Impacts of winter feeding of reindeer on vegetation and soil in the sub-Arctic: insights from a feeding experiment

References

• Aagnes T.H. Mathiesen S.D. Round baled grass silage as food for reindeer in winter. Rangifer. 1995; 15: 27–35. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Åhman B. & Danell Ö. 2006. Can supplementary feeding improve productivity in reindeer husbandry?. In: L.Bartoš, et al..: Advances in deer biology. Deer in a changing world. Proceedings of the 6th International Deer Biology Congress: Prague, Czech Republic. , 2006. Pp. 30–32. Prague: Research Institute of Animal Production.
   Google Scholar
• Aschfalk A. Josefsen T.D. Steingass H. Müller W. Goethe R. Crowding and winter emergency feeding as predisposing factors for kerato-conjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer in Norway. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrifte. 2003; 110: 295–298.
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan T.V. Johansson M. Brown R.D. Groisman P.Y. Labba N. Radionov V. Barry R.G. Bulygina O.N. Essery R.L.H. Frolov D.M. Golubev V.N. Grenfell T.C. Petrushina M.N. Razuvaev V.N. Robinson D.A. Romanov P. Shindell D. Shmakin A.B. Sokratov S.A. Warren S. Yang D. The changing face of Arctic snow cover: a synthesis of observed and projected changes. Ambio. 2011; 40: 17–31. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell D. Swanson G.M. Sales J. Comparing the precision and cost effectiveness of faecal pellet group count methods. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2004; 41: 1185–1196. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta E. & Nieminen M. 1986. Calving of the experimental reindeer herd in Kaamanen during 1970–85. Rangifer 1. (Special Issue), 115–121.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes B.C., Bölter M., Müller-Wille L., Hukkinen J., Müller F., Gunslay N. & Konstantinov Y. 2006. Reindeer management in northernmost Europe. Linking practical and scientific knowledge in social–ecological systems. Ecological Studies 184. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen B.B. Aanes R. Herfindal I. Kohler J. Saether B.-E. Climate, icing, and wild Arctic reindeer: past relationships and future prospects. Ecology. 2011; 92: 1917–1923. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiskari U. & Nieminen M. 2004. Erilaiset nurmirehut porojen talviruokinnassa. (Different grass fodders in the winter feeding of reindeer.) Kala-ja Riistaraportteja 314. Helsinki: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Helle T. Kojola I. Demographics in an alpine reindeer herd: effects of density and winter weather. Ecography. 2008; 31: 221–230. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Jernsletten J.L.L. Klokov K. Sustainable reindeer husbandry. Centre for Sami Studies, University of Tromsø. TromsøNorway, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Kellomäki S. Saastamoinen V.L. Trampling tolerance of forest vegetation. Acta Forestalia Fennica. 1975; 147: 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kumpula J. Stark S. Holand Ø;.Seasonal grazing effects by semi-domesticated reindeer on subarctic mountain birch forests. Polar Biology. 2011; 34: 441–453. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Kumpula J, Tanskanen A, Colpaert A, Anttonen M, Törmänen H, Siitari J. & Siitari S. 2009. Poronhoitoalueen pohjoisosan talvilaitumet vuosina 2005–2008—laidunten tilan muutokset 1990—luvun puolivälin jälkeen. (Winter pastures in the northern part of the reindeer management area in Finland during 2005–2008—changes in the state of pastures after the mid-1990s.) Riista-ja kalatalous—Tutkimuksia 3. Helsinki: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Maijala V. Nieminen M. Winter feeding of reindeer—experiences and results from Finland. Rangifer Report. 2001; 5: 15–16.
   Google Scholar
• Mattila E. & Mikkola K. 2009. Poronhoitoalueen etelä- ja keskiosien talvilaitumet. Tila paliskunnissa 2000-luvun alkuvuosina ja eräiden ravintokasvien esiintymisrunsauden muutokset merkkipiireissä 1970-luvulta lähtien. (Winter pastures in southern and central parts of the reindeer herding area in Finland. State of the herding districts in the beginning of the 2000s and changes in abundancy of some forage plants in reindeer marking districts from 1970s onwards.) Metlan työraportteja 115. Vantaa: Finnish Forest Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald P. Henderson A.R. Heron S.J.E. The biochemistry of silage. Chalcombe. MarlowUK, 1991
   Google Scholar
• Moen J. Climate change: effects on the ecological basis of reindeer husbandry in Sweden. Ambio. 2008; 37: 304–311. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Moen J. Boogerd C. Skarin A. Variations in mountain vegetation use by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) affects dry heath but not grass heath. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2009; 20: 805–813. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Molau U. Mølgaard P. ITEX manual. International Tundra Experiment. Danish Polar Center. Copenhagen, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Nieminen M. Why supplementary feeding in Finland?. Rangifer Report. 2010; 14: 40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen A. Åsbakk K. Nieminen M. Norberg H. Näreaho H. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in Fennoscandian reindeer—association with the degree of domestication. Parasitology International. 1997; 46: 255–261. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen L. Virtanen R. Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in continental and suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Botanica Fennica. 1995; 153: 1–80.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson J. Kitti H. Rautiainen P. Stark S. Oksanen L. Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on composition of vegetation, productivity and nitrogen cycling. Ecography. 2001; 24: 13–24. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson J. Oksanen L. Role of litter decomposition for the increased primary production in areas of heavily grazed by reindeer: a litter bag experiment. Oikos. 2002; 96: 507–515. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson J. Oksanen L. Effects of reindeer density on vascular plant diversity on north Scandinavian mountains. Rangifer. 2005; 25: 5–18. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson J. Stark S. Oksanen L. Reindeer influence on ecosystem processes in the tundra. Oikos. 2004; 105: 386–396. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajunen A. Virtanen R. Roininen H. The effects of reindeer grazing on the composition and species richness of vegetation in forest-tundra ecotone. Polar Biology. 2008; 31: 1233–1244. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peth S. & Horn R. 2006Consequences of grazing on soil physical and mechanical properties in forest and tundra environments. In: B.C.Forbes, et al..: Reindeer management in northernmost Europe. Linking practical and scientific knowledge in social–ecological systems. Ecological Studies 184. Pp. 218–291. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Putkonen J. & Roe G. 2003. Rain-on-snow events impact soil temperatures and affect ungulate survival. Geophysical Research Letters 30. article no. 1188. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Raunio A. Schulman A. Kontula T. Suomen luontotyyppien uhanalaisuus. Osa 2: Luontotyyppien kuvaukset. (Assessment of threatened habitat types in Finland. Part 2: Habitat type descriptions.) Suomen ympäristö 8/2008. Finnish Environment Institute. Luonto. Helsinki, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Reindeer Herders’ Association. 2011. Annual statistics of reindeer numbers for the period 1965–2011. (See Supplementary File for details about this source.)RovaniemiFinland: Reindeer Herders’ Association.
   Google Scholar
• Säkkinen H. Timisjärvi J. Eloranta E. Heiskari U. Nieminen M. Pukka M. Nutrition-induced changes in blood chemical parameters of pregnant reindeer hinds. (Rangifer tarandus tarandus.). Small Ruminant Research. 1999; 32: 211–221. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Skarin A. Habitat use by semi-domesticated reindeer, estimated with pellet-group counts. Rangifer. 2007; 27: 121–132. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K.B., Tignor M. & Miller H.L. Jr. 2007. Climate change. The physical science basis: contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stark S. Männistö M. Smolander A. Multiple effects of reindeer grazing on the soil processes in nutrient-poor northern boreal forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2010; 42: 2068–2077. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Stark S. Tuomi J. Strömmer R. Helle T. Non-parallel changes in soil microbial carbon and nitrogen dynamics due to reindeer grazing in northern boreal forests. Ecography. 2003; 26: 51–59. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Suominen O. Olofsson J. Impacts of semi-domesticated reindeer on structure of tundra and forest communities in Fennoscandia: a review. Annales Zoologi Fennici. 2000; 37: 233–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TØmmervik H, Bjerke J.W, Gaare E, Johansen B. & Thannheiser D. 2012. Rapid recovery of recently overexploited winter grazing pastures for reindeer in northern Norway. Fungal Ecology. 5, 3–15. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryland M. Josefsen T. Oksanen A. Aschfalk A. Contagious ecthyma in Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Veterinary Record. 2001; 149: 394–395. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Turunen M. Oksanen P. Markkula I. Vuojala-Magga T. Sutinen M.-L. Maijala J. Tuomaala R. Vegetation changes in reindeer winter corrals in Finnish Lapland. Rangifer Report. 2010; 14: 110–111.
   Google Scholar
• Turunen M. Soppela P. Kinnunen H. Sutinen M.-L.&;Martz F. Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants? A review. Polar Biology. 2009; 32: 813–832. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar
• Turunen M. Vuojala-Magga T. Poron ravinto ja lisäruokinta muuttuvassa ilmastossa. (Reindeer forage and supplementary feeding in a changing climate.) Arktisen keskuksen tiedotteita 56. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland. RovaniemiFinland, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Tyler N.J.C. Turi J.M. Sundset M.A. Stom Bull K. Sara M.N. Reinert E. Oskal N. Nellemann C. McCarthy J.J. Mathiesen S.D. Martello M.L. Magga O.H. Hovelsrud G.K. Hanssen-Bauer I. Eira N.I. Eira I.M.G. Corell R.W. Saami reindeer pastoralism under climate change: applying a generalized framework for vulnerability studies to a sub-Arctic social-ecological system. Global Environmental Change. 2007; 17: 191–206. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkola R. Trampling tolerance of plants and ground cover in Finnish Lapland, with an example from the Pyhätunturi National Park. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego. 1995; 98: 91–110.
   Google Scholar
• van der Wal R. Bardgett R.D. Harrison K.A. Stien A. Vertebrate herbivores and ecosystem control: cascading effects of faeces on tundra ecosystems. Ecography. 2004; 27: 242–252. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väre H. Ohtonen R. Mikkola K. The effect and extent of heavy grazing by reindeer in oligotrophic pine heaths in northeastern Fennoscandia. Ecography. 1996; 19: 245–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väre H. Ohtonen R. Oksanen L. Effects of reindeer grazing on understorey vegetation in dry Pinus sylvestris forests. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1995; 6: 523–530. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek P.M. Howarth R.W. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur?. Biogeochemistry. 1991; 13: 87–115. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuojala-Magga T. Turunen M. Ryyppö T. Tennberg M. Resonance strategies of Sami reindeer herders in northernmost Finland during climatically extreme years. Arctic. 2011; 64: 227–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walck J.L. Hidayati S.N. Dixon K.W. Thompson K. Poschlod P. Climate change and plant regeneration from seed. Global Change Biology. 2011; 17: 2145–2161. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weladji R.B. Holand O. Influences of large-scale climatic variability on reindeer population dynamics: implications for reindeer husbandry in Norway. Climate Research. 2006; 32: 119–127. 10.3402/polar.v32i0.18610.
   Google Scholar