References
- Barkmeijer, J. 1992. Local error growth in a barotropic model. Tel/us 44A, 314–323.
- Barkmeijer, J. and Opsteegh, J. D. 1991. Local skill prediction with a simple model. Proc. 1991, ECMWF Workshop on New developments in predictability. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK.
- Borges, M. D. and Hartmann, D. L. 1992. Barotropic instability and optimal perturbations of observed nonzonal flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 335–354.
- Branstator, G. 1983. Horizontal energy propagation in a barotropic atmosphere with meridional and zonal structures. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1689–1708.
- Cohn, S. E. and Parrish, D. F. 1991. The behavior of forecast error covariances for a Kalman filter in two dimensions. Mon. Weather. Rev. 119, 1757–1785.
- Courtier, P., Freydier, C., Geleyn, J.-F., Rabier, F. and Rochas, M. 1991. The ARPEGE Project at Météo-France. Proc. 1991, ECMWF Seminar, September 1991. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK.
- Dee, D. P. 1991. Simplification of the Kalman filter for meteorological data assimilation. Mon. Weather. Rev. 117, 365–384.
- Epstein, E. S. 1969. Stochastic dynamic prediction. Tel/us 21, 739–759.
- Farrel, B. F. 1988. Optimal excitation of neutral Rossby waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 45,163–172.
- Farrel, B. F. and Moore, A. M. 1992. An adjoint method for obtaining the most rapidly growing perturbation to oceanic flows. J. Phys. Oceanog. 22, 338–349.
- Gauthier, P., Courtier, P. and Moll, P. 1993. Data assimilation with an extended Kalman-Bucy filter. Mon. Weather. Rev. 121, in press.
- Ghil, M. 1989. Meteorological data assimilation for oceanographers. Part I: description and theoretical framework. Dyn. of Atm. and Oceans 13, 171–218.
- Ghil, M., Cohn, S., Tavantzis, J., Bube, K. and Issacson, E. 1981. Applications of estimation theory to numeri-cal weather prediction. In: Dynamic meteorology. Data assimilation methods. (Eds. Bengtsson, L., Ghil, M. and Kallen, E.) Springer-Verlag, New York, 139–224.
- Hollingsworth, A. and Lönnberg, P. 1986. The statistical structure of short-range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data. Part I: The wind field. Tel/us 38A, 111–136.
- Hoskins, B. and Karoly, D. 1981. The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1179–1196.
- Hoskins, B., James, I. and White, G. 1983. The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1595–1612.
- Lacarra, J.-F. and Talagrand, O. 1988. Short-range evolution of small perturbations in a barotropic model. Tel/us 40A, 81–95.
- Lönnberg, P. and Hollingsworth, A. 1986. The statistical structure of short-range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data. Part II: the covariance of height and wind errors. Tel/us 38A, 137–161.
- Lorene, A. C. 1986. Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. Q. J. R. MeteoroL Soc. 112, 1177–1194.
- Palmer, T. N. and Tibaldi, S. 1987. Predictability studies in the median and extended range. ECMWF Technical Memorandum no. 139. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK.
- Parrish, D. F. and Cohn, S. E. 1985. A Kalman filter for a two-dimensional shallow-water model: formulation and preliminary experiments. NMC Office note no. 304. National Meteorological Center, Washington DC, USA.
- Pitcher, E. 1977. Application of stochastic dynamic prediction to real data. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 3–21.
- Rabier, F., Courtier, P. and Talagrand, O. 1993. An application of adjoint model to sensitivity analysis. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics.
- Simmons, A., Wallace, J. and Branstator, G. 1983. Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1363–1392.
- Talagrand, O. and Courtier, P. 1987. Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. I: Theory.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 113, 1311–1328.
- Veyre, P. 1991. Direct prediction of error variances by the tangent linear model. Proc. 1991, ECMWF Workshop on New developments in predictability. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK.