252
Views
65
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable?

&
Pages 400-411 | Received 20 Jul 1998, Accepted 04 Jan 1999, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Boyle, E. A. and Keigwin, L. D. 1987. North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature. Nature 330, 35–40.
  • Bryan, F. 1987. Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 970–985.
  • Bryan, K. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation (II). The ocean model. Mon. Wea. Re v. 97, 806–827.
  • Bryan, K. and Cox, M. 1967. A numerical integration of the oceanic general circulation model. Tellus 19, 54–80.
  • Bryan, K. and Lewis, L. 1979. A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 84(C5), 2503–2517.
  • Fanning, A. F and Weaver, A. J. 1997. Temporal-geographical meltwater influences on the North Atlantic conveyor: Implication for the Younger Dryas. Pale-oceanography 12, 307–320.
  • Gordon, A. L. 1986. Interocean exchange of thermo-haline water. J. Geophys. Res. 91(C4), 5037–5046.
  • Gordon, C. T. and Stern, W. 1982. A description of the GFDL global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 625–644.
  • Gregg, M. C. 1977. Variation in the intensity of small scale mixing in the main thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7, 436–454.
  • Jenkins, W. J. 1980. Tritium and 3He in the Sargasso Sea. J. Marine Research 38, 533–569.
  • Keigwin, L. D. and Lehman, S. J. 1994. Deep circulation linked to Heinrich event 1 and Younger Dryas in a mid depth North Atlantic core. Paleoceanography 9, 185–194.
  • Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J. and Law, C. S. 1994. Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature 364, 701–703.
  • Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U. and Hasselmann, K. H. 1993. Mean circulation of the LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 731–757.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1997. Coupled ocean—atmosphere model response to freshwater input: Comparison to Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography 12, 321–336.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1995. Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 378, 165–167.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1994. Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate 7, 5–23.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1988. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model. J. Climate 1, 841–866.
  • Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J. and Strickler, R. F. 1965. Simulated climatology of general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 769-798. Manabe, S., Spelman, M. J. and Stouffer, R. J. 1992. Transient response of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model to gradual change of atmospheric CO2 (II). Seasonal response. J. Climate 5, 105–126.
  • Manabe, S., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J. and Bryan, K. 1991. Transient response of a coupled ocean—atmosphere model to gradual change of atmospheric CO2 (I). Annual mean response. J. Climate 4, 7858-18.
  • Marotzke, J. 1989. Instabilities and multiple steady states of the thermohaline circulation in oceanic circulation models: combining data and dynamics. NATO ASI Series 284, edited by D. L. T. Anderson and J. Wille-brand, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, MA, pp. 501–511.
  • Mikolajewicz, U. 1996. A meltwater induced collapse of the “conveyor belt” thermohaline circulation and its influence on the oceanic distribution of 614C and 5180. Max-Plank-Institut ffir Meteorologie, Rep. 189, 25 pp. Molenkamp, C. R. 1968. Accuracy of finite-difference mothods applied to the advection equation. J. Appl. Meteor. 7, 160–167.
  • Orszag, S. A. 1970. Transform method for calculating vector-coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation. J. Atmos. Sc i. 27, 890–895.
  • Rahmstorf, S. 1995. Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to change in the hydrologic cycle. Nature 378, 145–149.
  • Redi, M. H. 1982. Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1154–1158.
  • Rooth, C. G. and Ostlund, H. G. 1972. Penetration of tritium into the Atlantic thermocline. Deep-Sea Research 19, 481–492.
  • Sarnthein, M., Winn, K., Jung, S. A., Duplessy, J.-C., Labeyrie, L., Erkenkeuser, H. and Gaussen, G. 1994. Changes in east Atlantic deep water circulation over the past 30,000 years: Eight times slice reconstructions. Paleoceanography 9, 209–267.
  • Schiller, A., Mikolajewicz, U. and Voss, R. 1997. The stability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean—atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 13, 325–347.
  • Stommel, H. M. 1961. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 13, 224-230. Stouffer, R. J., Manabe, S., Spelman, M. J. and Bryan, K. 1989. Interhemispheric asymmetry in climate response to a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2. Nature 342, 660–662.
  • Tziperman, E. and Bryan, K. 1993. Estimating global air—sea fluxes from surface properties and from climatological flux data using an oceanic general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 98(C12), 22,629-22,644.
  • Wurtele, M. G. 1961. On the problem of truncation error, Tellus 13, 379–391.