129
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The variability of Atlantic–European blocking as derived from long SLP time series

Pages 225-236 | Received 10 Aug 1998, Accepted 25 Oct 1999, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Anonymous. 1887. Synchronous weather charts of the North Atlantic and the adjacent continents for every day from 1 August 1882, to 31 August 1883. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 13, 176–178.
  • Austin, J. F. 1980. The blocking of middle latitude westerly winds by planetary scale waves. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 106, 327–350.
  • Blackmon, M. L. and Madden, R. A. 1979. Geographical variations in the vertical structure of geopotential height fluctuations. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 2450-2466. Boer, G. J., Arpe, K., Blackburn, M., Déqué, M., Gates, W., Hart, T. L., Le Treut, H., Röckner, E. and Sheinin, D. 1992. Some results from an intercomparis-ation of the climates simulated by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 97, D4, 3711–3724.
  • Bottomley, M., Folland, C. K., Hsiung, J., Newell, R. E. and Parker, D. E. 1990. Global ocean surface temperature atlas. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, 20 p. + 313 plates.
  • Cayan, D. R. 1992. Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: the connection to monthly atmospheric circulation. J. Climate 5, 354–369.
  • Charney, J. G., Shukla, J. and Mo, K. C. 1981. Comparison of a barotropic blocking theory with observation. J. Atmos. Sc i. 38, 762–779.
  • D’Andrea, F., Tibaldi, S., Blackburn, M., Boer, G., Déqué, M., Dix, R. M., Dugas, B., Ferranti, L., Iwa-saki, T., Kitoh, A., Pope, V., Randall, D., Roeckner, E., Straus, D., Stern, W., Van den Dool, H. and Willliam-son, D. 1998. Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking as simulated by 15 atmospheric general circu-lation models in the period 1979-1988. Climate Dyn. 14, 385–407.
  • Defant, F. 1924. Die Schwankungen der atmosphdrischen Zirkulation fiber dem nordatlantischen Ozean im 25-jährigen Zeitraum 1881-1905. Geograflska Annaler 6, 13-31( in German).
  • Dole, R. M. 1978. The objective representation of blocking patterns. In: The general circulation: theory, modeling and observations. Notes from a Colloquium 1978, NCAR/CQ-6 + 1978-ASP, 406-426.
  • Dole, R. M. 1986. The life cycles of persistent anomalies and blocking over the North Pacific. In: Anomalous atmospheric flows and blocking (eds. Benzi, R., Saltz-man, B. and WÓn-Nielsen, A. C.). Advances in Geophys. vol. 29, Academic Press, New York, 31-70.
  • Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. J. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, vol. 57, Chapman & Hall, New York, 436 pp.
  • Elliott, R. D. and Smith, T. B. 1949. A study of the effects of large blocking highs on the general circulation in the northern hemisphere westerlies. J. Meteorol. 6, 67–85.
  • Frederiksen, J. S. 1986. Instability theory and nonlinear evolution of blocks and mature anomalies. In: Anomalous atmospheric flows and blocking (eds. Benzi, R., Saltzman, B. and WÓn-Nielsen, A. C.). Advances in Geophys. vol. 29, Academic Press, New York, 277-304.
  • Glahn, H.R. 1968. Canonical correlation and its relation-ship to discriminant analysis and multiple regression. J. Atmos. Sc i. 25, 23–31.
  • Glowienka, R. 1985. Studies on the variability of Ice-landic Low and Azores High between 1881 and 1983. Contr. Atmos. Phys. 58, 160–170.
  • Glowienka-Hense, R. 1987. Statistische Analyse der Nordatlantik Oszillation im Bodendruck: Beobachtung (1881-1984) und Simulation im Zirkulationsmodell T21, sowie die Rolle der Temperatur der Meeresober-fltichen. Diss. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. Bonn, 94 pp (in German).
  • Hense, A. 1986. Multivariate statistical investigations of the northern hemisphere circulation during the El Nifio event 1982/83. Tellus 38A, 189–204.
  • Hoffmeyer, N. 1880. N. Hoffmeyer’s Studien fiber die Stfirme des Nordatlantischen Oceans und Project eines internationalen wettertelegraphischen Dienstes in Bezug auf diesen Ocean. Zeitschr. Osten. Ges. f Meteorol. 15, 345-361 ( in German).
  • Hoffmeyer, N. 1883. Hoffmeyer’s synoptische Karten. Zeitschr. Osten. Ges. f Meteorol. 18, 252-254 ( in German).
  • Hofmann, A. and Flohn, H. 1955. Monatsmittel des Luftdrucks im Meeresniveau fiir Koordinatenschn-ittpunkte iiber dem Nordatlantischen Ozean vom Dezember 1880 bis November 1899. DWD Scientific Rep. 1, Forschungsabteilung des DWD, Frankfurt M., 164 pp.
  • Jenne, R. L. 1975. Data sets for meteorological research. NCAR Technical Note, IA-111, Boulder/CO, 194 pp. Jones, P. D. 1987. The early twentieth century Arctic High — fact or fiction? Climate Dyn. 1, 63-75. Kaestner, A. 1971. Ober eine Weiterentwicklung des im DWD benutzten Programms zur numerischen Ana-lyse von Wetterkarten. Meteorol. Rundsch. 24, 129-137 ( in German).
  • Köppen, W. 1884. Tägliche synoptische Wetterkarten ffir den nordatlantischen Ozean und die anliegenden Theile der Kontinente. Meteorol. Z. 2, 92 (in German). Lejenäs, H. and Okland, H. 1983. Characteristics of northern hemisphere blocking as determined from a long time series of observational data. Tellus 35A, 350–362.
  • Lejenäs, H. 1995. Long term variations of atmospheric blocking in the northern hemisphere. J. Met. Soc. Japan 73, 79–89.
  • Liu, Q. 1994. On the definition and persistence of blocking. Tellus 46A, 286–298.
  • Lupo, A. R., Oglesby, R. J. and Mokhov, I. I. 1997. Climatological features of blocking anticyclones: a study of Northern Hemisphere CCM1 model blocking events in present-day and double CO2 concentration atmospheres. Climate Dyn. 13, 649–666.
  • Mächel, H. 1995. Variabilität der Aktionszentren der bodennahen Zirkulation fiber dem Atlantik im Zei-traum 1881-1989. Bonner Meteorol. Abh. 44, 188 pp ( in German).
  • Makrogiannis, T. J., Bloutsos, A. A. and Giles, B. D. 1982. Zonal index and circulation change in the North Atlantic area. J. Climatology 2, 159–169.
  • Parker, D. E., Jones, P. D., Folland, C. K. and Bevan, A. 1994. Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res. 99, D7, 14,373–14,399.
  • Rex, D. F. 1950a. Blocking action in the middle tropo-sphere and its effect upon regional climate: part I. Tellus 2, 196–211.
  • Rex, D. F. 1950b. Blocking action in the middle tropo-sphere and its effect upon regional climate: part II. Tellus 2, 275–301.
  • Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Brinkop, S., Diimenil, L., Esch, M., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., Pon-ater, M., Rockel, B., Sausen, R., Schlese, U., Schub-ert, S. and Windelband, M. 1992. Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM-Model: impact of model physics and resolution. Max-Planck Inst. f. Meteorol. Rep. 93, Hamburg, 172 pp.
  • Romer, U. 1996. Reaktion der Atmosphtire auf SST-Anomalien. Diss. Meteor. Inst. Univ. Bonn, 268 pp (in German).
  • Rowell, D. P., Folland, C. K., Maskell, K. and Ward, M. N. 1995. Variability of summer rainfall over trop-ical north Africa (1906-92): observations and model-ling. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 121, 669–704.
  • Sausen, R., König, W. and Sielmann, F. 1995. Analysis of blocking events from observations and ECHAM model simulations. Tellus 47A, 421–438.
  • Stein, O. and Hense, A. 1994. A reconstructed time series of the number of extreme low pressure events since 1880. Meteorol. Z., N. F. 3, 43–46.
  • Van Bebber, W. J. 1888. Synchronous weather charts of the North-Atlantic and the adjacent continents for every day from 1 August 1882 to 31 August 1883. Meteorol. Z. 6 (June 1888), [46].
  • Von Storch, H. and Zwiers, W. 1999. Statistical analysis in climate research. Cambridge University Press, 484 pp.
  • Tibaldi, S. and Molteni, F. 1990. On the operational predictability of blocking. Tellus 42A, 343-365. Tibaldi, S., D’Andrea, F., Tosi, E. and Roeckner, E. 1997. Climatology of Northern Hemisphere blocking in the ECHAM model. Climate Dyn. 13, 649–666.
  • Treidl, R. A., Birch, E. C. and Sajecki, P. 1981. Blocking action in the northern hemisphere: a climatological study. Atmosphere-Ocean 19, 1–23.
  • Trenberth, K. E. and Paolino, D. A. 1980. The northern hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: trends, errors and discontinuities. Mon. Wea. Rev. 108, 855-872. Walker, G. T. 1924. Correlations in seasonal variations of weather. IX Mem. Indian Meteor. Dept. 24, 275–332.
  • Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W. 1932. World weather V. Mem. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 4, 53–84.
  • Williams, J. and Van Loon, H. 1976. An examination of the northern hemisphere sea-level pressure data set. Mon. Wea. Re v. 104, 1354–1361.
  • Woodruff, S. D., Slutz, R. J., Jenne, R. L. and Steurer, P. M. 1987. A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 68, 1239–1250.