822
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide, nutrients and oxygen in the northern North Atlantic surface water: observations and a modelFootnote*

, , &
Pages 439-458 | Received 21 Nov 1985, Accepted 08 Jan 1987, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Bishop, J. K., Collier, R. W., Ketten, D. R. and Edmond, J. M. 1980. The chemistry, biology and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 1500 m of the Panama Basin. Deep-Sea Res. 27, 615–640.
  • Brewer, P. G. and Goldman, J. C. 1976. Alkalinity changes generated by phytoplankton growth. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21, 108–117.
  • Broecker, W. S. and Takahashi, T. 1984. Is there a tie between atmospheric CO2 content and ocean circu-lation? In: Climate processes and climate sensitivity (eds. J. Hansen and T. Takahashi). Geophys. Monogr. 29, Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 314-326.
  • Broecker, W. S., Takahashi, T. and Peng, T.-H. 1985. Reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2 contents from the chemistry of the contemporary ocean: An evaluation. Technical Report, TR020, U.S. Depart-ment of Energy, Washington, D.C., 79 pp.
  • Broecker, W. S. and Peng, T.-H. 1982. Tracers in the sea. Eldigeo Press, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, N.Y., 690 pp.
  • Buch, K. 1939a. Beobachtungen über das Kohlensaure-gleichgewicht under uber den Kohlensaureaustausch zwischen Atmosphere und Meer im Nord-atlantischen Ozean. Ada Acad. Aboensis, Math. et Phys. II, 9.
  • Buch, K. 1939b. Kohlensaure im Atmosphere und Meer an der Grenze zum Arktikum. Acta Acad. Aboensis, Math. et Phys. II, 12.
  • Clarke, R. A. and Gascard, J.-C. 1983. The formation of Labrador Sea Water, Part I: Large scale processes. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1764–1778.
  • Cooper, L. H. N. 1952. Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 30, 511–526.
  • Cooper, L. H. N. 1955a. Hypotheses connecting fluctu-ations in Arctic climate with biological productivity of the English Channel. Papers in Marine Biology and Oceanography. Deep-Sea Res. 3 (supplement), 212-223.
  • Cooper, L. H. N. 19556. Deep water movements in the North Atlantic as a link between climatic changes around Iceland and biological productivity of the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. Mar. Res. 14, 347-362.
  • Codispoti, L. A., Friederich, G. E., Iverson, R. L. and Hood, D. W. 1982. Temporal changes in the inor-ganic carbon system of the south-eastern Bering Sea during spring 1980. Nature 296, 242–245.
  • Codispoti, L. A., Friederich, G. E. and Hood, D. W. 1986. Variability of the inorganic carbon system over the SE Bering Sea Shelf during spring 1980 and spring-summer 1981. Cont. Shelf Res. 5, 133–160.
  • Culberson, C. H. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1973. Ionization of water in seawater. Mar. Chem. I, 403–417.
  • Culkin, F. 1965. The major constituents of sea water. In: Chemical oceanography (eds. J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow). Vol. I, Chapter 4, 1st edition. London: Academic Press, 121-161.
  • Dietrich, G. 1956. Uberstromung des Island-Faroer Ruckens in Bodennahe nach Beobachtungen mit den Forschungsschiff “Anton Dohrn” 1955-56. Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z. 9,78–89.
  • Dietrich, G. 1957. Schichtung und Zirkulation der Irminger-See in Juni 1955. Ber. Dtsch. Wiss. Komm. Meeresforsch. Neue Folge 14, 255–312.
  • Dugdale, R. C. 1967. Nutrient limitation in the sea: Dynamics, identification and significance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12, 685–695.
  • Eppley, R. W. and Sloan, P. R. 1965. Carbon balance experiments with marine phytoplankton. J. Fisheries Res. Board of Canada 22, 1083–1097.
  • Einarsson, M. A. 1969. Global radiation in Iceland, Report of the Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik, Iceland, 28 pp.
  • Gill, A. E. and Turner, J. S. 1976. A comparison of seasonal thermocline models with observation. Deep-Sea Res. 23, 391–401.
  • Hood, D. W. 1981. Preliminary observations of the carbon budget of the eastern Bering Sea shelf. In: The Eastern Bering Sea shelf: oceanography and resources (eds. D. W. Hood and J. A. Calder). Vol. I. US Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 347-358.
  • Ingri, N. 1959. Equilibrium studies of polyanions, IV. Silicate ions in NaCI medium. Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 758–775.
  • Jenkins, W. J. 1982. Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in oligotrophic systems. Nature 300, 246–248.
  • Jenkins, W. J. and Goldman, J. C. 1985. Seasonal oxygen cycling and primary production in the Sargasso Sea. J. Mar. Res. in press.
  • Kester, D. R. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1967. Determi-nation of the apparent dissociation constants of phos-phoric acid in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12, 243–252.
  • Krogh, A. 1910. Some experiments on the invasion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into water. The mechan-ism of gas exchange. V. Skand. Arch. Physiol. 23, 224.
  • Lyman, J. 1956. Buffer mechanism of sea water, ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calif. Los Angeles, 196 pp.
  • Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1973. Measurement of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 897–907.
  • Millero, F. J. 1979. The thermodynamics of the carbon-ate system in sea water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ada 43,1651–1661.
  • Parsons, P. R., Takahashi, M. and Hargrave, B. 1977. Biological oceanographic processes, 2nd edition. New York: Pergamon Press, 332 pp.
  • Peng, T.-H., Broecker, W. S., Mathieu, G. G., Li, Y.-H. and Bainbridge, A. E. 1979. Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as determined during the GEOSECS program. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2471–2486.
  • Perry, M. J. and Eppley, R. W. 1981. Phosphate uptake by phytoplankton in the central North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 28A, 39–49.
  • Platt, T. 1986. Primary production of the ocean water column as a function of surface light intensity: Algorithmus for remote sensing. Deep-Sea Res. 33, 149–164.
  • Reid, J. L. and Lynn, R. 1971. On the influence of the Norwegian-Greenland and Weddell seas upon the bottom waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Res. 18, 1063–1088.
  • Sillen, L. G. and Martell, A. E. 1964. Stability constants of metal-ion complexes. The Chemical Society (London), Spec. Pub. 17,751 pp.
  • Stefansson, U. 1962. North Icelandic Waters. Rit Fiskideildar 3, The University Research Institute-Department of Fisheries, Reykjavik, Iceland, 269 pp.
  • Steele, J. H., Barrett, J. R. and Worthington, L. V. 1962. Deep currents south of Iceland. Deep-Sea Res. 9,465–474.
  • Swift, J. H., Aagaard, K. and Malmberg, S.-A. 1980. The contribution of the Denmark Strait overflow to the deep North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 27A, 29–42.
  • Swift, J. H. 1984. The circulation of the Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow waters in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 31, 1339–1355.
  • Talley, L. D. and McCartney, M. S. 1982. Distribution and circulation of Labrador sea water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1189–1205.
  • Takahashi, T. 1961. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in Atlantic Ocean water. J. Geophys. Res. 66, 477–494.
  • Takahashi, T., Williams, R. T. and Boss, D. L. 1982a. Carbonate chemistry. In: GEOSECS Pacific Ex-pedition, vol. 3, Hydrographic Data, 1973-1974. W. S. Broecker, D. W. Spencer and H. Craig, US Government Printing Office, 78-82.
  • Takahashi, T., Chipman, D., Schechtman, N., Goddard, J. and Wanninkof, R. 1982b. Measure-ments of the partial pressure of CO2 in discrete water samples during the North Atlantic Expedition, the Transient Tracers of Ocean Project. Technical Report, Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Palisades, N.Y., 268 pp.
  • Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Broecker, W. S., Goddard, J., Chipman, D. W. and White, J. I985a. Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. In: Chemical tracers for studying water masses and physical pro-cesses in the sea (ed. U. Stefansson). Rit Fiskideildar (J. of the Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik) 9, 20-36.
  • Takahashi, T., Broecker, W. S. and Langer, S. 1985b. Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6907–6924.
  • Weiss, R. F. 1970. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 17, 721–735.
  • Weiss, R. F. 1974. Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2, 203–215.
  • Williams, P. J. Le B., Raine, R. C. T. and Bryan, J. R. 1979. Agreement between '4C and oxygen methods of measuring phytoplankton production: reassess-ment of the photosynthesis quotient. Oceanol. Acta 2, 411-416.
  • Worthington, L. V. 1970. The Norwegian Sea as a Mediterranean basin. Deep-Sea Res. 17,77–84.