 2008; 58(5): 192–199.
  • Cloitre M., Courtois C. A., Ford J. D., Green B. L., Alexander P., Briere J., Van der Hart O. The ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2013, from http://www.istss.org/treating-trauma/istss-complex-ptsd-treatment-guidelines.aspx.
  • Cloitre M., Stolbach B. C., Herman J. L., Van der Kolk B., Pynoos R., Wang J., Petkova E. A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2009; 22(5): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Courtois C. A. , Ford J. D . Treating complex traumatic stress disorder: An evidence-based guide. 2009; New York: Guilford Press.
  • De Jong J. T., Komproe I. H., Spinazzola J., Van der Kolk B. A., Van Ommeren M. H. DESNOS in three postconflict settings: Assessing cross-cultural construct equivalence. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005; 18: 13–21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20005 [PubMed Abstract].
  • De Jong K., Knipscheer J. W., Ford N., Kleber R. J. The efficacy of psychosocial interventions for adults in contexts of ongoing man-made violence: A systematic review. Health. 2014; 6: 504–516. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.66070.
  • Dorahy M. J., Corry M., Shannon M., MacSherry A., Hamilton G., McRobert G., Hanna D. Complex PTSD, interpersonal trauma and relational consequences: Findings from a treatment-receiving Northern Irish sample. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009; 112: 71–80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.003 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Dyer K. F. W., Dorahy M. J., Hamilton G., Corry M., Shannon M., MacSherry A., McElhill B. Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and complex PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009; 65(10): 1099–1114. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20619 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Ehlers A., Bisson J., Clark D. M., Creamer M., Pilling S., Richards D., Yule W. Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder?. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30: 269–276. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.001 [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
  • Eitinger L . Dimsdale J. E . The concentration camp syndrome and its late sequelae. Survivors, victims and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. 1980; Washington, DC: Hemisphere. 127–162.
  • Ford J. D. Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: Associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999; 67(1): 3–12.
  • Ford J. D., Stockton P., Kaltman S., Green B. L. Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) symptoms are associated with type and severity of interpersonal trauma exposure in a sample of healthy young women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2006; 23: 1399–1416. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260506292992.
  • Friedman M. J. Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: Getting here from there and where to go next. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2013; 26: 548–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21840 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Herman J. L . Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1992a; 5: 377–391.
  • Herman J. L . Trauma and recovery. 1992b; New York: Basic Books.
  • Hinton D. E., Rivera E. I., Hofmann S. G., Barlow D. H., Otto M. W. Adapting CBT for traumatized refugees and ethnic minority patients: Examples from culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT). Transcultural Psychiatry. 2012; 49(2): 340–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461512441595 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Ioannidis J. P. A., Evans S. J. W., Gøtzsche P. C., O'Neill R. T., Altman D. G., Schulz K., Moher D. Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: An extension of the CONSORT Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004; 141: 781–788.
  • Jongedijk R. A., Carlier I. V. E., Schreuder B. J. N., Gersons B. P. R. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS among Dutch war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1996; 9(3): 577–586. [PubMed Abstract].
  • Lambert J. E., Alhassoon O. M. Trauma-focused therapy for refugees: Meta-analytic findings. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2015; 62(1): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000048 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Landy M. S. H., Wagner A. C., Brown-Bowers A., Monson C. M. Examining the evidence for complex posttraumatic stress disorder as a clinical diagnosis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma. 2015; 24(3): 215–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1002649.
  • Luxenberg T. , Spinazzola J. H. , Hunt C. , Van der Kolk B . Complex trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) diagnosis. Directions in Psychiatry. 2001; 21: 373–414.
  • Maercker A., Brewin C. R., Bryant R. A., Cloitre M., Reed G. M., Van Ommeren M., Saxena S. Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11. Lancet. 2013; 381: 1683–1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62191-6 [PubMed Abstract].
  • McLean L. M., Toner B., Jackson J., Desrocher M., Stuckless N. The relationship between childhood sexual abuse, complex post-traumatic stress disorder and alexithymia in two outpatient samples: Examination of women treated in community and institutional clinics. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2006; 15(3): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n03_01 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Momartin S., Coello M. Self-harming behaviour and dissociation in complex PTSD: Case study of a male tortured refugee. Torture. 2006; 16(1): 20–29. [PubMed Abstract].
  • Mooren T. , Stöfsel M . Diagnosing and treating complex trauma. 2015; East Sussex: Routledge.
  • Morina N., Ford J. D. Complex sequelae of psychological trauma among Kosovar civilian war victims. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2008; 54: 425–436. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764008090505 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Morina N. , Stangier U . Komplexe Traumatisierung als Folge ziviler Kriegserlebnisse: Eine Kurzmitteilung [Complex traumatisation as a consequence of civil war experiences: Brief report]. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie. 2007; 53: 373–379.
  • Mørkved N., Hartmann K., Aarsheim L. M., Holena D., Milde A. M., Bomyea J., Thorp S. R. A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review. 2014; 34: 453–467. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.06.005.
  • Morris P., Silove D., Manicavasagar V., Bowles R., Cunningham M., Tarn R. Variations in therapeutic interventions for Cambodian and Chilean refugee survivors of torture and trauma: A pilot study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993; 27: 429–435.
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. 2005; London: Gaskell.
  • Neuner F., Kurreck S., Ruf M., Odenwald M., Elbert T., Schauer M. Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2010; 39: 81–91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506070903121042 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Neuner F., Onyut P. L., Ertl V., Odenwald M., Schauer E., Elbert T. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2008; 76: 686–694. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.686 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Neuner F., Schauer M., Klaschik C., Karunakara U., Elbert T. A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2004; 72: 579–587. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.579 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Newman E., Orsillo S. M., Herman D. S., Niles B. L., Litz B. T. Clinical presentation of disorders of extreme stress in combat veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995; 183: 628–632.
  • Nicholl C., Thompson A. The psychological treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees: A review of the current state of psychological therapies. Journal of Mental Health. 2004; 13(4): 351–362. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230410001729807.
  • Nickerson A., Bryant R. A., Silove D., Steel Z. A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees. Clinical Psychology Review. 2011; 31: 399–417. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.004 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Niederland W. G . Krystal H. , Niederland W. G . Introductory notes on the concept, definition and range of psychic trauma. Psychic traumatization: After-effects in individuals and communities. 1971; Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1–11.
  • Palic S., Elklit A. Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult refugees: A systematic review of prospective treatment outcome studies and a critique. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011; 131: 8–23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.005 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Palic S., Elklit A. Personality dysfunction and complex posttraumatic stress disorder among chronically traumatized Bosnian refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2014; 202(2): 111–118. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000079 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Paunovic N., Öst L.-G. Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001; 39: 1183–1197.
  • Pelcovitz D., Van der Kolk B., Roth S., Mandel F., Kaplan S., Resick P. Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1997; 10: 3–16. [PubMed Abstract].
  • Resick P. A., Bovin M. J., Calloway A. L., Dick A. M., King M. W., Mitchell K. S., Wolf E. J. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2012; 25: 241–251. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21699 [PubMed Abstract] A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5.
  • Richardson L. K., Frueh B. C., Acierno R. Prevalence estimates of combat-related PTSD: A critical review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 44(1): 4–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048670903393597 [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
  • Robjant K., Fazel M. The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 1030–1039. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004.
  • Schauer M. , Neuner F. , Elbert T . Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET): A short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders. 2005; Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
  • Schottenbauer M. A., Glass C. R., Arnkoff D. B., Tendick V., Gray S. H. Nonresponse and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: Review and methodological considerations. Psychiatry. 2008; 71(2): 134–168.
  • Scoboria A., Ford J., Lin H.-J., Frisman L. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress. Assessment. 2008; 15(4): 404–425.
  • Stenmark H., Catani C., Neuner F., Elbert T., Holen A. Treating PTSD in refugees and asylum seekers within the general health care system. A randomized controlled multicenter study. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2013; 51: 641–647. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.002 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Teegen F. , Vogt S . Erlebende von Folter: Eine Studie zu komplexen posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen [Torture survivors: A study of complex posttraumatic stress disorder]. Verhaltenstherapie und Verhaltensmedizin. 2002; 23(1): 91–106.
  • Teodorescu D.-S., Heir T., Hauff E., Wentzel-Larsen T., Lien L. Mental health problems and post-migration stress among multi-traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2012; 53: 316–332. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00954.x [PubMed Abstract].
  • Ter Heide F. J. J., Mooren T. M., Kleijn W., De Jongh A., Kleber R. J. EMDR versus stabilisation in traumatised asylum seekers and refugees: Results of a pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2011; 2: 5881. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5881.
  • Ter Heide F. J. J., Mooren T. M., Knipscheer J. W., Kleber R. J. EMDR with traumatized refugees: From experience-based to evidence-based practice. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. 2014; 8(3): 147–156. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.3.147.
  • Ter Heide F. J. J. , Smid G. E. , Mooren T. M. , Kleber R. J . Prevalence of complex PTSD in trauma-exposed populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis. in preparation
  • Terr L. C. Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 148: 10–20.
  • Van der Kolk B. A., Roth S., Pelcovitz D., Sunday S., Spinazzola J. Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005; 18: 389–399. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20047 [PubMed Abstract].
  • Vielhauer M. J . Complex post-traumatic stress disorder associated with childhood sexual and physical abuse in male veterans with histories of substance abuse disorders. 1996. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
  • Weine S. M., Becker D. F., Vojvoda D., Hodzic E., Sawyer M., Hyman L., McGlashan T. H. Individual change after genocide in Bosnian survivors of “ethnic cleansing: Assessing personality dysfunction. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998; 11(1): 147–153.
  • World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). 1992; Geneva: World Health Organization.