A physically-based algorithm for estimating the relationship between aerosol mass and cloud droplet number

REFERENCES

• Albrecht, B. A. 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science 245, 1227–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher, O. and Lohmann U. 1995. The sulfa-te—CNN—cloud albedo effect. Tellus 47B, 281–300
   Google Scholar
• Flossmann, A.I.., Hall, W. D. and Pruppacher, H. R. 1985. A theoretical study of the wet removal of atmo-spheric pollutants. Part 1: The redistribution of aerosol particles captured nucleation and impaction scaven-ging by growing cloud drops. J. Atmos. Sci. 42, 583–606
   Google Scholar
• Frick, G. M. and Hoppel, W. A. 1993. Airship measure-ments of aerosol size distributions, cloud droplet spec-tra, and trace gas concentrations in the marine boundary layer. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 70, 354–365.
   Google Scholar
• Gillani, N. V., Daum, P. H., Schwartz, S. E., Leaitch, W.R.., Strapp, J. W. and Isaac, G. A. 1992. Fractional activation of accumulation-mode particles in warm continental stratiform clouds. In: Precipitation scaven-ging and atmospheric-surface exchange processes, vol. 1, edited by Schwartz, S. E. and Slinn, W. G. N., pp. 345-358, Hemisphere Bristol, Pa.
   Google Scholar
• Gillani, N. V. and Schwartz, S. E. 1995. Field observa-tions in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplets and unactivated interstitial aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 100, D9, 18,687–18,706
   Google Scholar
• Hallberg, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Heintzenberg, J., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A. and Svenningsson, I. B. 1992. Phase partitioning for different aerosol species in fog. Tellus 44B, 545–555
   Google Scholar
• Hallberg, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Svenningsson, I. B., Flossmann, A.I.., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Heintzenberg, J., Anderson, T. L., Arends, B. G. and Maser, R. 1994. Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg. J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 107–127
   Google Scholar
• Han, Q., Rossow, W. B. and Lacis, A. A. 1994. Near-global survey of effective droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data. J. Climate 7, 475–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, T. and Choate, S. P. 1929. Statistical description of the size properties of non-uniform particulate sub-stances. J. Franklin Inst. 207, 369.
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A. 1994. Cloud condensation nucleus—sulfate mass relationship and cloud albedo. J. Geophys. Res. 99, D12, 25,903–25,907
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V. 1986. Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds. Atmos. Environ. 20, 901–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Ronald, F. J. and Hobbs, P. V. 1993. Light scattering and cloud condensation nucleus activity of sulfate aerosol measured over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 98, D8, 14,887–14,894
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Ronald, F. J. and Waggoner, A. P. 1995. Measurements of some aerosol properties relevant to radiative forcing on the east coast of the United States. J. Applied Meteorology 34, 2306–2315.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 1995. Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. J. T. Houghton, L. G. MeriaFilho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. B. and Charlson R. J. 1984. On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging. Tellus 36B, 367–375
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A., Roberts, D. L. and Slingo, A. 1994. A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropo-genic sulphate aerosols. Nature 370, 450–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. and Slingo, A. 1996. Predicting cloud-droplet effective radius and indirect sulphate aerosol forcing using a general circulation model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 122, 1573–1595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W. and Spice, A. 1994. The measurement and parametrisation of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 1823–1842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J. and Covert, D. S. 1988. Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 8, 235–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Strom, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wied-ensohler, A., DIM, S., Facchini, M. C., Arends, B. G. and Berner, A. 1992. Change in aerosol size- and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog. Tellus 44B, 489–504.
   Google Scholar
• Noone, K. J., Ostrom, E., Ferek, R. J., Garrett, T., Hobbs, P. V., Johnson, D. W., Taylor, J. P., Russell, L. M., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., O'Dowd, C. D., Smith, M. H., Durkee, P. A., Nielson, K., Hudson, J. G., Pockanly, R. A., DeBock, L., Van Grieken, R., Gaspa-rovic, R. F. and Brooks, I. 2000. A case study of ships forming and not forming tracks in moderately polluted clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 2729–2747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novakov, T. and Penner, J. E. 1993. Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei con-centrations. Nature 385, 823–826.
   Google Scholar
• O'Dowd, C. D. and Smith, M. H. 1993. Physiochemical properties of aerosols over the Northeast Atlantic. Evidence for wind-speed-related submicron sea-salt aerosol production. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1137–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J. 1985. In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 121–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pueschel, R. F. and Van Valin, C. C. 1986. Aerosol in polluted versus nonpolluted air masses: long-range transport and effects on clouds. J. Climat. Appl. Meteor. 25, 1908–1917.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. K., Marshall, T. S., Covert, D. S. and Kapustin, V. N. 1995. Comparison of measured and calculated aerosol properties relevant to the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulfate aerosol on climate. J. Geo-phys. Res. 100, D5, 8977–8991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Carpio, C. A., Corrigan, C. E. and Novakov, T. 1996. Derivation of contributions of sulfate and car-bonaceous aerosols to cloud condensation nuclei from mass size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 101, D14, 19,483-19,493.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, L. M., Noone, K. J., Ferek, R. J., Pockalny, R. A., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 2000. Combustion organic aerosol as cloud condensation nuclei in ship tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 1326 pp. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Slingo, A. 1990. Sensitivity of the Earth's radiation budget to changes in low clouds. Nature 343 (6253), 49–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey, S. A. 1977. Atmospheric aerosols. Elsevier Sci-entific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 302 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Twomey, S. A., Piepgrass, M. and Wolfe, T. L. 1984. An assesment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo. Tellus 36B, 356–366.
   Google Scholar