Understanding reasons for treatment interruption amongst patients on antiretroviral therapy – A qualitative study at the Lighthouse Clinic, Lilongwe, Malawi

References

• Schwartlander B, Grubb I, Perriens J. The 10-year struggle to provide antiretroviral treatment to people with HIV in the developing world. Lancet. 2006; 368: 541–6. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2012. unaids.org. 2012. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf [cited 19 April 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Egger M, May M, Chêne G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, Dabis F, etal. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360: 119–29. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Jahn A, Floyd S, Crampin AC, Mwaungulu F, Mvula H, Munthali F, etal. Population-level effect of HIV on adult mortality and early evidence of reversal after introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. Lancet. 2008; 371: 1603–11. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Floyd S, Molesworth A, Dube A, Banda E, Jahn A, Mwafulirwa C, etal. Population-level reduction in adult mortality after extension of free anti-retroviral therapy provision into rural areas in northern Malawi. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e13499. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Mahy M, Stover J, Stanecki K, Stoneburner R, Tassie J-M. Estimating the impact of antiretroviral therapy: regional and global estimates of life-years gained among adults. Sex Transm Infect. 2010; 86(Suppl 2): ii67–71. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Lawn SD, Myer L, Wood R. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: are outcomes comparable to those in the developed world?. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41: 1683–4. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, etal. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 493–505. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. 2010; World Health Organization. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500395_eng.pdf [cited 9 February 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Fox MP, Rosen S. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs up to three years on treatment in sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–2009: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2010; 15(Suppl 1): 1–15. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies. World Health Organization. 2003. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241545992.pdf [cited 9 February 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Rosen S, Fox MP, Gill CJ. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007; 4: e298. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Govindasamy D, Ford N, Johnston V, Lawn SD, Kranzer K, etal. Quantifying and addressing losses along the continuum of care for people living with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012; 15: 17383. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52: 793–800. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, etal. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 921–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, Thomas KK, Stevens W, Cohen CR, etal. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010; 375: 2092–8. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ivers LC, Kendrick D, Doucette K. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41: 217–24. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Laurent C, Ngom Gueye NF, Ndour CT, Gueye PM, Diouf M, Diakhaté N, etal. Long-term benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegalese HIV-1-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 38: 14–17. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Gilks CF, Crowley S, Ekpini R, Gove S, Perriens J, Souteyrand Y, etal. The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet. 2006; 368: 505–10. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Oyugi JH, Byakika-Tusiime J, Ragland K, Laeyendecker O, Mugerwa R, Kityo C, etal. Treatment interruptions predict resistance in HIV-positive individuals purchasing fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS. 2007; 21: 965–71. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Buchan I, Orbinski J, Attaran A, Singh S, etal. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006; 296: 679–90. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Beach MC, Keruly J, Moore RD. Is the quality of the patient-provider relationship associated with better adherence and health outcomes for patients with HIV?. J Gen Intern Med. 2006; 21: 661–5. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Nachega JB, Mills EJ, Schechter M. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010; 5: 70. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Orrell C, Bangsberg DR, Badri M, Wood R. Adherence is not a barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS. 2003; 17: 1369. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Nachega JB, Uthman OA, Anderson J, Peltzer K, Wampold S, Cotton MF, etal. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy during and after pregnancy in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2012; 26: 2039–52. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Bangsberg DR. Preventing HIV antiretroviral resistance through better monitoring of treatment adherence. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197(Suppl 3): S272–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Parienti J-J, Massari V, Descamps D, Vabret A, Bouvet E, Larouzé B, etal. Predictors of virologic failure and resistance in HIV-infected patients treated with nevirapine- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38: 1311–16. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Bangsberg DR, Mills EJ. Long-term adherence to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: a bitter pill to swallow. Antivir Ther (Lond). 2013; 18: 25–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasschaert F, Koole O, Zachariah R, Lynen L, Manzi M, Van Damme W. Short and long term retention in antiretroviral care in health facilities in rural Malawi and Zimbabwe. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012; 12: 444. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Tweya H, Gareta D, Chagwera F, Ben-Smith A, Mwenyemasi J, Chiputula F, etal. Early active follow-up of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who are lost to follow-up: the “Back-to-Care” project in Lilongwe, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2010; 15(Suppl 1): 82–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Ford N. Unstructured treatment interruption of antiretroviral therapy in clinical practice: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2011; 16: 1297–313. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Luebbert J, Tweya H, Phiri S, Chaweza T, Mwafilaso J, Hosseinipour MC, etal. Virological failure and drug resistance in patients on antiretroviral therapy after treatment interruption in Lilongwe, Malawi. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55: 441–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Gill CJ, Hamer DH, Simon JL, Thea DM, Sabin LL. No room for complacency about adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2005; 19: 1243–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Tuller DM, Bangsberg DR, Senkungu J, Ware NC, Emenyonu N, Weiser SD. Transportation costs impede sustained adherence and access to HAART in a clinic population in southwestern Uganda: a qualitative study. AIDS Behav. 2010; 14: 778–84. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Friedland GH. HIV medication adherence. The intersection of biomedical, behavioral, and social science research and clinical practice. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43(Suppl 1): S3–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health Malawi. Treatment of AIDS. 2008; Lilongwe: Ministry of Health Malawi. 3rd ed. hivunitmohmw.org.
   Google Scholar
• Harries AD, Makombe SD, Libamba E, Schouten EJ. Why did the scale-up of HIV treatment work? A case example from Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011; 57(Suppl 2): S64–7. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Malawi – summary country profile for HIV/AIDStreatmentscale-up. 2005. who.int. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_MWI.pdf [cited 6 May 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Malawi Government. 2012 Global AIDS response progress report: Malawi Country report for 2010 and 2011. 2012. unaids.org. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_MW_Narrative_Report[1].pdf [cited 2 May 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Harries AD, Zachariah R, Jahn A, Schouten EJ, Kamoto K. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in Malawi-implications for managing other chronic diseases in resource-limited countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 52(Suppl 1): S14–16. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Phiri S, Weigel R, Housseinipour M, Boxshall M. The Lighthouse: a centre for comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment and care in Malawi. 2004; Geneva: WHO. Case study.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor-Smith K, Tweya H, Harries A, Schoutene E, Jahn A. Gender differences in retention and survival on antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infected adults in Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2010; 22: 49–56. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health Malawi. Malawi Antiretroviral Treatment Programme – Quarterly report Q4 2009. Malawi Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health Malawi. 2010. Available from: http://www.hivunitmohmw.org/Main/AntiretroviralTherapy [cited 17 February 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of qualitative research. 2008; Thousand Oaks: Sage. 3rd ed.
   Google Scholar
• Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N. Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000; 320: 114–16. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Cook KE. Reliability assessments in qualitative health promotion research. Health Promot Int. 2012; 27: 90–101. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Boyer S, Clerc I, Bonono C-R, Marcellin F, Bilé P-C, Ventelou B. Non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment and unplanned treatment interruption among people living with HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: Individual and healthcare supply-related factors. Soc Sci Med. 2011; 72: 1383–92. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Weigel R, Estill J, Egger M, Harries AD, Makombe S, Tweya H, etal. Mortality and loss to follow-up in the first year of ART: Malawi national ART programme. AIDS. 2012; 26: 365–73. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Lewis JJ, Ford N, Zeinecker J, Orrell C, Lawn SD, etal. Treatment interruption in a primary care antiretroviral therapy program in South Africa: cohort analysis of trends and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010; 55: e17–23. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Do NT, Phiri K, Bussmann H, Gaolathe T, Marlink RG, Wester CW. Psychosocial factors affecting medication adherence among HIV-1 infected adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Botswana. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010; 26: 685–91. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Hardon AP, Akurut D, Comoro C, Ekezie C, Irunde HF, Gerrits T, etal. Hunger, waiting time and transport costs: time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa. AIDS Care. 2007; 19: 658–65. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hardon A, Davey S, Gerrits T, Hodgkin C, Irunde H. From access to adherence: the challenges of antiretroviral treatment. 2006; Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Rachlis B, Ahmad F, van Lettow M, Muula AS, Semba M, Cole DC. Using concept mapping to explore why patients become lost to follow up from an antiretroviral therapy program in the Zomba District of Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013; 13: 210. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Zachariah R, Harries AD, Manzi M, Gomani P, Teck R, Phillips M, etal. Acceptance of anti-retroviral therapy among patients infected with HIV and tuberculosis in rural Malawi is low and associated with cost of transport. PLoS One. 2006; 1: e121. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Yu JK-L, Chen SC-C, Wang K-Y, Chang C-S, Makombe SD, Schouten EJ, etal. True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are “lost to follow-up” in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ. 2007; 85: 550–4. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini PS, Wantland D, Makoae LN, Chirwa M, Kohi TW, Greeff M, etal. HIV stigma and missed medications in HIV-positive people in five African countries. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009; 23: 377–87. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Dowshen N, Kuhns LM, Gray C, Lee S, Garofalo R. Feasibility of interactive text message response (ITR) as a novel, real-time measure of adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV+ youth. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17: 2237–43. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kunutsor S, Walley J, Katabira E, Muchuro S, Balidawa H, Namagala E, etal. Using mobile phones to improve clinic attendance amongst an antiretroviral treatment cohort in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional and prospective study. AIDS Behav. 2010; 14: 1347–52. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Pop-Eleches C, Thirumurthy H, Habyarimana JP, Zivin JG, Goldstein MP, de Walque D, etal. Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS. 2011; 25: 825–34. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health Malawi. Integrated HIV program report October – December 2012. 2012; Malawi Ministry of Health. Available from: http://www.hivunitmohmw.org/uploads/Main/Quarterly_HIV_Programme_Report_2012_Q4.pdf [cited 1 May 2013]..
   Google Scholar
• Tradingeconomics. Malawi inflation rate. tradingeconomics.com. 2013. Available from: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malawi/inflation-cpi [cited 19 August 2013]..
   Google Scholar