Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine: Persistence, Non-Reporting, and Institutional Response

References

• Pollitt K. Feminism unfmished business. Atlantic Month. 1997 Nov;160–163.
   Google Scholar
• Collins EG, Blodgett TB. Sexual harassment: Some see it . . . some don’t. Harv Bus Rev. 1981; 59: 77–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon C. Sexual harassment of working women. New Haven: Yale Univ Pr; 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Till FJ. Sexual harassment: A report on the sexual harassment of students. Washington, DC: National Advisory Council on Women’s Educational Programs;1980.
   Google Scholar
• Grant L. The gender climate of medical school: Perspectives of women and men students. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1988; 43 (4): 109–110, 115–119.
   Google Scholar
• Komaromy M, Bindman A, Haber R, Sande M. Sexual harassment in medical training. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhardt S, Evans C. Sexual harassment and gender discrimination: A primer for women physicians. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1991; 46: 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Nora LM, Daugherty SR, Hersh K, Schmidt J, Goodman U. What do medical students mean when they say ’sexual harassment’? Acad Med.1993; 68 (10): S49–S51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Brogan D, & Schiffman M. Prevalence and correlates of harassment among US Arch Int women physicians. Med. 1998; 158: 352–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nora LM, McLaughlin, MA, Fosson, S.E., Jacob, S.K., Schmidt, IL, & Witzke, D. (1996). Does exposure to gender discrimination and sexual harassment impact Medical students’ specialty choices and residency program selections? Acad Med 1996; 71: S22–S24.
   Google Scholar
• Nora LM, McLaughlin MA, Fosson SE, Strat-ton TD, Murphy-Spencer A, Fincher RE, German DC, Seiden, D, Witzke DB. Gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medical education: Perspectives gained by a 14-school study. Acad Med 2002; 77: 1226-1234.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson DA, Becker M, Frank RR, Sokol, R.J. Assessing medical students’ perceptions of mistreatment in their second and third years. Acad Med 1997; 72: 728–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical School Graduation Questionnaire. Washington, DC: AAMC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, DC, Daughterty, SR, Eckenfels EJ. Student perceptions of mistreatment and harassment during medical school: A survey of ten United States schools. West J Med 1991; 155 (2): 140–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kassebaum, DG, Cutler ER. On the culture of student abuse in medical school. Acad Med 1998; 73: 1149–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinze SW. ‘Am I being oversensitive?’ Women’s experience of sexual harassment during medical training. Health: Interdisc J Soc Study Health Ill Med. 2004; 8 (1): 101–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks L, Perot AR. Reporting sexual harass-ment: Exploring a predictive model. Psychol Wom Q. 1991; 15: 31–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamey D, Russell, RC. An overview of sexual harassment. Amer J Psych. 1994;151, 10–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Shullman SL, Bailey N, Richards M, Swecker J, Gold Y, Ormerod M, Weitzman L. The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the work-place. J Voc Beh. 1998; 32: 152–175.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber J. How women handle sexual harassment: A literature review. Sociol Soc Res. 1989; 74 (1): 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber SE, Smith, MD. Women’s responses to sexual harassment: A multivariate analysis. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1995; 17: 543–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markunus, PV, Joyce-Brady JM. Underutili-zation of sexual harassment grievance procedures. Journal of the National Association of Women Deans, Administrators, and Counselors 1987; 50: 27–32.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan PA. Risking relationships: Understanding the litigations choices of sexually harassed women. Law and Society Review 1999; 33 (1): 67–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, B. The paradox of complaining: Law, humor, and harassment in the everyday work world. Law and Social Inquiry: J Am Bar Fdn 2000; 25: 1151-85.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J. Introducing focus groups. BMJ 1995; 311: 299–302. Retrieved November 2, 2004, from http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/ful1/311/7000/299
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Shullman, SL. The development and validation of an objective measure of sexual harassment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Amer Psych Assoc, Los Angeles, CA, April 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Hesson-McInnis M. The dimensions of sexual harassment: A structural analysis. J Voc Beh 1989; 35: 309–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF. Sexual harassment: Violence against women in the workplace. Am Psychol, 48, 1070-1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Swan S, Fischer K. Why didn’t she just report him? The psychological and legal implications of women’s responses to sexual harassment. J Soc Iss 1995; 51: 117–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Drasgow F, Hulin CL, Gelfand MJ, Magley VJ. Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. J Appl Psychol, 1997; 82: 578–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Swan S, Magley VJ. But was it really sexual harassment? Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women. In W. O’Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5–28). Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand, MJ, Fitzgerald LF, Drasgow, F. The structure of sexual harassment: A confirmatory analysis across cultures and settings. J Voc Beh 1995; 47: 164–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yount KR. Ladies, flirts, and tomboys: Strategies for managing sexual harassment in an underground coal mine. J Con Ethnography 1991; 19: 396–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potee R, Gerber A, Ickovics J. Medicine and motherhood. Acad Med 1999; 74: 911–919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wear, D, Castellani, B Medicine and mother-hood: The experience of double consciousness. Ann Beh Sci Med Educ 2002:8 (2): 92–96.
   Google Scholar
• Gjerberg E, Kjolsrod L. The doctor-nurse relationship: How easy is it to be a female doctor co-operating with a female nurse? Soc Sci Med 2001; 52: 189–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wear D, Keck-McNulty C. Attitudes of female nurses and female residents toward each other: A qualitative study in one U.S. teaching hospital. Acad Med 2004; 79: 291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams-Roy J, Barling, J. Predicting the decision to confront or report sexual harassment. J Org Beh 1998; 19: 329–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepela ST, Levesque, LL. Poisoned waters: Sexual harassment and the college climate. Sex Roles 1998; 38: 589–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter R, Kirkup G. Women in professional engineering: The interaction of gendered structures and values. Feminist Review 1990; 35: 95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Vaux A. Paradigmatic assumptions in sexual harassment research: Being guided without Being misled. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1990; 42: 1166–135.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce ER, Rosen B, Hiller TB. Breaking the silence: Creating user-friendly sexual harassment policies. Employee Responsibilities and Rights J 1997;10 (3): 225–242.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman ME, Langhout RD, Palmieri, PA, Cortina, LM, Fitzgerald LF. The (un)reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment. J Appl Psychol 2002;87 (2): 230–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesson-Mclnnis MS, Fitzgerald LF. Sexual harassment: A preliminary test of an integrative model. J Appl Soc Psychol 1997; 27: 877–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale MS. The direct and moderating influences of sexual harassment pervasiveness, coping strategies, and gender on work-related outcomes. Psychol Women Q 1998; 22: 521–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman LA, Borgida E, Robertson BA. Suf-fering in silence: Procedural justice versus gender socialization issues in university sexual harassment grievance procedures. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 1995; 17: 519–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasti, S A, Cortina LM. Coping in context: Sociocultural determinants of responses to sexual harassment. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002; 83 (2): 394–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main AJ, Guadagna RE. Perceptions of sexual harassment victims as a function of labeling and reporting. Sex Roles 1999; 41: 921–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D. “He didn’t sexually harass me, as in harassed for sex. . . . He was just horrible”: Women’s definitions of unwanted male sexual conduct at work. Women’s Studies International Forum 2001;24 (1): 25–38.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson S. ‘So you row, do you? You don’t look like a rower.’ An account of medical students’ experience of sexism. Med Educ 2002; 36: 1057-63.
   Google Scholar
• Baker DD, Terpstra DE, Larntz K. The influence of individual characteristics and severity of harassing behavior on reactions to sexual harassment. Sex Roles 1990; 22: 305–325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogh DW, Kite ME, Pickel KL, Canel D, Schroeder J. The effects of delayed report and motive for reporting on perceptions of sexual harassment. Sex Roles 2003; 48: 337–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glomb TM, Munson LJ, Hulin CL, Bergman ME, Drasgow F. Structural equation models of sexual harassment. Longitudinal explorations and cross-sectional generalizations. J Appl Psychol 1999; 84: 14–28.
   Google Scholar