References
- Chen, C.-T. and Roeckner, E. 1997. Cloud simulations with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 and comparison with observations. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9335–9350.
- Essex, C. 1984. Minimum entropy production in steady state and radiative transfer. Astrophys. J. 285, 279–293.
- Ghil, M. and Le Treut, H. 1981. A climate model with cryodynamics and geodynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 5262–5270.
- Grassl, H. 1981. The climate at maximum entropy pro-duction by meridional atmospheric and oceanic heat fluxes. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 153–166.
- Hartmann, D. L. 1994. Global physical climatology, vol. 56. International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, New York.
- Hyde, W. T., Kim, K.-Y., Crowley, T. J. and North, G. R. 1990. On the relation between polar continentality and climate: studies with a nonlinear seasonal energy balance model. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18653–18668.
- Källén, E., Crafoord, C. and Ghil, M. 1979. Free oscilla-tions in a climate model with ice-sheet dynamics. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 2292–2303.
- Li, J. and ChSTlek, P. 1994. Entropy in climate models. Part II: Horizontal structure of atmospheric entropy production. J. Atmos. Sc i. 51, 1702–1708.
- Lian, M. S. and Cess, R. D. 1977. Energy balance models: a reappraisal of ice-albedo feedback. J. Atmos. Sc i. 34, 1058–1062.
- Manabe, S. and Broccoli, A. J. 1985. A comparison of climate model sensitivity with data from the last glacial maximum. J. Atmos. Sc i. 42, 2643–2651.
- Mobbs, S. D. 1982. Extremal principles for global climate models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 108, 535–550.
- Nicolis, G. and Nicolis, C. 1981. On the entropy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 691–706.
- North, G. R., 1975. Analytical solution to a simple cli-mate model with diffusive heat transfer. J. Atmos. Sc i. 32, 1301–1307.
- O’Brien, D. M. and Stephens, G. L. 1995. Entropy and climate. II: Simple models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121, 1773–1796.
- Ozawa, H. and Ohmura A. 1997. Thermodynamics of a global-mean state of the atmosphere - a state of maximum entropy increase. J. Climate 10, 441-445. Paltridge, G. W. 1975. Global dynamics and climate - a system of minimum entropy exchange. Q. J. R. Met-eorol. Soc. 101, 475–484.
- Paltridge, G. W. 1978. The steady-state format of global climate. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 104, 927–945.
- Paltridge, G. W. 1979. Climate and thermodynamic sys-tems of maximum dissipation. Nature 279, 630–631.
- Paltridge, G. W. 1981. Thermodynamic dissipation and the global climate system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 531–547.
- Peixoto J. P. and Oort A. H. 1992. Physics of climate. AIP, New York.
- Planck, M. 1913. Heat radiation (trans.), 2nd edition, republished 1959. Dover, New York.
- Prigogine I. 1947. Etude thermodynamique des phéno-menes irreversibles. Desoer, Liege.
- Pujol, T. and Llebot, J. E. 1999a. Second differential of the entropy as a criteria for the stability in low-dimen-sional climate models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125, 91–106.
- Pujol, T. and Llebot, J. E. 1999b. Extremal principle of entropy producion in the climate system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125, 79–90.
- Roesch, A., Gilgen, H., Wild, M. and Ohmura, A. 1999. Assessment of GCM simulated snow albedo using direct observations. Clim. Dyn., 15, 405–418.
- Shutts, G. J. 1981. Maximum entropy production states in quasi-geostrophic dynamical models. Q. J. R. Met-eorol. Soc. 107, 503–520.
- Stephens, G. L. and O’Brien, D. M. 1993. Entropy and climate. I: ERBE observations of the entropy produc-tion of the earth. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 119, 121–152.
- Wyant, P. H., Mongroo, A. and Hameed, S. 1988. Deter-mination of the heat-transport coefficient in Energy-Balance Climate Models by extremization of entropy production. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 189–193.