60
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The θ-S relations in the northern seas: Implications for the deep circulation

Pages 133-159 | Published online: 16 Dec 2016

References

  • Aagaard, K. 1968: Temperature variations in the Greenland Sea deep water. Deep-Sea Res. 15, 281–296.
  • Aagaard, K. 1981: On the deep circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. 28, 251–268.
  • Aagaard, K., Coachman, L. K. & Carmack, E. C. 1981: On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. 28, 529-545.
  • Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H. & Carmack, E. C. 1985: Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 4833–4846.
  • Baines, W. D. & Turner, J. S. 1969: Turbulent buoyant con-vection from a source in a confined region. J. Fluid Mechanics 37,52–80.
  • Batchelor, G. K. 1967: An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 615 pp.
  • Bunker, A. F. & Worthington, L. V. 1976: Energy exchange charts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 57,670–678.
  • Carmack, E. C. & Aagaard, K. 1973: On the deep water of the Greenland Sea. Deep Sea Res. 20, 687–715.
  • Clarke, R. A. & Gascard, J. C. 1983: The Formation of Lab-rador Sea Water. Part I: Large Scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1764–1778.
  • Clarke, R. A., Reid, J. L. & Swift, J. H. 1984: CSS Hudson Cruise 82-001 14 February-6th April 1982. Univ. of Cal. Scripps Inst. of Ocean. 84-14. 2 vols.
  • Coachman, L. K. & Aagaard, K. 1974: Physical oceanography of arctic and subarctic seas. Pp. 1-72 in Marine Geology and oceanography of the Arctic Seas. Hermann Springer Verlag, New York.
  • Coachman, L. K. & Aagaard, K. 1981: Reevaluation of water transports in the vicinity of the Bering Strait. In Hood, D. W. & Calder, J. A. (eds.): The eastern Bering Sea Shelf. Oceanography and Resources, vol. 1. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin., Washington D.C.
  • Coachman, L. K. & Barnes, C. A. 1962: Surface water in the Eurasian basin of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic 15, 251–277.
  • Foster, T. D. & Carmack, E. C. 1976: Frontal zone mixing and Antarctic bottom water formation in the southern Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 23, 301–317.
  • Gascard, J. C. & Clarke, R. A. 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part II: Meso scale and smaller scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1779–1797.
  • Gordon, A. L. 1971: Oceanography of Antarctic waters. Pp. 169-203 in Reid, J. L. (ed.): Antarctic Oceanology 1. Ant-arctic Research series 15. American Geophysical Union.
  • Helland-Hansen, B. & Koefoed, G. 1907: Hydrographie. Pp. 275-343 in Croisere oceanographique accomplie a bord de la Belgica dans la mer de Gronland 1905. Due d'Orldans, Bruxelles.
  • Helland-Hansen, B. & Nansen, F. 1909: The Norwegian Sea. Its physical oceanography based upon the Norwegian researches 1900-1904. Rep. on Norw. Fishery and Marine Investigations //(/). Kristiania.
  • Howard, L. N. 1964: Convection at high Rayleigh Number. Pp. 1109-1115 in Görtler, M. (ed.): Proc. eleventh Int. Congress Applied Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Kiilerich, A. 1945: On the hydrography of the Greenland Sea. Medd. om. Gronland 144(2). 63 PP.
  • Killworth, P. D. 1977: Mixing on the Weddell Sea Continental slope. Deep-Sea Res. 24, 427–448.
  • Killworth, P. D. 1979: On ‘chimney’ formations in the oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 531–554.
  • Killworth, P. D. 1981: Deep convection in the world ocean. JSCICCCO meeting on time series of ocean measurements, Tokyo.
  • McDougall, T. J. 1983: Greenland Sea bottom water formation: A balance between advection and double diffusion. Deep Sea Res. 30, 1109–1117.
  • Metcalf, W. F. 1955: On the formation of bottom water in the Norwegian basin. Transaction of the American Geophysical Union 36, 595–600.
  • Metcalf, W. F. 1960: A note on water movement in the Green-land-Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 7,190–200.
  • Midttun, L. 1985: Formation of heavy bottom water in the Barents Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 32, 1233–1241.
  • Mohn, H. 1887: Nordhavets dybder, temperatur og strøm-ninger. Den Norske Nordhavsekspedisjon 1876-1878 II.
  • Mosby, H. 1959: Deep Water in the Norwegian Sea. Geofysiske publikasjoner 21. 62 pp.
  • Mosby, H. 1961: Recording the formation of bottom water in the Norwegian Sea. Pp. 289-296 in Proceedings of the symposium on mathematical-hydrodynamical methods of physical oceanography. Inst. Meereskunde. University of Hamburg. 420 pp.
  • Nansen. F. 1902: Oceanography of the North Polar Basin. The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-96. Scientific Results 3(9). 427 pp.
  • Nansen, F. 1906: Northern Waters. Captain Roald Amundsen's oceanographic observations in the Arctic Seas in 1901. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskabelig klasse 1(3). 145 pp.
  • Nansen, F. 1915: Spitsbergen Waters. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter 1. Matematisk-Naturvidenskabelig klasse 2. 132 pp.
  • Omstedt, A. 1985: On cooling and initial ice formation in the upper layers of the ocean. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Gothenburg.
  • Palfrey, K. M. 1967: Physical oceanography of the northern part of the Greenland Sea in the summer of 1964. Master Thesis, Univ. of Washington. 63 pp.
  • Perkin, R. G. & Lewis, E. L. 1984: Mixing in the West Spits-bergen Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14 (8), 1315–1325.
  • Rudels, B. 1986: On the mass balance of the Polar Ocean, with special emphasis on the Fram Strait. Submitted to Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter.
  • Rudels, B. & Anderson, L. 1982: Observations of the mass heat and salt exchange through the Fram Strait. Report No. 42, Oceanografiska Inst., Univ. of Gothenburg. 17 pp.
  • Schumacher, J. D., Aagaard, K., Pease, C. H. & Tripp, R. B. 1983: Effects of a shelf polynya on the flow and water proper-ties in the northern Bering Sea. ). of Geophys. Res. 88,2723–2732.
  • Scorer, R. S. 1978: Environmental aerodynamics. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. 488 pp.
  • Smith, P. C. 1975: A stream-tube model for the bottom currents in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 22, 853–875.
  • Stommel, H. 1972: Deep winter-time convection in the western Mediterranean Sea. Pp. 207-218 in Gordon, A. (ed.): Studies in Physical Oceanography. A tribute to George Wrist on his 80th birthday, vol. 2. Gordon & Breach.
  • Swift, J. H. & Aagaard, K. 1981: Seasonal transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland seas. Deep-Sea Res. 28A(10), 1107–1129.
  • Swift, J. H., Takahashi, T. & Livingston, H. D. 1983: The contribution of the Greenland and the Barents seas to the deep water of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geoph. Res. 88, 5981–5986.
  • Turner, J. S. 1973: Buoyancy effects in fluids. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 367 pp.
  • Wakatsuchi, M. 1983: Brine exclusion process from growing sea ice. Contributions from the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, 29–65.
  • Weiss, R. F., Ostlund, M. G. & Craig, H. 1979: Geochemical studies of the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 26, 1093–1120.