References
- Blackmon, M. L. 1976. A climatological spectral study of the 500 mb geopotential height of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1607–1623.
- Blackmon, M. L. and Lau, N. C. 1980. Regional characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation: A comparison of the simulation of a GFDL general circulation model with observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 497–514.
- Blackmon, M. L., Lee, Y.-H., Wallace, J. M., and Hsu, H.-H. 1984a. Time variation of 500 mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate, and short time scales as deduced from lag-correlation statistics. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 981–991.
- Blackmon, M. L., Lee, Y.-H. and Wallace, J. M. 1984b. Horizontal structure of 500 mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate, and short time scales. J. Armin. Sci. 41, 961–979.
- Fraedrich, K. and Lutz, M. 1987. A modified time-longitude diagram applied to 500 mb heights along 50° north and south. Tellus 39A, 25–32.
- Held, I. M. 1983. Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere: Theory. In Large-scale dynamical processes in the atmosphere (ed. B. J. Hoskins and R. P. Pearce). Academic Press, 397 pp.
- Hoskins, B. J., Simmons, A. J. and Andrews, D. G. 1977. Energy dispersion in a barotropic atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 103, 553–567.
- Hoskins, B. J., James, I. and White, G. H. 1983. The shape, propagation and mean flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1595–1612.
- Hovmöller, E. 1949. The trough-and-ridge diagram. Tellus 1 (2), 92–66.
- Karoly, D. J. and Hoskins, B. J. 1982. Three-dimensional propagation of planetary waves. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 60, 109–122.
- Lau, N. C. 1978. On the three-dimensional structure of the observed transient eddy statistics of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1900–1923.
- Randel, W. J. 1987. A study of planetary waves in the Southern winter troposphere and stratosphere. Part 1: Wave structure and vertical propagation. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 917–935.
- Rossby, C.-G. 1945. On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves. J. Marine Res. 2, 187–204.
- Trenberth, K. E. 1981. Observed Southern Hemisphere eddy statistics at 500 mb: Frequency and spatial dependence. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 2585–2605.
- Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S. 1981. Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 785–812.