Do unequal societies cause death among the elderly? A study of the health effects of inequality in Swedish municipalities in 2006

References

• Kunst AE, Bos V, Andersen O, Cardano M, Costa G, Harding S, et al.. Monitoring of trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: experiences from a European project. Demogr Res Spec Collect 2. 2004; Article 9: 229–54.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenbach JP. Income inequality and population health. BMJ. 2002; 234: 1–2.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenbach JP. The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: the explanation of a paradox. Soc Sci Med. 2012; 75: 761–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation. Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization. Final report from the Commission on social determinants of health. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563703_eng.pdf. [cited 4 July 2012]..
   Google Scholar
• Dannefer D. Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003; 58: S327–37.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjonca E, Marmot M. Patterns of illness and mortality across the adult life span. The Cambridge handbook of age and ageing. Johnson MLCambridge University Press. Cambridge, 2005; 106–20.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson RG, Pickett K. The problems of relative deprivation: why some societies do better than others. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65: 1965–78.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson RG, Pickett K. The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better. Allen Lane. London, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M. Status syndrome: how your social standing directly affects your health and life expectancy. Bloomsbury. London, 2004
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. Available from: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm. [cited 4 July 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health and Soc Behav. 1995; 35: 80–94.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. 2004, Income inequality and health: what have we learned so far?. Epidemiol Rev. 2004; 26: 78–91.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam RD. Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster. New York, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers GB. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross-section analysis. Popul Stud. 1979; 33: 343–51.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenbach JP, Martikainen P, Looman CWP, Daalstra JAA, Kunst AE, Lahelma E. The shape of the relationship between income and self-assessed health: an international study. The shape of the relationship between income and self-assessed health: an international study. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34: 286–93.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritzell J, Nermo M, Fritzell O. The impact of income: assessing the relationship between income and health in Sweden. Scand J Public Health. 2004; 21: 6–16.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer P, Malmberg G. Settled people don't move: on life course and (im-) mobility in Sweden. Int J Popul Geogr. 2001; 7: 357–71.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Kondo N, van Dam RM, Sembajwe G, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Yamagata Z. Income inequality and health: the role of population size, inequality threshold, period effects and lag effects. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012; 66: e21. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch J, Smith GD, Harper S, Hillemeier M, Ross N, Kaplan GA, et al.. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1, A systematic review. Milbank Q. 2004; 82: 5–99.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us?. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000; 21: 543–67.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson M, Nilsson T, Lyttkens CH, Leeson G. Income inequality and health: importance of a cross-country perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 70: 875–85.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo N, Sembajwe G, Kawachi I, van Dam RM, Subramanian SV, Yamagata Z. Income inequality, mortality and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies. BMJ. 2009; 339: 4471. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertdham UG, Johansson M. Absolute income, relative income, income inequality, and mortality. J Hum Resour. 2004; 29: 228–47.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksson G, Allebeck P, Ringbäck Weitoft G, Thelle D. Income distribution and mortality: implications from a comparison of individual-level analysis and multilevel analysis of Swedish data. Scand J Public Health. 2006; 34: 287–94.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malmberg G, Nilsson L-G, Weinehall L. Longitudinal data for interdisciplinary ageing research. Design of the linnaeus database. Scand J Public Health. 2010; 38: 761–7.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longitudinell integrationsdatabas för Sjukförsäkrings-och Arbetsmarknadsstudier (LISA). 1990–2009. AM 76 Bakgrundsfakta till arbetsmarknads- och utbildningsstatistik. Statistics Sweden. 2011; 4.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing., ViennaAustria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org. [cited 27 December 2012]..
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2011). Human Development Report. Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl E, Elstad JI, Hofoss D, Martin-Mollard M. For whom is income inequality most harmful? A multi-level analysis of income inequality and mortality in Norway. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63: 2562–74.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fors S, Modin B, Koupil I, Vågerö D. Socioeconomic inequalities in circulatory and all-cause mortality after retirement: the impact of mid-life income and old-age pension. Evidence from the Uppsala birth cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012; 66: e16. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Antonovsky A. Social class, life expectancy and overall mortality. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1967; 45: 31–73.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaupel JW, Manton KG, Stallard E. The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality. Demography. 1979; 16: 439–54.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelman M, Canudas-Romo V, Agree EM. The implications of increased survivorship for mortality variation in ageing populations. Popul Dev Rev. 2010; 36: 511–39.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritzell J. Commentary: on form, comparability, and levels in the income and health relationship. In J Epidemiol. 2005; 34: 293–4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar
• Rostila M, Kölegård ML, Fritzell J. Income inequality and self-rated health in Stockholm, Sweden. A test of the ‘income inequality hypothesis’ on two levels of aggregation. Soc Sci Med. 2012; 74: 1091–8.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19116.
   Google Scholar