Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic Co₂ in the atmosphere

References

• Bolin, B. and Rodhe, H. 1973. A note on the concepts of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs. Tellus 25, 58–62.
   Google Scholar
• Caldeira, K. and Kasting, J. F. 1993. Insensitivity of global warming potentials to carbon dioxide emission scenarios. Nature 366, 251–253.
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds, J. A., Wuebbles, D. and Chandler, W. U. 1992. Greenhouse gases: What is their role in climate change? In: Dahlem Workshop on Limiting the greenhouse effect: options for controlling carbon dioxide accumulation (G. I. Pearman, ed.). 620 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.
   Google Scholar
• Ekdahl, C. A. and Keeling, C. D. 1973. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon in the natural carbon cycle (I). Quantitative deductions from records at Mauna Loa Observatory and at the South Pole. In: Carbon and the biosphere (Woodwell, G. M. and Pecan, E. V., eds.). 392 pp. National Technical Infor-mation Service, Springfield, Virginia, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, E. 1961. Natural reservoirs and their charac-teristics. Geofisica Internacional 1, 27–43.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, E. 1971. Compartment models and reservoir theory. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 2, 67–84.
   Google Scholar
• Gaffin, S. R. and O'Neil, B. C. 1994. Pulsations in seafloor spreading rates and transit time dynamics. Geophys. Res. Let. 21, 1947–1950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. and Ephraums, J. J. (eds.), 1990. Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment. 365 pp. Cambridge University Press, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T. 1991. The role of forests in affecting the greenhouse gas composition of the atmosphere. In: Global climate change and life on earth (R. L. Wyman, ed.). Chapman and Hall, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T., Callander, B. A. and Varney, S. K. (eds.), 1992. Climate change 1992. The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment, 200 pp. Cam-bridge University Press, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Jacquez, J. A. 1985. Compartmental analysis in biology and medicine, 2nd edition, 560 pp. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Mich., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Kamerud, D. B. 1989. Mortality risk and life expectancy. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 40, 199–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B„ Carter, A. F., Piper, S. C., Whorf, T. P., Heimann, M., Mook, W. G. and Roeloffzen, H. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds (I). Analysis of observational data. In: Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, Geophysical Monograph 55, (D. H. Peterson, ed.). American Geophysical Union.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D. 1991. CO2 emissions. Historical record, Global, 382-385. In: Trends '91: A compendium of data on global change (T. A. Boden, R. J. Sepanski and F. W. Stoss, eds.). ORNL/CDIAC-46. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D. and Whorf, T. P. 1991. Atmospheric CO2. Modem record, Mauna Loa, 12-15. In: Trends '91: A compendium of data on global change (T. A. Boden, R. J. Sepanski and F. W. Stoss, eds.). ORNL/CDIAC-46. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lashof, D. A. and Ahuja, D. R. 1990. Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature 344, 529–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. and Nir, A. On tracer theory in geophysical systems in the steady and non-steady state. Part II. Non-steady state: theoretical introduction. Tellus 30, 260–271.
   Google Scholar
• Maier-Reimer, E. and Hasselmann, K. 1987. Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean. An inorganic ocean circulation carbon cycle model. Climate Dynamics 2, 63–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marland, G. and Boden, T. 1991. CO2 emissions. Modem record, Global. pp. 386-389. In: Trends '91: A compendium of data on global change (T. A. Boden, R. J. Sepanski and F. W. Stoss, eds.). ORNL/ CDIAC-46. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, B. III and Braswell, B. H. 1994. The lifetime of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, 23–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neftel, A., Friedli, H., Moor, E., Lotscher, H., Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U. and Stauffer, B. 1991. Atmospheric CO2. Historical record from ice cores, Siple Station, 8–11. In: Trends '91: A compendium of data on global change (T. A. Boden, R. J. Sepanski and F. W. Stoss, eds.). ORNL/CDIAC-46. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA.
   Google Scholar
• Niemi, A. J. 1977. Residence time distributions of variable flow processes, International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 28, 855–860.
   Google Scholar
• Nir, A. and Lewis, S. 1975. On tracer theory in geophysi-cal systems in the steady and non-steady state. Part I. Tellus 27, 372–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, T. J. and Wigley, T. M. L. 1994. A Simple model for estimating methane concentration and lifetime variations. Climate Dynamics 9, 181–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh, J. K. 1992. IPCC unfair to the south. Nature 360, 507–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prather, M. J. 1994. Lifetime and eigenstates in atmosphric chemistry. Geophys. Res. Let. 21, 801–804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinn, R. G., Simmonds, P. G., Rasmussen, R. A., Rosen, R. D., Alyea, F. N., Cardelino, C. A., Crawford, A. J., Cunnold, D. M., Fraser, P. J. and Lovelock, J. E. 1983. The atmospheric lifetime experiment 1. Introduction, instrumentation, and overview. J. Geophys. Res. 88(C13), 8353–8367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, W. H., Neal, V. T. and Antunez de Mayolo, S. E. 1987. El Nifio occurrences over the past four and a half centuries. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C13), 14449–14462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodhe, H. 1990. A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect. Science 248, 1217–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodhe, H. and Björkström, A. 1979. Some consequences of non-proportionality between fluxes and reservoir contents in natural systems. Tellus 31, 269–278.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinow, S. I. 1975. Age-structured equations in the theory of cell populations. In: A study in mathematical biology (S. Levin, ed.). City, Mathematical Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, J. L. and Orr, J. C. 1992. A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (C3), 3621-3645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. E. 1979. Residence times in reservoirs under non-steady state conditions: application to atmospheric SO2 and aerosol sulfate. Tellus 31, 530–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine, K. P., Derwent, R. G., Wuebbles, D. J. and Morcrette, J.-J. 1990. Radiative forcing of climate. In: Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment (Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. and Ephraums, J. J., eds.) 365 pp. Cambridge University Press, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K. R. 1991. Allocating responsibility for global warming: the natural debt index. Ambio 20,95–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor, D. G. 1990. Calculating greenhouse budgets. Nature 347,431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, R. T., Rodhe, H., Oeschger, H. and Siegenthaler, U. 1990. Greenhouse gases and aerosols. In: Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment (Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. and Ephraums, J. J., eds.) 365 pp. Cambridge University Press, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Wigley, T. M. L. 1991. A simple inverse carbon cycle model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5,373–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley, T. M. L. and Raper, S. C. B. 1992. Nature 357, 293–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WMO, 1992: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion. WMO/UNEP, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. Report no. 25, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Zuber, A. 1986. On the interpretation of tracer data in variable flow systems. J. Hydro!. 86, 45–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar