Mean meridional transport of energy in the earth-atmosphere system using NMC global analyses and ERBE radiation data

References

• Alexander, M. A. and Schubert, S. D. 1990. Regional Earth-atmosphere energy balance estimates based on assimilations with a CGM. J. Climat. 3, 15–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkstrom, B., Harrison, E., Smith, G., Green, R., Kibler, J., Cess, R. and The ERBE Science Team, 1989. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Archival and April 1985 Results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 70, 1254-1262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, G. J. 1986. A comparison of mass and energy budgets from two FGGE datasets and a GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 885–902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böning, C. W., Döscher, R. and Budich, R. G. 1991. Seasonal transport variation in the western sub-tropical North Atlantic: Experiments with an Eddy-resolving model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1721–1289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton, F. B., Burridge, D. M., Crease, J., Dobson, F. W., Kraus, E. B. and Vonder Haar, T. H. 1982. The “CAGE” experiment. A feasibility study WCP-22. WMO Secretariat, Geneva, 95 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, P. M. and White, G. H. 1989. Performance of the National Meteorological Center’s medium-range model. Wea. Forecasting 4, 391–400.
   Google Scholar
• Carissimo, B. C., Oort, A. H. and Yonder Haar, T. H. 1985. Estimating the meridional energy transports in the atmosphere and ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 15, 82–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey, C. H. and Morone, L. L. 1985. Evolution of the National Meteorological Center Global Data Assimilation System: January 1982-December 1983. Mon. Wea. Rev. 113, 304–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimore, R. G. and Houghton, D. D. 1990. Simulation of ocean temperature and heat storage from a GCM coupled to a variable depth upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 1312–1332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, A. 1970. The energy budget over the Florida Peninsula when a convective regime dominates. J. Appl. Meteor. 9, 401–416.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y.-J. 1984. A numerical world ocean general circulation model, Part II: A baroclinic experiment. Dyn. Atrnos. Oceans 8, 141–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, D. L., Ramanathan, V., Berroir, A. and Hunt, A. 1986. Earth radiation budget data and climate research. Rev. Geophys. 24, 439–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastenrath, S. 1982. On meridional heat transports in the world ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 922–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holopainen, E. and Fortelius, C. 1986. Accuracy of estimates of atmospheric large-scale energy flux divergence. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 1910–1921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiung, J. 1985. Estimates of global oceanic meridional heat transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1405–1413.
   Google Scholar
• Kalnay, E. and Jenne, R. 1991. Summary of the NMC/NCAR reanalysis workshop of April 1991. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 72, 1897–1904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamitsu, M. 1989. Description of the NMC Global Data Assimilation and Forecast System. Wea. Forecasting 4, 335–342.
   Google Scholar
• Kanamitsu, M., Alpert, J. C., Campana, K. A., Caplan, P. M., Deaven, D. G., Iredell, M., Katz, B., Pan, H.-L., Sela, J. and White, G. H. 1991. Recent changes implemented into the global forecast system at NMC. Wea. Forecasting 6, 425–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitus, S. 1987. Rate of change of heat storage of the world ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 518–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenc, A. C. and Swinbank, R. 1984. On the accuracy of general circulation statistics calculated from FGGE data, a comparison of results from two sets of analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 110, 915–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda, K. 1988. Meridional heat transport by the atmosphere and the ocean. Tellus 40A, 285–302.
   Google Scholar
• Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M. and Semter, A. J.Jr. 1982. Experiments with a global ocean model driven by observed atmospheric forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 301–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud, R. and Derome, J. 1991. On the mean meridional transport of energy in the atmosphere and oceans as derived from six years of ECMWF analysis. Tellus 43A, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Molinari, R. L., Johns, E. and Festa, J. F. 1990. The annual cycle of meridional heat flux in the Atlantic Ocean at 26.5° N. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 476–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, R. E., Kidson, J. W., Vincent, D. G. and Boer, G. J. 1974. The general circulation of the tropical atmosphere and interactions with extratropical latitudes, vol. 2. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 371 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Oort, A. H. and Yonder Haar, T. H. 1976. On the observed annual cycle in the ocean-atmosphere heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 781–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oort, A. H. 1983. Global atmospheric circulation statistics. NOAA Prof Paper no. 14, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 180 pp and microfiches.
   Google Scholar
• Oort, A. H. and Peixóto, J. P. 1983. Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Advances in geophysics, vol. 25. Academic Press, 355-489.
   Google Scholar
• Parrish, D. F. and Derber, J. C. 1992. The National Meteorological Center’s spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 1747–1763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, V. 1987. The role of earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4075–4095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savijärvi, H. I. 1988. Global energy and moisture budgets for rawindsonde data. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 417–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. A. and Smith, M. R. 1987. Interannual variability of the tropical radiation balance and the role of the extended cloud systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3210–3234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenberth, K. E. 1984. Interannual variability of the southern hemisphere circulation: Representativeness of the year of the Global Weather Experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev. 112, 108–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenberth, K. E. and Olson, J. G. 1988.Intercomparison of NMC and ECMWF global analyses. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN —301 + STR.
   Google Scholar
• White, G. H. 1988. Systematic Performance of NMC Medium-range forecasts 1985-88. Preprint, 8th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Baltimore, 466-471.
   Google Scholar