Porphyromonas gingivalis: keeping the pathos out of the biont

References

• Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S, Yamazaki K. Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007; 13(Suppl 4): 3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb B. The formation of the pocket: diffuse atropy of alveolar bone. J Am Dent Assoc. 1928; 15: 462–74.
   Google Scholar
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Implications of periodontal microbiology for the treatment of periodontal infections. Compendium. 1994. S684–5, 8–93; quiz S714–7.
   Google Scholar
• Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43: 5721–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, etal. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010; 192: 5002–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. Community as the unit of pathogenicity: an emerging concept as to the microbial pathogenesis of apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 107: 870–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berezow AB, Darveau RP. Microbial shift and periodontitis. Periodontology ; 55. 2000; 2010: 36–47.
   Google Scholar
• Darveau RP. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010; 8: 481–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baelum V, Lopez R. Defining and classifying periodontitis: need for a paradigm shift?. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003; 111: 2–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez NJ. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in progressive adult periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2000; 71: 948–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ximenez-Fyvie LA, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Comparison of the microbiota of supra- and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2000; 27: 648–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Tanner A, Pollack RP, Smith C, Kent RL Jr, etal. Subgingival microbiota in healthy, well-maintained elder and periodontitis subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 1998; 25: 346–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore WE, Moore LV. The bacteria of periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000. 1994; 5: 66–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000. 1994; 5: 78–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ximenez-Fyvie LA, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial composition of supra- and subgingival plaque in subjects with adult periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2000; 27: 722–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998; 25: 134–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmur R, Guggenheim B. Interdental supragingival plaque—a natural habitat of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, and Prevotella nigrescens. J Dent Res. 1994; 73: 1421–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisken KW, Tagg JR, Laws AJ, Orr MB. Suspected periodontopathic microorganisms and their oral habitats in young children. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 2: 60–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mombelli A, Buser D, Lang NP, Berthold H. Suspected periodontopathogens in erupting third molar sites of periodontally healthy individuals. J Clin Periodontol. 1990; 17: 48–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature. 2008; 453: 620–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9: 313–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow J, Mazmanian SK. A pathobiont of the microbiota balances host colonization and intestinal inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2010; 7: 265–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow J, Tang H, Mazmanian SK. Pathobionts of the gastrointestinal microbiota and inflammatory disease. Current opinion in immunology. 2011; 23: 473–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JI, Nakagawa T, Yamada S, Takazoe I, Okuda K. Clinical, microbiological and immunological studies on recurrent periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1990; 17: 426–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzink JL, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. The predominant cultivable microbiota of active and inactive lesions of destructive periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 1988; 15: 316–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, etal. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol. 1994; 65: 260–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF. Subgingival colonization by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 15: 341–9.
   Google Scholar
• Moore WE, Moore LH, Ranney RR, Smibert RM, Burmeister JA, Schenkein HA. The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression. J Clin Periodontol. 1991; 18: 729–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda K, Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Nakamura R. Purification and characterization of arginine carboxypeptidase produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun. 2002; 70: 1807–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda K, Tomita K, Hayashi H, Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Nakamura R. Consumption of peptide-derived arginine by a periodontopathogenic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Anaerobe. 2001; 7: 209–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw WT, Potempa J, Farley D, Travis J. Purification, characterization, and sequence analysis of a potential virulence factor from Porphyromonas gingivalis, peptidylarginine deiminase. Infect Immun. 1999; 67: 3248–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Potempa J, Polanowski A, Wikstrom M, Travis J. Purification and characterization of a 50-kDa cysteine proteinase (gingipain) from Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267: 18896–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez SB, Stitt BL, Ash DE. Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis in Escherichia coli: enzyme purification and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009; 488: 14–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo J, Otsuka M, Ohara E, Sato M, Nakamura R. Cleavage action of a trypsin-like protease from Bacteroides gingivalis 381 on reduced egg-white lysozyme. Arch Oral Biol. 1989; 34: 911–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier D, La VD. Proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis as important virulence factors in periodontal disease and potential targets for plant-derived compounds: a review article. Curr Drug Targets. 2011; 12: 322–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuramitsu HK. Proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis: what don't they do?. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 13: 263–70.
   Google Scholar
• O-Brien-Simpson NM, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains: the molecular teeth of a microbial vampire. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2003; 4: 409–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potempa J, Banbula A, Travis J. Role of bacterial proteinases in matrix destruction and modulation of host responses. Periodontology 2000. 2000; 24: 153–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takii R, Kadowaki T, Baba A, Tsukuba T, Yamamoto K. A functional virulence complex composed of gingipains, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide shows high affinity to host cells and matrix proteins and escapes recognition by host immune systems. Infect Immun. 2005; 73: 883–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA. The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012; 10: 717–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajishengallis G, Liang S, Payne MA, Hashim A, Jotwani R, Eskan MA, etal. Low-abundance biofilm species orchestrates inflammatory periodontal disease through the commensal microbiota and complement. Cell Host Microbe. 2011; 10: 497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AV, Silva CM, Haffajee A, Colombo AP. Identification of oral bacteria associated with crevicular epithelial cells from chronic periodontitis lesions. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55: 609–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudney JD, Chen R. The vital status of human buccal epithelial cells and the bacteria associated with them. Arch Oral Biol. 2006; 51: 291–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaura E, Keijser BJ, Huse SM, Crielaard W. Defining the healthy “core microbiome” of oral microbial communities. BMC Microbiol. 2009; 9: 259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bik EM, Long CD, Armitage GC, Loomer P, Emerson J, Mongodin EF, etal. Bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of 10 healthy individuals. The ISME J. 2010; 4: 962–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Goguet-Surmenian E, Blackwood A, Andry C, Serhan CN, etal. Resolvin E1 regulates inflammation at the cellular and tissue level and restores tissue homeostasis in vivo. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 7021–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frias-Lopez J, Duran-Pinedo A. Effect of periodontal pathogens on the metatranscriptome of a healthy multispecies biofilm model. J Bacteriol. 2012; 194: 2082–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuboniwa M, Tribble GD, James CE, Kilic AO, Tao L, Herzberg MC, etal. Streptococcus gordonii utilizes several distinct gene functions to recruit Porphyromonas gingivalis into a mixed community. Mol Microbiol. 2006; 60: 121–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Fujii R, Nakagawa KI, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Stimulation of Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008; 23: 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuboniwa M, Hendrickson EL, Xia Q, Wang T, Xie H, Hackett M, etal. Proteomics of Porphyromonas gingivalis within a model oral microbial community. BMC Microbiol. 2009; 9: 98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson EL, Wang T, Dickinson BC, Whitmore SE, Wright CJ, Lamont RJ, etal. Proteomics of Streptococcus gordonii within a model developing oral microbial community. BMC Microbiol. 2012; 12: 211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda T, Murakami Y, Noguchi T, Yoshimura F. Effects of various growth conditions in a chemostat on expression of virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72: 3458–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin CM, Calderwood SB. Role of iron in regulation of virulence genes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993; 6: 137–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Kaplan A, Guo L, Shi W, Zhou X, Lux R, etal. The influence of iron availability on human salivary microbial community composition. Microb Ecol. 2012; 64: 152–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zainal-Abidin Z, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Zhu Y, Catmull DV, Chen YY, etal. Differential proteomic analysis of a polymicrobial biofilm. J Proteome Res. 2012; 11: 4449–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis JP. Metal uptake in host-pathogen interactions: role of iron in Porphyromonas gingivalis interactions with host organisms. Periodontology 2000. 2010; 52: 94–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olczak T, Simpson W, Liu X, Genco CA. Iron and heme utilization in Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005; 29: 119–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlutti F, Ajello M, Bosso P, Morea C, Petrucca A, Antonini G, etal. Both lactoferrin and iron influence aggregation and biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans. Biometals. 2004; 17: 271–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dashper SG, Pan Y, Veith PD, Chen YY, Toh EC, Liu SW, etal. Lactoferrin inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis proteinases and has sustained biofilm inhibitory activity. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2012; 56: 1548–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner S, Imfeld T, Schicht O, Rath C, Persson RE, Persson GR. The impact of the stone age diet on gingival conditions in the absence of oral hygiene. J Periodontol. 2009; 80: 759–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adegboye AR, Twetman S, Christensen LB, Heitmann BL. Intake of dairy calcium and tooth loss among adult Danish men and women. Nutrition. 2012; 28: 779–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine ML, Crielaard W. Functional foods/ingredients and periodontal diseases. Eur J Nutr. 2012; 51(Suppl 2): S27–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakanishi T, Nakae H, Matsuo T. Catechins inhibit CCL20 production in IL-17A-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009; 24: 391–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakanishi T, Nakae H, Matsuo T. Catechins inhibit CXCL10 production from oncostatin M-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Nutr Biochem. 2010; 21: 659–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushiyama M, Shimazaki Y, Murakami M, Yamashita Y. Relationship between intake of green tea and periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009; 80: 372–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodet C, Grenier D, Chandad F, Ofek I, Steinberg D, Weiss EI. Potential oral health benefits of cranberry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 48: 672–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti S, Scully C. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. J Dent. 2009; 37: 413–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo A, Bevilacqua N, Guida L, Annunziata M, Romano Carratelli C, Paolillo R. Effect of resveratrol and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells. Cytokine. 2012; 60: 197–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez OA, Escamilla C, Danaher RJ, Dai J, Ebersole JL, Mumper RJ, etal. Antibacterial effects of blackberry extract target periodontopathogens. J Periodontal Res. 2012; 48: 80–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitbart M. Marine viruses: truth or dare. Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2012; 4: 425–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitbart M, Rohwer F. Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?. Trends Microbiol. 2005; 13: 278–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohwer F, Thurber RV. Viruses manipulate the marine environment. Nature. 2009; 459: 207–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch G, Pratten J, Taylor PW. Isolation of bacteriophages from the oral cavity. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004; 39: 215–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandmeier H, van Winkelhoff AJ, Bar K, Ankli E, Maeder M, Meyer J. Temperate bacteriophages are common among Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolates from periodontal pockets. J Periodontal Res. 1995; 30: 418–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pride DT, Salzman J, Haynes M, Rohwer F, Davis-Long C, White RA 3rd, etal. Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome. ISME J. 2012; 6: 915–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AP, Mullany P. Genetic basis of horizontal gene transfer among oral bacteria. Periodontology 2000. 2006; 42: 36–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pride DT, Salzman J, Relman DA. Comparisons of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and viromes in human saliva reveal bacterial adaptations to salivary viruses. Environ Microbiol. 2012; 14: 2564–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enersen M. Porphyromonas gingivalis: a clonal pathogen?: Diversities in housekeeping genes and the major fimbriae gene. J Oral Microbiol. 2011; 3
   Google Scholar
• Nelson KE, Fleischmann RD, DeBoy RT, Paulsen IT, Fouts DE, Eisen JA, etal. Complete genome sequence of the oral pathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83. J Bacteriol. 2003; 185: 5591–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito M, Hirakawa H, Yamashita A, Ohara N, Shoji M, Yukitake H, etal. Determination of the genome sequence of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and genomic comparison with strain W83 revealed extensive genome rearrangements in P. gingivalis. DNA Res. 2008; 15: 215–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble GD, Rigney TW, Dao DH, Wong CT, Kerr JE, Taylor BE, etal. Natural competence is a major mechanism for horizontal DNA transfer in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. MBio. 2012; 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slots J. Human viruses in periodontitis. Periodontology 2000. 2010; 53: 89–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner D, Furlan M, Haynes M, Schmieder R, Angly FE, Silva J, etal. Metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract DNA viral communities in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis individuals. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4: e7370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepac-Ceraj V, Lemon KP, Martin TR, Allgaier M, Kembel SW, Knapp AA, etal. Relationship between cystic fibrosis respiratory tract bacterial communities and age, genotype, antibiotics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol. 2010; 12: 1293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blainey PC, Milla CE, Cornfield DN, Quake SR. Quantitative analysis of the human airway microbial ecology reveals a pervasive signature for cystic fibrosis. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4: 153ra30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, etal. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007; 315: 1709–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaya D, Davison M, Barrangou R. CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation. Annu Rev Genet. 2011; 45: 273–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern A, Mick E, Tirosh I, Sagy O, Sorek R. CRISPR targeting reveals a reservoir of common phages associated with the human gut microbiome. Genome Res. 2012; 22: 1985–94. Epub 2012 Jun 25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pride DT, Sun CL, Salzman J, Rao N, Loomer P, Armitage GC, etal. Analysis of streptococcal CRISPRs from human saliva reveals substantial sequence diversity within and between subjects over time. Genome Res. 2011; 21: 126–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Ploeg JR. Analysis of CRISPR in Streptococcus mutans suggests frequent occurrence of acquired immunity against infection by M102-like bacteriophages. Microbiology. 2009; 155: 1966–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rho M, Wu YW, Tang H, Doak TG, Ye Y. Diverse CRISPRs evolving in human microbiomes. PLoS Genet. 2012; 8: e1002441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser MB, Ellen RP. New insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17: 502–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey ME, O'Toole GA. Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000; 64: 847–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbing ME, Fuqua C, Parsek MR, Peterson SB. Bacterial competition: surviving and thriving in the microbial jungle. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010; 8: 15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002; 56: 187–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R, Schneider DS, Soares MP. Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science. 2012; 335: 936–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science. 2011; 331: 1565–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motz GT, Coukos G. The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011; 11: 702–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 1650–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine DH, Markowitz K, Furgang D, Fairlie K, Ferrandiz J, Nasri C, etal. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha: a salivary biomarker of bone loss in a longitudinal cohort study of children at risk for aggressive periodontal disease?. J Periodontol. 2009; 80: 106–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page RC, Engel LD, Narayanan AS, Clagett JA. Chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease. JAMA. 1978; 240: 545–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe N, Kadowaki T, Okamoto K, Nakayama K, Ohishi M, Yamamoto K. Biochemical and functional properties of lysine-specific cysteine proteinase (Lys-gingipain) as a virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal disease. J Biochem. 1998; 123: 305–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik K, Bzowska M, Smagur J, Krupa O, Sieprawska M, Travis J, etal. A new insight into phagocytosis of apoptotic cells: proteolytic enzymes divert the recognition and clearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by macrophages. Cell Death Differ. 2007; 14: 171–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik K, Potempa J. Friendly fire against neutrophils: proteolytic enzymes confuse the recognition of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Biochimie. 2008; 90: 405–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corzo CA, Condamine T, Lu L, Cotter MJ, Youn JI, Cheng P, etal. HIF-1alpha regulates function and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Med. 2010; 207: 2439–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaha TL, Huang L, Lemos H, Metz R, Mautino M, Prendergast GC, etal. Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev. 2012; 249: 135–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang B, Wang X, Ren X. Amino acid metabolism related to immune tolerance by MDSCs. Int Rev Immunol. 2012; 31: 177–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple IL. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 1997; 24: 287–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daghigh F, Borghaei RC, Thornton RD, Bee JH. Human gingival fibroblasts produce nitric oxide in response to proinflammatory cytokines. J Periodontol. 2002; 73: 392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahanonda R, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Montreekachon P, Pimkhaokham A, Yongvanichit K, Fukuda MM, etal. IL-8 and IDO expression by human gingival fibroblasts via TLRs. J Immunol. 2007; 178: 1151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton W, Veeh R, Shirtliff M, Pasmore M, Post C, Ehrlich G. The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections. J Clin Invest. 2003; 112: 1466–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaddis DE, Michalek SM, Katz J. TLR4 signaling via MyD88 and TRIF differentially shape the CD4+ T cell response to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B. J Immunol. 2011; 186: 5772–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myneni SR, Settem RP, Connell TD, Keegan AD, Gaffen SL, Sharma A. TLR2 signaling and Th2 responses drive Tannerella forsythia-induced periodontal bone loss. J Immunol. 2011; 187: 501–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert G, Estevez-Salmeron L, Oh S, Liao D, Emerson BM, Tlsty TD, etal. An analogy between the evolution of drug resistance in bacterial communities and malignant tissues. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011; 11: 375–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaral L, Engi H, Viveiros M, Molnar J. Review. Comparison of multidrug resistant efflux pumps of cancer and bacterial cells with respect to the same inhibitory agents. In Vivo. 2007; 21: 237–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvist M, Hancock V, Klemm P. Inactivation of efflux pumps abolishes bacterial biofilm formation. Appl Envroment Microbiol. 2008; 74: 7376–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohwer N, Cramer T. Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance: novel insights on the functional interaction of HIFs and cell death pathways. Drug Resist Updat. 2011; 14: 191–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah TF, Pitts B, Pellock B, Walker GC, Stewart PS, O'Toole GA. A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance. Nature. 2003; 426: 306–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaible B, Taylor CT, Schaffer K. Hypoxia increases antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through altering the composition of multidrug efflux pumps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012; 56: 2114–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesnel B. Dormant tumor cells as a therapeutic target?. Cancer Lett. 2008; 267: 10–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis K. Persister cells. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010; 64: 357–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drisko CH. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2001; 25: 77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb CM. Microbes, inflammation, scaling and root planing, and the periodontal condition. J Dent Hyg. 2008; 82(Suppl 3): 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi DJ, Jamieson CH, Weissman IL. Stems cells and the pathways to aging and cancer. Cell. 2008; 132: 681–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellman I, Coukos G, Dranoff G. Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature. 2011; 480: 480–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll D, Drake C. Immunotherapy earns its spot in the ranks of cancer therapy. J Exp Med. 2012; 209: 201–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake CG, Antonarakis ES. Current status of immunological approaches for the treatment of prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2012; 22: 197–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar