191
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The (NH4)2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O system: comparison of deliquescence humidities measured in the field and estimated from laboratory measurements and thermodynamic modeling

&
Pages 1-15 | Received 26 Jan 1993, Accepted 26 Jul 1993, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

  • Adamson, A. W. 1986. A textbook of physical chemistry, 3th edition. Academic Press College Division.
  • Cass, R. G. 1979. On the relationship between sulfate air quality and visibility with examples in Los Angeles. Atmos. Environ. 13, 1069–1084.
  • Charlson, R. J. 1969. Atmospheric visibility related to aerosol mass concentration. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 3, 913–918.
  • Charlson, R. J., Vanderpol, A. H., Covert, D. S., Waggoner, A. P. and Ahlquist, N. C. 1974. H2 SO4! (NH4)2SO4 background aerosol: optical detection in St. Louis region. Atmos. Environ. 8, 1257–1267.
  • Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A. Jr., Hansen, J. E. and Hofmann, D. J. 1992. Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science 255, 423–430.
  • Clark, W. A. V. and Hosking, P. L. 1986. Statistical methods for geographers, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 233–261.
  • Cohen, M. D., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1987. Studies of concentrated electrolyte solutions using the electrodynamic balance. 1. Water activities for single electrolyte solutions. J. of Phys. Chem. 91, 4563–4574.
  • Covert, D. S., Charlson, R. J. and Ahlquist, N. C. 1972. A study of the relationship of chemical composition and humidity to light scattering by aerosols. J. of Appl MeteoroL 11, 968–976.
  • Covert, D. S., Waggoner, A. P., Weiss, R. E., Ahlquist, N. C. and Charlson, R. J. 1979. Atmospheric aerosols, humidity and visibility. In: Character and origins of smog aerosols (ed. G. M. Hidy). John Wiley & Sons, 559–581.
  • Dawson, H. M. 1918. The ternary system, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate and water. The utilisation of nitre cake for the production of ammonium sulfate. J. of the Chem. Soc. 113, 675–688.
  • Fang, S. H. 1986. Measurement and modeling of water activities for mixed aqueous solutions containing sodium, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate ions. MS Thesis, University of Washington.
  • Freeth, F. A. 1924. Ternary and quaternary equilibria in the system: NaC104 -(N114)2 SO4 -Na2SO4 -H2 0 at 60°C and 25°C. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas XLIII, 475–507.
  • Gill, P. S., Graedel, T. E. and Weschler, C. J. 1983. Organic films on atmospheric aerosol particles, fog droplets, cloud droplets, raindrops and snowflakes. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21, 903–920.
  • Goldberg, R. N. 1981. Evaluated activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous solutions: Thirty six uni-bivalent electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 10, 671–764.
  • Hamer, W. J. and Wu, Y. C. 1972. Osmotic coefficients and mean activity coefficients of uni-valent electrolytes in water at 25°C. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 1, 1047–1099.
  • Hänel, G. 1976. The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at ther-modynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air. Advan. Geophys. 19, 73–188.
  • Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Rood, M. J. and Covert, D. S. 1990. Experimental determination of the hygroscopic properties of organically coated aerosol particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 21, s241–s244.
  • Heintzenberg, J. 1989. Fine particles in the global troposphere. A review. Tellus 41B, 149–160.
  • Kusik, C. L. and Meissner, H. P. 1978. Electrolyte activity coeffiecients in inorganic processing. AlChE Symposium Series 74, 14–20.
  • Larson, T. V., Ahlquist, N. C., Weiss, R. E., Covert, D. C. and Waggoner, A. P. 1982. Chemical speciation of 112 SO4-(N14)2SO4 particles using temperature and humidity controlled nephelometry. Atmos. Environ. 16, 1587–1590.
  • Orr, C. Jr., Hurd, K. F. and Corbett, W. J. 1958. Aerosol size and relative humidity. J. of Colloid Sci. 13, 472–482.
  • Pilat, -M. J. and Charlson, R. J. 1966. Theoretical and optical studies of humidity effects on the size distribu-tion of a hygroscopic aerosol. J. Rech. Atmos. 2, 165–170.
  • Rard, J. A. and Miller, D. G. 1981. Isopiestic determination of the osmotic coefficients of aqueous Na2SO4, MgSO4 and Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at 25°C. J. of Chem. Engin. Data 26, 33–38.
  • Rood, M. J., Larson, T. V., Covert, D. S. and Ahlquist, N. C. 1985. Measurement of laboratory and ambient aerosols with temperature and humidity controlled nephelometry. Atmos. Environ. 19, 1181–1190.
  • Rood, M. J., Covert, D. S. and Larson, T. V. 1987a. Tem-perature and humidity controlled nephelometry: Improvements and calibration. Aerosol ScL TechnoL 7, 57–65.
  • Rood, M. J., Covert, D. S. and Larson, T. V. 1987b. Hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol in Riverside, California. Tellus 39B, 383–397.
  • Sloane, C. S. 1986. Effect of composition on aerosol light scattering efficiencies. Atmos. Environ. 20, 1025–1037.
  • Spann, J. F. and Richardson, C. B. 1985. Measurement of the water cycle in mixed ammonium acid sulfate particles. Atmos. Environ. 19, 819–825.
  • Staples, B. R. and Nuttall, R. L. 1977. The activity and osmotic coefficients of aqueous Calcium Chloride at 298.15 K. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 6,385–407.
  • Stelson, A. W. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1982. Thermodynamic prediction of the water activity, NH4NO3 dissociation constant, density and refractive index for the NH 4 NO3 -(NFI4 )2 SO44120 system at 25°C. Atmos. Environ. 16, 2507–2514.
  • Tang, I. N. 1976. Phase transformation and growth of aerosol particles composed of mixed salts. J. of Aerosol ScL 7, 361–371.
  • Tang, I. N., Munkelwitz, H. R. and Davis, J. G. 1978. Aerosol growth studies-IV. Phase transformation of mixed salt aerosols in a moist atmosphere. J. of Aerosol Sci. 9, 505–511.
  • Tang, I. N. 1980. Deliquescence properties and particle size change of hygroscopic aerosols. In: Generation of aerosols and facilities for exposure experiments (ed. K. Willeke). Ann Arbor Science, 153–167.
  • Tang, I. N., Wong, W. T. and Munkelwitz, H. R. 1981. The relative importance of atmospheric sulfates and nitrates in visibility reduction. Atmos. Environ. 15, 2463–2471.
  • Tang, I. N. and Munkelwitz, H. R. 1992. Aerosol phase transformation and growth in the atmosphere. DOE. Atmospheric Chemistry Program, Monthly Update 3, 4–9.
  • Waggoner, A. P., Weiss, R. E., Alhquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Will, S. and Charlson, R. J. 1981. Optical charac-teristics of atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1891–1909.
  • Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1991. Second-generation inorganic aerosol model. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 2731–2748.
  • Winkler, P. 1988. The growth of atmospheric aerosol particles with relative humidity. Physica Scripta 37, 223–230.
  • Wishaw, B. F. and Stokes, R. H. 1954. Activities of aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions at 25°C. Trans. Faraday Soc. 50, 952–954.