Structure, variability and persistence of the submicrometre marine aerosol

References

• Anderson, T., Charlson, R., Winker, D., Ogren, J. and Holmen, K. 2003. Mesoscale variations of tropospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 119–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Covert, D. S. and Quinn, P. K. 2002. Regional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans: a comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1, ACE-2, and Aerosols99. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D19), 10.1029/2001/JDO01174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Huebert, B. J., Gras, J. L., Griffiths, F. B. and Durkee, P. A. 1998a. International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project's first aerosol experiment (ACE 1): overview. J. Geophys. Res. 103(D13), 16 297-16 318.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Kapustin, V. N., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J. et al. 1998b. Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the first Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). J. Geophys. Res. 103 (D13), 16369-16 383.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E. et al. 2000. Aerosol physical properties and processes in the lower marine boundary layer: a comparison of shipboard sub-micron data from ACE-1 and ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 258–272.
   Google Scholar
• Benkovitz, C. M., Berkowitz, C. M., Easter, R. C., Nemesure, S., Wagener, R. et al. 1994. Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: evaluation for October and November, 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observation-derived meteorology. J. Geophys. Res. 99(D10), 20 725-20 756.
   Google Scholar
• Benkovitz, C. M. and Schwartz, S. E. 1997. Evaluation of modeled sulfate and SO2 over North America and Europe for four seasonal months in 1986-1987. J. Geophys. Res. 102(D21), 25 305-25 338.
   Google Scholar
• Birmili, W. 2001. A moment-preserving parameterization of wide particle size distributions. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 5191—S192.
   Google Scholar
• Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A. 1997. The design of a twin-differential mobility particle sizer for a wide size range and great operational stability. J. Aerosol Sci. 28(S1), 5145–5146.
   Google Scholar
• Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A. 2000. New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: meteorological and gas phase parameter influence. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 (20), 3325–3328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Heintzenberg, J. and Lehmann, K. 2001. Atmospheric particle number size distribution in Central Europe: statistical relations to air masses and meteorology. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (D23), 32005-32 018.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson, R. J. 2000. Extending atmospheric aerosol measurements to the global scale. In: Topics in Atmospheric and Interstellar Physics and Chemistry (ed.C. Boutron). Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France, pp. 67–81
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. D., Li, Z. and Litchy, M. 1996. Aerosol dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Marine boundary layer: microphysics, diurnal cycles and entrainment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (7), 733–736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comtois, P. 2000. The gamma distribution as the true aerobiological probability density function (PDF). Aerobiologica 16 (2), 171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Covert, D. S., Gras, J. L., Wiedensohler, A. and Stratmann, E 1998. Comparison of directly measured CCN with CCN modeled from the number-size distribution in the marine boundary layer during ACE 1 at Cape Grim, Tasmania. J. Geophys. Res. 103(D13), 16 597-16 608.
   Google Scholar
• Covert, D. S., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P., Heintzenberg, J., McMurry, P. H. et al. 1996. Aerosol number size distributions from 3 to 500 nm diameter in the arctic marine boundary layer during summer and autumn. Tellus 48B, 197–212.
   Google Scholar
• Heintzenberg, J., Covert, D. S. and Van Dingenen, R. 2000. Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review. Tellus 52B(4), 1104–1122.
   Google Scholar
• Hermann, M., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Brenninlcmeijer, C. A. M., Heinrich, G. et al. 2003. Meridional distributions of aerosol particle number concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere obtained by CARB3IC flights. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D3), 10.1029/2001JDO010077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M. Z. 2001. Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 106(D2), 1551–1568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreisberg, N. M., Stolzenburg, M. R., Hering, S. V., Dick, W. D. and McMurry, P. H. 2001. A new method for measuring the dependence of particle size distribution on relative humidity, with application to the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study. J. Geophys. Res. 106(D14), 14 935-14 950.
   Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., VehIcamäkia, H., Petäjä, T., Maso, M. D., Lauri, A. et al. 2004. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 35, 143–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langner, J., Bates, T. S., Charlson, R. J., Clarke, A. D., Durkee, P. A. et al. 1993. The global atmospheric sulfur cycle: an evaluation of model predictions and observations. Report CM-81, Stockholm University.
   Google Scholar
• Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K. 1999. Aerosol production over remote marine areas—a new route. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3577–3581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinert, S. 2002. Hygroscopicity of Micrometer-sized Aerosol Particles—a New Measurement Technique. PhD Thesis, University of Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Mäkelä, J. M., Koponen, I. K., Aalto, P. and Kulmala, M. 2000. One-year data of submicron size modes of tropospheric background aerosol in southern Finland. J. Aerosol Sci. 31 (5), 595–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, W. R. 1990. A physical explanation of the lognormality of pollutant concentrations. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 40, 1378–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F. 1995. Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulat-ing mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 100(D2), 2893–2903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Bates, T., Vogelenzang, D., van Liedekerke, M. and Verver, G. 2000. The second aerosol characterization experiment (ACE-2): general overview and main results. Tellus 52B(2), 111–125.
   Google Scholar
• Rasch, P. J., Barth, M. C. and Kiehl, J. T. 2000. A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the NCAR CCM3. J. Geophys. Res. 105(D1), 1367–1385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, P. B. and Heintzenberg, J. 2000. An overview of the ACE 2 Clear Sky Column Closure experiment (CLEARCOLUMN). Tellus 52B, 463–483.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. E., Benner, R. L., Cantrell, W. and Clarke, A. D. 1998. On the regulation of climate: a sulfate particle feedback loop involving deep convection. Clim. Change 39, 23–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, M. and Downey, A. 2003. Back Trajectories to Cape Grim: Investi-gating Sources of Error, Baseline 1999-2000, Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Melbourne, pp. 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kulmala, M., Aalto, R, Viisanen, Y. et al. 2003. One year boundary layer aerosol size distribution data from five Nordic background stations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 2183–2205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, H. 1973. Coagulation and size distribution of condensation aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 4, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., McNeill, V. F., Collins, D. R. and Flagan, R. C. 2002. Fast mixing condensation nucleus counter: application to rapid scanning differential mobility analyzer measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36 (6), 678–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehner, B. and Wiedensohler, A. 2002. Long term measurements of submicrometer urban aerosols: statistical analysis for correlations with meteorological conditions and trace gases. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 867–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., Cuvelier, C. and Raes, F. 2001. A modeling study of global mixed aerosol fields. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 34 081-34 108.
   Google Scholar