Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO₂ in a general circulation model

References

• Arakawa, A., and Schubert, W. H. 1974. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part 1. J. Atmos. Sci. 31,674–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V. R. 1977. Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. Methods in Computational Physics 17,173–265.
   Google Scholar
• Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., Zhao, C., Ussler, W. and Quesnell, E. 1995. Measurements of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower. Tellus 37,535–549.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, B. and Bischof, W. 1970. Variations of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere. Tellus 22,431–442.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K., Kitzis, D. R., Masarie, K. A. and Zhang, N. 1994. Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network. J. Geophys. Res. 99,22831–22855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning, A. S. 1994. Investigations of the transport, sources, and sinks of atmospheric CO2 using a general circulation model. Atmospheric Science Paper 564, Colorado State University.
   Google Scholar
• Denning, A. S., Fung, I. Y. and Randall, D. A. 1995. Latitudinal gradient of atmospheric CO2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota. Nature 376: 240–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning, A. S., Collatz, G. J., Zhang, C., Randall, D. A., Berry, J. A., Sellers, P. J., Colello, G. D. and Dazlich, D. A. Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2 in a general circulation model. Part 1: Surface carbon fluxes. Tellus 48B, this issue.
   Google Scholar
• Enting, I. G. and Mansbridge, J. V. 1989. Seasonal sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. Direct inver-sion of filtered data. Tellus 39B, 318–325.
   Google Scholar
• Enting, I. G. and Mansbridge, J. V. 1991. Latitutindal distribution of sources and sinks of CO2: Results of an inversion study. Tellus 43B, 156–170.
   Google Scholar
• Enting, I. G., Trudinger, C. M. and Francey, R. J. 1995. A synthesis inversion of the concentration and delta 13C of atmospheric CO2. Tellus 47B, 35–52.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, S.-M., Wofsy, S. C., Bakwin, P. S., Jacob, D. J. and Fitzjarrald, D. R. 1990. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2 and O3 in the central Amazon forest. J. Geophys. Res. 95,16851–16864.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, L. A. and Randall, D. A. 1996. Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU General Circulation Model. Part II: Impact on cloudiness, the Earth's radi-ation budget, and the general circulation of the atmo-sphere. J. Clim. 9,530–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, I., Prentice, K., Matthews, E., Lerner, J. and Russell, G. 1983. Three-dimensional tracer model study of atmospheric CO2: Response to seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. J Geophys. Res. 88, 1281–1294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, I. Y., Tucker, C. J. and Prentice, K. C. 1987. Application of very high resolution radiometer vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2. J. Geophys. Res. 92,2999–3015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimann, M. and Keeling, C. D. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds (2). Model description and simulated tracer experiments. In: D. H. Peterson (ed.): Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and Western Americas. Geophysical Monograph 55. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 237–275.
   Google Scholar
• Heimann, M., Keeling, C. D. and Tucker, C. J. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds (3). Seasonal cycle and synoptic time scale variations. In: Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and Western Americas. Geophysical Monograph 55 (ed. D. H. Peterson). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC., 277–303.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C. and Heimann, M. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds (4). Mean annual gradi-ents and interannual variations. In: Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and Western Americas. Geophysical Monograph 55 (ed. D. H. Peterson). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC., 305–363.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, S. J., Chao, W. C. and Arakawa, A. 1982. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part IV. The discrete model. J. Atmos. Sci. 39,104–113.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J. and Strickler, R. 1965. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 769–798.
   Google Scholar
• Nakazawa, T., Miyashita, K., Aoki, S. and Tanaka, M. 1991. Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide. Tellus 39B, 106–117.
   Google Scholar
• Nakazawa, T., Murayama, S., Miyashita, K., Aoki, S. and Tanaka, M. 1992. Longitudinally different variations of lower tropospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the North Pacific Ocean. Tellus 44B, 161–172.
   Google Scholar
• Pearman, G. I. and Hyson, P. 1980. Activities of the global biosphere as relflected in atmospheric CO2 records. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4468–4474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearman, G. I., Hyson, P. and Fraser, P. J. 1983. The global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide (1). Aspects of observations and modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 3581–3590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearman, G. I. and Beardsmore, D. J. 1984. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the Australian region: 10 years of aircraft data. Tellus 36B, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Pearman, G. I. and Hyson, P. 1986. Global transport and inter-reservoir exchange of carbon dioxide with particular reference to stable isotopic distributions. J. Atmos. Chem. 4, 81–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, D. A., Harshvardhan, Dazlich, D. A. and Corsetti, T. G. 1989. Interactions among radiation, convection, and large-scale dynamics in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 1943–1870.
   Google Scholar
• Randall, D. A., Harshvardhan and Dazlich, D. A. 1991. Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 40–62
   Google Scholar
• Randall, D. A., Shao, Q. and Moeng, C.-H. 1992. A second-order bulk boundary-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1903–1923.
   Google Scholar
• Randall, D. A. and Pan, D.-M. 1993. Implementation of the Arakawa-Schubert parameterization with a pro-gnostic closure. In: The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models (eds. K. Emanuel and D. Raymond). American Meterological Society, Boston, 137–144.
   Google Scholar
• Randall, D. A., Sellers, P. J., Berry, J. A., Dazlich, D. A., Zhang, C., Collatz, G. J., Denning, A. S., Los, S. O., Field, C. B., Fung, I., Justice, C. O. and Tucker, C. J. 1996. A revised land-surface parameterization (SiB2) for GCMs. Part 3: The greening of the Colorado State University General Circulation Model. J. aim. 9, 738–763.
   Google Scholar
• Rood, R. B. 1987. Numerical advection algorithms and their role in atmospheric transport and chemistry models. Rev. Geophys 25, 71–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., Hall, F. G., Margolis, H., Kelly, B., Baldocchi, D., den Hartog, G., Chilar, J., Ryan, M. G., Goodi-son, B., Crill, P., Ranson, K. J., Lettenmaier, D. and Wickland, D. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS). An overview and early results from the 1994 year. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 76, 1549–1577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J., Field, C., Dazlich, D. A., Zhang C. and Bounoua, L. 1996. A revised land-surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part 1. Model formulation. J. Chin. 9, 676–705.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, G. L., Randall, D. A., Tjemkes, S. J., Wittmeyer, I. M. and Dazlich, D. A. 1993. The Earth's radiation budget in relation to the hydrologic cycle. Part III. Comparison of observations with a GCM. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 4931–4950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stull, R. B., 1988. An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez, M. J., Arakawa, A. and Randall, D. A. 1983. Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model: Formulation and results. Mon Wea. Rev. 111, 2224–2243.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, A. 1987. Time and space variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Tellus 39B, 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., Conway, T. J. and Nakazawa, T. 1989. Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5151–5172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y. and Takahashi, T. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C., Harriss, R. C. and Kaplan, W. A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the Amazon Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1377–1387,1988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar