418
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

TransCom 3 CO2 inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 555-579 | Received 22 May 2002, Accepted 27 Nov 2002, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Fung, I. and Matthews, E. 1996. Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 419–429.
  • Apps, M. J. and Kurz, W. A. 1994. The role of Canadian forests in the global carbon balance. In: Carbon Balance on World's Forested Ecosystems: Towards a Global As-sessment (ed.M. Kanninen) Academy of Finland, Helsinki, 14–39
  • Aralcawa, A. and Schubert, W. H., 1974. Interaction of a cu-mulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 674–701.
  • Baker, D. F. 2001. Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric CO2 Estimated from Batch Least-Squares Inversions of CO2 Concentration Measurements. Ph.D. Dissertation, Prince-ton University.
  • Benoit, B. M., Desgagne, M., Pellerin, P., Pellerin, S., Chortler, Y. and Desjardins S. 1997. The Canadian MC2: A semi-Lagrangian, semi-implicit wideband atmospheric model suited for finescale process studies and simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 125, 2382–2415.
  • Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M. and Monfray, P. 1999a. Inverse modeling of annual at-mospheric CO2 sources and sinks 1. method and control inversion. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26161–26178.
  • Bousquet, P., Peylin, R, Ciais, P., Ramonet, M. and Monfray, P. 1999b. Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO2 sources and sinks 2. sensitivity study. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26179–26193.
  • Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Ciais, P., Le Quere, C., Friedlingstein, P. and Tans, P. 2000. Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980. Science, 290, 1342–1346.
  • Brenkert, A. L. 1998. Carbon dioxide emission estimates from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring for 1995 on a one degree grid cell basis. (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.govindps/ndp058a.html).
  • Ciais, P., Tans, P., White, J. W. C., Trolier, M., Francey, R. and coauthors. 1995. Partitioning of ocean and land uptake of CO2 as inferred by 313C measurements from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5051–5070.
  • D' Andrea, F. S., Tibaldi, S., Blackburn, M., Boer, G., Deque, M. and coauthors. 1998. Northern Hemisphere atmo-spheric blocking as simulated by 15 atmospheric general circulation models in the period 1979-1988. Climate Dy-nam. 14, 385–407.
  • De Fries, R. S. and Townshend, J. R. G. 1994. NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15, 3567–3586.
  • Denning, A. S., Fung, I. Y. and Randall, D. A. 1995. Latitudi-nal gradient of atmospheric CO2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota. Nature 376, 240–243.
  • Denning, A. S., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J. and Sellers, P. J. 1996. Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2 in a general circulation model. Part 2: Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2. Tellus 48B, 543–567.
  • Denning, A. S., Holzer, M., Gurney, K. R., Heimann, M., Law, R. M. and coauthors. 1999. Three-dimensional trans-port and concentration of SF6: A model intercomparison study (TransCom 2). Tellus 51B, 266–297.
  • Ding, P. and Randall, D. A. 1998. A cumulus parameteriza-tion with multiple cloud base levels. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11341–11354.
  • Dixon, R. K., Brown, S., Houghton, R. A., Solomon, A. M., Trexler, M. C. and Wisniewslci, J. 1990. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, 263, 185–190.
  • Engelen, R. J., Denning, A. S., Gurney, K. R. and TransCom 3 modelers. 2003. On error estimation in atmo-spheric CO2 inversions. J. Geophys. Res. 107(02), 4635, 10.1029/2002JDO02195.
  • Enting, I. 2002. Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K.
  • Enting, I. G. and Mansbridge, J. V. 1989. Seasonal sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2: Direct inversion of filtered data. Tellus 41B, 111–126.
  • Enting, I. G., Trudinger, C. M. and Francey, R. J. 1995. A synthesis inversion of the concentration and 313C of atmo-spheric CO2, Tellus 47B, 35–52.
  • Fan, S., Gloor, M., Mahlman, J., Pacala, S., Sarmiento, J. and coauthors. 1998. A large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic CO2 data and models. Science 282,442–446.
  • GLOBALVIEW Y, Cooperative Atmospheric Data In-tegration Project - Carbon Dioxide, CD-ROM, NOAA CMDL, Boulder, Colorado, 2000.
  • Gurney, K., Law, R., Rayner, P. and Denning, A. S. 2000. TransCom 3 Experimental Protocol, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, USA, Paper No. 707. http:// transcom.colostate.edu/TransCom_3/transcom_3.html
  • Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. and coauthors. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415, 626–630.
  • Hack, J. J. 1993. Description of the NCAR community cli-mate model (CCM2). NCAR/TN-382,108 pp.
  • Hack, J. J. 1994. Parameterization of moist convection in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5551–5568.
  • Hamilton, K., Wilson, R. J., Mahlman, J. D. and Um-scheid, L. J. 1995. Climatology of the SKYHI troposphere-startosphere-mesosphere general circulation model. J. At-mos. Sci. 52, 5–43.
  • Hansen, J., Sato, Mlci., Ruedy, R., Lacis, A., Asamoah, K. and coauthors. 1997. Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 25679–25720.
  • Hartke, G. J. and Rind, D. 1997. Improved surface and boundary layer models for the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16407–16422.
  • Heimann, M. 1995. The global atmospheric tracer model TM2, Technical Report, 10, Deutsches Klimarechenzen-trum, Hamburg, Germany, 51 pp.
  • Holtslag, A. A. M. and Boville, B. A. 1993. Local versus non-local boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Climate 6, 1825–1842.
  • Houghton, R. A. 1999. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990. Tellus 51B, 298–313.
  • Houghton, R. A. and Hackler J. L. 1999. Emissions of carbon from forestry and land-use change in tropical Asia. Global Change Biol. 5,481–492.
  • Kaminski, T., Heimann, M. and Giering, R. 1999. A coarse grid three-dimensional global inverse model of the atmo-spheric transport, 2. Inversion of the transport of CO2 in the 1980s. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 18555–18581.
  • Kaminski, T., Rayner, P. J., Heimann, M. and Enting, I. G. 2001. On aggregation errors in atmospheric transport in-version. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4703–4715.
  • Kauppi, P. E., Mielilcainen, K. and Kuusela, K. 1992. Biomass and carbon budget of European forests 1971-1990. Science 256, 70–74.
  • Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C. and Heimann, M. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 4. Mean annual gradients and interannual variations. In: Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, Geophysical Monograph 55. (ed. D. H. Peterson), AGU, Washington, D.C., 305–363
  • Koch, D. and Rind, D. 1998.10Be/7Be as a tracer of strato-spheric transport. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3907–3917.
  • Kurz, W. A. and Apps, M. J. 1999. A 70 year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. EcoL Appl. 9, 526–547.
  • Law, R. M., Rayner, P. J., Denning, A. S., Erickson, D., Heimann, M. and coauthors. 1996. Variations in mod-elled atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide and the consequences for CO2 inversions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 783–796.
  • Law, R. M. 1999. CO2 sources from a mass-balance inver-sion: Sensitivity to the surface constraint. Tellus 51B, 254–265.
  • Law, R. M. and Rayner, P. J. 1999. Impacts of seasonal co-variance on CO2 inversions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 845–856.
  • Law, R. M., Chen, Y-H., Gurney, K. R., and TransCom 3 modelers. 2003. TransCom 3 CO2 inversion intercompar-ison: 2. Sensitivity of annual mean results to data choices. Tellus 55B, this issue.
  • Levy, H., Mahlman, J. D., and Moxim, W. J. 1982. Tropo-spheric N20 Variability. J. Geophys. Res. 87, C4,3061-3080.
  • Louis, J. F. 1979. A parameteric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteord. 17,187–202
  • Mahlman, J. D. and Moxim, W. J. 1978. Tracer simulation us-ing a global general circulation model: results from a mid-latitude instantaneous source experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1340–1374.
  • Mahlman, J. D., Pinto, J. P. and Umscheid, L. J. 1994. Transport, radiative, and dynamical effects of the Antarc-tic ozone hole: A GFDL “SKYHI” model experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 51,489–508.
  • Maksyutov, S. and Inoue, G. 2000. Vertical profiles of radon and CO2 simulated by the global atmospheric transport model. In: CGER report, CGER-I039-2000, CGER, NIES, Japan, v.7,39–41.
  • McGregor J. L. 1996. Semi-Lagrangian advection on conformal-cubic grids. Mon. Wea. Rev. 124, 1311–1322.
  • McGregor J. L. and Dix, M. R. 2001, The CSIRO Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric GCM, IUTAM Symposium on Ad-vances in Mathematical Modeling of Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dor-drecht, 197–202.
  • Pacala, S. W., Hurtt, G. C., Baker, D., Peylin, P., Houghton, R. A and coauthors. 2001. Convergence of land- and atmosphere-based U. S. carbon sink estimates. Science 292, 2316–2320.
  • Prather, M. 1986. Numerical advection by conservation of second-order moments. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6671–6681.
  • Prather, M., McElroy, M., Wofsy, S., Russell, G. and Rind, D. 1987. Chemistry of the global troposphere: fluorocarbons as tracers of air motion. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 6579–6613.
  • Randall, D. A., Shao Q. and Moeng, C.-H. 1992. A second-order bulk boundary-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1903–1923.
  • Randall, D. A. and Pan, D.-M. 1993. Implementation of the Aralcawa-Schubert parameterization with a prognostic clo-sure. In: The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Nu-merical Models (eds.K. Emanuel and D. Raymond). Amer-ican Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 137–144
  • Randerson, J. T., Thompson, M. V., Conway, T. J., Fung, I. Y. and Field, C. B. 1997. The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmo-spheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 535–560.
  • Rasch, P., Mahowald, N. M. and Eaton, B. E. 1997. Represen-tations of transport, convection and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: Implications for the modeling of short lived and soluble species. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28127–28138.
  • Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. J. and Langenfelds, R. L. 1999. Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, 13C and 02/N2 observations. Tellus 51B, 213–232.
  • Ritchie H. and Beaudoin, C. 1994. Approximations and sensi-tivity experiments with a baroclinic semi-Lagrangian spec-tral model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 2391–2399.
  • Russell, G. L. and Lerner, J. A. 1981. A new finite-differencing scheme for the tracer transport equation. J. AppL Meteorol. 20, 1483–1498.
  • Schimel, D. S., House, J. I., Hibbard, K. A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P. and coauthors. 2001. Recent patterns and mecha-nisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414, 169–172.
  • Schubert, S., Rood, R. and Pfaendtner, J. 1993. An assimi-lated dataset for Earth science applications. Bull. Am. Me-teoroL Soc. 74, 2331–2342.
  • Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. A., Field, C. B. and coauthors. 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: model formulation. J. Climate 9 676–705.
  • Strahan, S. E. and Mahlman, J. D. 1994. Evaluation of the GFDL “SKYHI” general circulation model using aircraft N20 measurements: 2. Tracer variability and diabatic meridional circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 10319–10332.
  • Suarez, M. J., Aralcawa, A. and Randall, D. A. 1983. Param-eterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model: Formulation and results. Mon Wea. Rev. 111, 2224–2243.
  • Taguchi, S. 1996. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on analyzed winds: Model description and simulation results for TRANSCOM. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15099–15109.
  • Takahashi, T., Wanninlchof, R. H., Feely, R. A., Weiss, R. F., Chipman D. W. and coauthors. 1999. Net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans: An improved estimate based on the sea-air pCO2 difference. Proceedings of the 2nd CO2 in Oceans Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan.
  • Tans, P. R, Fung, I. Y. and Takahashi, T. 1990 Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431–1438.
  • Taylor, K. E., Williamson, D. and Zwiers, E 1997. AAUP II Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Con-centration Boundary Conditions. (http://www-pcmdi. llnl.gov/amip/AMIP2EXPDSN/13CS/amip2bcs.html).
  • Tiedke, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cu-mulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 1779–1800.
  • UNFCCC. 2000. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, National Communications from Parties Included in Annex 1 to the Convention: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data from 1990 to 1998 (FCCC/SBI/2000/11).
  • Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A. 1995. Sensitivity of cli-mate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus con-vection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos. Ocean 33, 407–446.