Characterization of extracellular polymeric matrix, and treatment of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms with DNase I and proteinase K

References

• Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 1999; 284: 1318–22. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010; 8: 623–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberger RE, Holden PA. Extracellular DNA in single- and multiple-species unsaturated biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005; 71: 5404–10. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitchurch CB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Ragas PC, Mattick JS. Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation. Science. 2002; 295: 1487. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland IW. The biofilm matrix—an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol. 2001; 9: 222–7. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi Y, Rykova EY, Chiang W-C, Tolker-Nielsen T. Extracellular DNA as matrix component in microbial biofilms. Extracellular nucleic acids. twenty fifth ed. Berlin: Springer. 2010; p. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Das T, Sharma PK, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC, Krom BP. Role of extracellular DNA in initial bacterial adhesion and surface aggregation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76: 3405–8. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsen M, Lappann M, Knochel S, Molin S. Role of extracellular DNA during biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76: 2271–9. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Neu TR, Wozniak DJ. The EPS matrix: the “house of biofilm cells”. J Bacteriol. 2007; 189: 7945–7. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Barken KB, Skindersoe ME, Christensen AB, Givskov M, Tolker-Nielsen T. Effects of iron on DNA release and biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology. 2007; 153: 1318–28. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulcahy H, Charron-Mazenod L, Lewenza S. Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. PLoS Pathog. 2008; 4: e1000213. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mann EE, Rice KC, Boles BR, Endres JL, Ranjit D, Chandramohan L, et al.. Modulation of eDNA release and degradation affects Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e5822. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Xi C. Enzymatic method for extracting extracellular DNA in biofilm matrix. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010; 2010: pdb prot5456.
   Google Scholar
• Wu J, Xi C. Evaluation of different methods for extracting extracellular DNA from the biofilm matrix. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009; 75: 5390–5. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdy KJ. Nucleic acid recovery from complex environmental samples. Methods Enzymol. 2005; 397: 271–92. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Google Scholar
• Suri R. The use of human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) in the management of cystic fibrosis. BioDrugs. 2005; 19: 135–44. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Google Scholar
• Tetz GV, Artemenko NK, Tetz VV. Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53: 1204–9. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 2004; 38: 204–11. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishihara T, Koseki T. Microbial etiology of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2004; 36: 14–26. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RLJr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998; 25: 134–44. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolenbrander PE, London J. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 1993; 175: 3247–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the “red complex”, a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2005; 38: 72–122. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasstrand EN, Hofstad T, Endresen C, Jensen HB. Demonstration of lanthionine as a natural constituent of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Infect Immun. 1979; 25: 775–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen BB, Sternberg C, Andersen JB, Palmer RJJr, Nielsen AT, Givskov M, et al.. Molecular tools for study of biofilm physiology. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 310: 20–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss Nielsen M, Sternberg C, Molin S, Regenberg B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm in flow cells. J Vis Exp [Video_Audio Media]. 2011; 47: 2383.
   Google Scholar
• Grande R, Di Giulio M, Bessa LJ, Di Campli E, Baffoni M, Guarnieri S, et al.. Extracellular DNA in Helicobacter pylori biofilm: a backstairs rumour. JAppl Microbiol. 2011; 110: 490–8. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Google Scholar
• Raunkjær K, Hvitved-Jacobsen T, Nielsen PHr. Measurement of pools of protein, carbohydrate and lipid in domestic wastewater. Water Research. 1994; 28: 251–62. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydorn A, Nielsen AT, Hentzer M, Sternberg C, Givskov M, Ersboll BK, et al.. Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT. Microbiology. 2000; 146: 2395–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo H, Xiao J, Klein MI. Extracellular polysaccharides matrix—an often forgotten virulence factor in oral biofilm research. Int J Oral Sci. 2009; 1: 229–34. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paes Leme AF, Koo H, Bellato CM, Bedi G, Cury JA. The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation–New Insight. J Dent Res. 2006; 85: 878–87. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo H. Structural organization and dynamics of exopolysaccharide matrix and microcolonies formation by Streptococcus mutans in biofilms. J Appl Microbiol. 2010; 108: 2103–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaignon P, Sadovskaya I, Ragunah C, Ramasubbu N, Kaplan JB, Jabbouri S. Susceptibility of staphylococcal biofilms to enzymatic treatments depends on their chemical composition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007; 75: 125–32. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan G, Sadovskaya I, Chaignon P, Chokr A, Jabbouri S. Biofilms of clinical strains of Staphylococcus that do not contain polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006; 255: 11–6. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng DW, Lin H, Civerolo EL. Extracellular genomic DNA mediates enhancement of Xylella Fastidiosa biofilm formation in vitro. J Plant Pathol. 2010; 92: 415–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YH, Lau PC, Lee JH, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch DG. Natural genetic transformation of Streptococcus mutans growing in biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2001; 183: 897–908. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickx L, Hausner M, Wuertz S. Natural genetic transformation in monoculture Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69: 1721–7. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolenbrander PE, Palmer RJJr, Periasamy S, Jakubovics NS. Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell–cell distance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010; 8: 471–80. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble GD, Lamont GJ, Progulske-Fox A, Lamont RJ. Conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA contributes to genetic variation in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol. 2007; 189: 6382–8. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz PI, Zilm PS, Rogers AH. Fusobacterium nucleatum supports the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oxygenated and carbon-dioxide-depleted environments. Microbiology. 2002; 148: 467–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Allison C. Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration. Infect Immun. 1998; 66: 4729–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger Z, Lin YY, Dimeo F, Ambrose WW, Trope M, Arnold RR. Synergistic pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in the mouse subcutaneous chamber model. J Endod. 2009; 35: 86–94. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Fujii R, Nakagawa KI, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Stimulation of Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008; 23: 1–6. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polak D, Wilensky A, Shapira L, Halabi A, Goldstein D, Weiss EI, et al.. Mouse model of experimental periodontitis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis/Fusobacterium nucleatum infection: bone loss and host response. J Clin Periodontol. 2009; 36: 406–10. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar