523
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of remote and local atmospheric forcing on circulation and upwelling in the Baltic Sea

, &
Pages 299-316 | Received 05 Feb 2001, Accepted 04 Dec 2001, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Bergström, S. and Carlsson, B. 1994. River runoff to the Baltic Sea: 1950-1990. Ambio 23, 280–287.
  • Csanady, G. T. 1982. Circulation in the coastal ocean. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 279 pp.
  • Dietrich, G. 1951. Oberflächenströmungen im Kattegat, im Sund und in der Beltsee. Deutsche Hydrogr. Z. 4, 129–150.
  • Dietrich, G. and Schott, F. 1974. Wasserhaushalt und Strömungen. In: Meereskunde der Ostsee (eds. L. Maagard and G. Rheinheimer), Springer-Verlag Berlin, 33–41.
  • Eilola, K. and Stigebrandt, A. 1998. Spreading of juvenile freshwater in the Baltic Proper.J. Geophys. Res. 103, C12, 27,795–27,807.
  • Elken, J. 1996. Circulation modelling. In: Deep water overflow, circulation and vertical exchange in the Baltic proper (ed. J. Elken), Estonian Marine Institute, Tallin, Estonia, Rep. Ser., 6, 91 pp.
  • Fennel, W. 1991. Rosby radii and phase speeds in the Baltic Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 11, 23–36.
  • Gidhagen, L. 1987. Coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Satellite and in situ measurements of sea surface temperatures indicating coastal upwelling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci. 24, 449–462.
  • Gustafsson, B. 1997. Interaction between Baltic Sea and North Sea. Germ. J. Hydrogr. 49, 165–183.
  • Gustafsson, B. and Stigebrandt, A. 1996. Dynamics of the freshwater-influenced surface layers in the Skagerrak. J. Sea Res. 35, 39–53.
  • Haapala, J. and Leppäranta, M. 1996. Simulating the Baltic Sea ice season with a coupled ice—ocean model, Tellus 48A, 622–643.
  • Hänninen, J., Vuorinen, I. and Hjelt, P. 2000. Climatic factors in the Atlantic control the oceanographic an ecological changes in the Baltic Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 703–710.
  • Hagedorn, R., Lehmann, A. and Jacob, D. 2000. A coupled high resolution atmosphere—ocean model for the BALTEX region. Meteor. Z. 1, 1–14.
  • Harder, M., 1996. Dynamik, Rauhigkeit und Alter des Meereises in der Arktis -Numerische Untersuchungen mit einem grobskaligen Modell,Ber. zur Polatforsch. 203, Alfred-Wegener-Institut fur Polarund Meeres-forschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
  • HELCOM, 1986. Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Helsinki Commission, 1986, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 16, Helsinki, Finland, 174 pp.
  • Hibler, W. D. 1979. A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 815–846.
  • Hilmer, M. and Jung, T. 2000. Evidence for a recent change in the link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic sea ice export. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 989–992.
  • Hinrichsen, H.-H., Lehmann, A., St. John, M. A. and Brugge, B. 1997. Modeling the cod larvae drift in the Bornholm Basin in summer 1994. Cont. Shelf Res. 17, 1765–1784.
  • Hinrichsen, H.-H., Bottcher, U., Oeberst, R., Voss, R. and Lehmann, A. 2001a. The potential of advective exchange between the western and eastern Baltic cod stock early life stages. Fish. Oceanogr. 10, 249–258.
  • Hinrichsen, H.-H., St. John, M. A., Aro, E., Gronkjr, P. and Voss, R. 2001b. Testing the larval drift hypothesis in the Baltic Sea: retention vs. dispersion due to the influence of the wind driven circulation. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 58, 58–984.
  • Hurrell, J. W. 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269, 676–679.
  • Hurrell, J. W. 1996. Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemi-sphere temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 665–668.
  • Hurrell, J. W. and van Loon, H. 1997. Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climate Change 36, 301–326.
  • Jacobsen, T. S. 1981. The physical oceanography of the open Danish water. In: The Belt Project: evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological measurements (ed. G. Aetebjerg Nielsen), National Agency of Environ-mental Protection, Denmark, 122 pp.
  • Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R. and Joseph, D. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 77–470.
  • Kielmann, J. 1981. Grundlagen und Anwendung eines numerischen Modells der geschichteten Ostsee. Ber. Inst. fur Meeresk, Kiel, No. 87a/b, 158/116 pp.
  • Killworth, P., Stainforth, D., Webbs, D. J., Paterson, S. M. 1989. A free surface Bryan—Cox—Semtner model. Inst. Oceanogr. Sci. Deacon Lab. Rep., No. 270,184 pp.
  • Killworth, P., Stainforth, D., Webbs, D. J. and Paterson, S. M. 1991. The development of a free-surface Bryan—Cox—Semtner ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1333–1348.
  • Koslowsky, G. and Loewe, P. 1994. The western Baltic Sea ice season in term of mass related severity index 1879-1992. Part I: temporal variability and association with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Tellus 46A, 66–74.
  • Koslowsky, G. and Glaser, R. 1999. Variations in recon-structed ice winter severity in the western Baltic from 1501 to 1995, and their implications for the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climate Change 41, 175–191.
  • Kullenberg, G. 1981. Physical oceanography. In: The Baltic Sea. (ed. A. Voipo) SeElsevier Oceanogr. r. 30, 135–182.
  • Lass, H. U. and Matthäus, W. 1996. On temporal wind variations forcing salt water inflows into the Baltic Sea. Tellus 48A, 663–671.
  • Lass, H. U. and Schwabe, R. 1990. An analysis of the salt water inflow into the Baltic in 1975 to 1976. Dt. Hydrogr. Z. 43, 97–125.
  • Lehmann, A. 1995. A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea. Tellus 47A, 1013–1031.
  • Lehmann, A. and Hinrichsen, H.-H. 2000a. On the thermohaline variability of the Baltic Sea. J. Mar. Sys. 25, 333–357.
  • Lehmann, A. and Hinrichsen, H.-H. 2000b. On the wind driven and thermohaline circulation of the Baltic Sea. Phys. Chem. Earth, B 25, 183–189.
  • Lehmann, A. and Hinrichsen, H.-H. 2001. The importance of water storage variations for water balance studies of the Baltic Sea. Phys. Chem. Earth, B 26, (5-6), 383–389.
  • Lisitzin, E. 1974. Sea-level changes. Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 8, 286.
  • Matthäus, W. and Schinke, H. 1994. Mean atmospheric circulation patterns associated with Major Baltic Inflows. Dt. hydrogr. Z. 46, 321–338.
  • Meier, H. E. M. 1999. First results of multi-year simulations using a 3D Baltic Sea model.Rep. Oceanogr. 27, SMHI, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden, 48 pp.
  • Meier, H. E. M. 2000. The use of a k—E turbulence model within the Rossby Centre regional ocean climate model: Parameterization, development and results. Rep. Oceanogr. 28, SMHI, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden, 81 pp. Sea model. Reports Oceanogr. 27, SMHI, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden, 48 pp.
  • Neumann, G. and Pierson, W. J. 1967. Principles of physical oceanography. Prentice-Hall Int., London, 545 pp.
  • Omstedt, A. and Chen, D. 2001. Influence of atmospheric circulation on the maximum ice extent in the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4493–4500.
  • Omstedt, A., Meuller, L. and Nyberg, L. 1997. Inter-annual, seasonal and regional variations of precipitation and evaporation over the Baltic Sea. Ambio 26, 484–492.
  • Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R., Tett, S. F. B. and Jones, P. D. 1999. Evaluation of the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model. Clim. Dyam. 15, 685–702.
  • Parkinson, C. L. and Washington, W. M. 1979. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 311–337.
  • Planque, B. and Taylor, A. H. 1998. Long-term changes in plankton and the climate of the North Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 78, 1015–1018.
  • Rogers, J. C. 1984. The association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere. Mon. Weather Rev. 112, 1999–2015.
  • Rodhe, J. 1996. On the dynamics of the large-scale circulation of the Skagerrak. J. Sea Res. 35, 9–21.
  • Samuelsson, M. and Stigebrandt, A. 1996. Main characteristics of the long-term sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Tellus 48A, 672–683.
  • Sarkisyan, A. S., Staskwiecz, A. and Koalik, Z. 1975. Diagnostic computations of the summer circulation in the Baltic Sea. Oceanologica 15, 653–656
  • Schinke, H. and Matthäus, W. 1998. On the causes of major Baltic inflows an analysis of long time series. Cont. Shelf Res. 18, 67–97.
  • Schrum, C. and Backhaus, J 0.. 1999. Sensitivity of atmosphere—ocean heat exchange and heat content in North and Baltic Sea. A comparative assessment.Tellus 51A, 526–549.
  • Simons, T. J. 1978. Wind-driven circulations in the south-west Baltic. Tellus 30, 272–283.
  • Sjöberg, B. 1992. Sea and coast, national atlas of Sweden, SMHI Norrkoping. SNA Publishing, 128 pp.
  • Stigebrandt, A. 1983. A model for the exchange of water and salt between Baltic and the Skagerrak. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 411–427.
  • Stössel, A. and Owens, W. B. 1992. The Hamburg sea-ice model. DKRZ Techn. Rep. No. 3.
  • Ulbrich, U. and Christoph, M. 1999. A shift of the NAO and increasing storm track activity over Europe due to anthropagenic green house gas forcing. Clim. Dynam. 15, 551–559.
  • Voss, R., Hinrichsen, H.-H. and St. John, M. A. 1999. Variations in the drift of larval cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Baltic Sea: combining field observations and modeling. Fish. Oceanogr. 8, 199–211.
  • Zorita, E. and Laine, A. 2000. Dependence of salinity and oxygen concentrations in the Baltic Sea on large-scale atmospheric circulation. Clim. Res. 14, 25–41.