66
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide

, , &
Pages 106-117 | Received 10 Jan 1990, Accepted 29 Jun 1990, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Bacastow, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P. and Wong, C. S. 1981. Seasonal amplitude in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Canadian Weather Station P, 1970-1980. In: Proceedings WMOIICSUIUNEP Scientific Conference on Analysis and Interpretation of Atmospheric CO2 Data. Bern. WCP14, WMO, Geneva, 163–168.
  • Bacastow, R. B., Keeling, C. D. and Whorf, T. P. 1985. Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10529–10540.
  • Beardsmore, D. J. and Pearman, G. I. 1987. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the Australian region: data from surface observations. Tellus 39B, 42–66.
  • Bischof, W. 1985. Seasonal variations and vertical dis-tribution of CO2 in troposphere and stratosphere. IA MA PICA CG P International Conference on Atmospheric carbon dioxide: its sources, sinks, and global transport. Kandersteg, Switzerland, 2-6 September, 1985, Conference proceedings, 83–90.
  • Bolin, B. and Bischof, W. 1970. Variations of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere. Tellus 22, 431–442.
  • Burg, J. P. 1967. Maximum entropy spectral analysis. Paper presented at the 37th Annual International Meeting, Soc. of Explor. Geophys., Oklahoma, 31 October, 1967.
  • Cleveland, W. S., Freeny, A. E. and Graedel, T. E. 1983. The seasonal component of atmospheric CO2; infor-mation from new approaches to the decomposition of seasonal time series. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10934–10946.
  • Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Masarie, K. A. and Gammon, R. H. 1988. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-1984. Tellus 40B, 81–115.
  • Cox, D. D. 1983. Asymptotics for M-type smoothing splines. Ann. Statist. 11, 530–551.
  • Enting, I. G. 1987. On the use of smoothing splines to filter CO2 data. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 10977–10984.
  • Fung, I., Prentice, K., Matthews, E., Lerner, J. and Russell, G. 1983. Three-dimensional tracer model study of atmospheric CO2: Response to seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. Geophys.Res. 88, 1281–1291.
  • Gamo, T., Tsutsumi, M., Sakai, H., Nakazawa, T., Tanaka, M., Honda, H., Kubo, H. and Itoh, T. 1989. Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of carbon dioxide of a stratospheric profile over Japan. Tellus 41B, 127–133.
  • Gillette, D. A. and Box, E. O. 1986. Modeling seasonal changes of atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon 13. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5287–5304.
  • Hamming, R. W. 1977. Digital filters. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U. S. A.
  • Heimann, M. and Keeling, C. D. 1986. Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport of atmospheric carbon dioxide 1. seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7765–7781.
  • Keeling, C. D., Harris, T. B. and Wilkins, E. M. 1968. Concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at 500 and 700 millibars. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4511–4528.
  • Keeling, C. D. and Heimann, M. 1986. Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport of atmospheric carbon dioxide 2. mean annual carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 9/, 7782–7796.
  • Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wong, C. S. and Bellegay, R. D. 1985. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Ocean Weather Station P from 1969 to 1981. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10511–10528.
  • Kida, H. 1983. General circulation of air parcels and transport characteristics derived from a hemispheric GCM, part. 2. Very long-term motions of air parcels in the troposphere and stratosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. 61, 510–523.
  • Komhyr, W. D., Gammon, R. H., Harris, T. B., Water-man, L. S., Conway, T. J., Taylor, W. R. and Thoning, K. W. 1985. Global atmospheric CO2 distribution and variations from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC CO2 flask sample data. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 5567–5596
  • Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Murayama, S., Fukabori, M., Yamanouchi, T., Murayama, H., Shiobara, M., Hashida, G., Kawaguchi, S. and Tanaka, M. 1991. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Japanese Antarctic Station, Syowa, Tellus 43B, 126–135.
  • Neftel, A., Moor, E., Oeschger, H. and Stauffer, B. 1985. Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315, 45–47.
  • Nikaidou, Y. 1989. Three-month tracer diffusion experiments and their seasonal difference in inter-hemispheric mass exchange in the troposphere. Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, Report No. 13, WMO/TD, No. 332, 7.21-7.22,
  • Pearman, G. I. and Beardsmore, D. J. 1984. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the Australian region: ten years of aircraft data. Tellus 36B, 1–24.
  • Pearman, G. I. and Garratt, J. R. 1973. Space and time variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide in the southern hemisphere. Tellus 25, 309–311.
  • Pearman, G. I. and Hyson, P. 1980. Activities of the global biosphere as reflected in atmospheric CO2 records. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4468–4474.
  • Pearman, G. I. and Hyson, P. 1986. Global transport and inter-reservoir exchange of carbon dioxide with particular reference to stable isotope distributions. J. Atmos. Chem. 4, 81–124.
  • Reinsch, C. H. 1967. Smoothing by spline functions. Numer. Math. 10, 177–183.
  • Rotty, R. M. 1983. Distribution of and changes in industrial carbon dioxide production. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 1301–1308.
  • Schnell, R. C. (Ed.) 1986, Geophysical monitoring for climatic change/Summary Report for 1985, no. 14, ERL, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, U. S. A., pp. 37–46.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1983a. Concen-tration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1339–1344.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1983b. High quality measurements of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. 61, 678–685.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1987a. Time and space variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Tellus 39B, 3–12.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1987b. Seasonal and meridional variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the lower troposphere of the northern and southern hemispheres. Tellus 39B, 29–41.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S. and Ohshima, H. 1988. Aircraft measurements of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japanese islands. Tellus 40B, 16–22.
  • Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Shiobara, M., Ohshima, H., Aoki, S., Kawaguchi, S., Yamanouchi, T., Makino, Y. and Murayama, H. 1987c. Variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at Syowa Station (69°00'S, 39°35'E), Antarctica. Tellus 39B, 72–79.
  • Tans, P. P., Conway, T. J. and Nakazawa, T. 1989. Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5151–5172.