Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area

References

• Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., Marshall, S. F., Laucks, M. L., Charlson, R. J. et al. 1996. Performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three-wavelength, total scatter/bacicscatter nephelometer. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 13, 967–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansmann, A., Riebesell, M. and Weitkamp, C. 1990. Measurement of atmospheric aerosol extinction profiles with a Raman lidar. Opt. Lett. 15, 746–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrie, L. A. 1986. Arctic air pollution: an overview of current knowl-edge. Atmos. Environ. 20, 643–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrie, L. A. and Barrie, M. L. 1990. Chemical components of lower tropospheric aerosols in the high Arctic: six years of observation. J. Atmos. Chem. 11, 211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchet, J. P. 1989. Toward estimation of climate effects due to Arctic aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 23, 2609–2625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodhaine, B. A. and Dutton, E. G. 1993. A long-term decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 947–950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., Anderson, T. L. and Campbell, D. 1999. Calibration and in-tercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol 30, 582–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock, C. A., Radke, L. F. and Hobbs, P. V. 1990. Sulfur in particles in Arctic haze derived by airborne in situ and lidar measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 22 369-22 387.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, T. N. 1981. Speculations on the movement of polluted air to the Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1407–1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. D., Charlson, R. J. and Radke, L. F. 1984. Airborne obser-vations of Arctic aerosol, IV: optical properties of Arctic haze. J. Geophys. Res. 11, 405–408.
   Google Scholar
• Conover, W. J. 1971. Practical Nonparametric Statistics. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• de Miranda, R. M., Andrade, M. F., Worobiec A. and Grieken van, R. 2002. Characterisation of aerosol particles in the São Paulo Metropoli-tan Area. Atmos. Environ. 36, 345–352.
   Google Scholar
• Dethloff, K., Rinke, A., Lehmann, R., Christensen, J. H., Botzet, M. et al. 1996. Regional climate model of the Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23 401-23 422.
   Google Scholar
• Dethloff, K., Schwager, M., Christensen, J. H., Kiilsholm, S., Rinke, A. et al. 2002. Recent Greenland accumulation estimated from regional climate model simulations and ice core analysis. J. Climate 15,2821–2832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorn, W., Dethloff, K. and Rinke, A. 2003. Competition of NAO regime changes and increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols with respect to Arctic climate estimate. Clim. Dyn. 21. 447–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D. 2003. HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Dreiling, V. and Friedrich, B. 1997. Spatial distribution of the arctic haze aerosol size distribution in western and eastern Arctic. Atmos. Res. 44, 133–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreiling, V. and Jaenicke, R. 1995. German-Russian Arctic Haze Project: vertical profiles of aerosol integral parameters in spring and summer and derived size distributions. J. Aerosol Sci. 26, 591–592.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, E. G., Luise de, J. J. and Herbert, G. 1989. Shortwave aerosol optical depth of Arctic haze measured on board the NOAA WP-3D during AGASP-II, April 1986. J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 71–79.
   Google Scholar
• Emery, C. A., Haberle, R. and Ackermann, T. P. 1992. A one-dimensional modelling study of carbonaceous haze effects on the springtime Arctic environment. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 20 599-20 613.
   Google Scholar
• Eneroth, K., Kjellstrom, E. and Holmen, K. 2003. A trajectory clima-tology for Svalbard; investigation how atmospheric flow patterns in-fluence observed tracer concentrations. Phys. Chem. Earth 28, 1191–1203.
   Google Scholar
• Fovell, R. and Fovell, M. Y. 1993. Climate zones of the conterminous United States defined using cluster analysis. J. Climate 6,2103–2135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, J. 1983. Aerosol optical depth in the Canadian Arctic. Atmos. Ocean 21, 158–167.
   Google Scholar
• Hara, K., Osada, K., Nishita, C., Yamagata, S., Yamanouchi, T. et al. 2002. Vertical variations of sea-salt modification in the boundary layer of Arctic spring during the ASTAR 2000 campaign. Tellus 54B, 361–376.
   Google Scholar
• Hara, K., Yamagata, S., Yamanouchi, T., Sato, K., Herber, A. et al. 2003. Mixing states of individual aerosol particles in spring Arctic tropo-sphere during the ASTAR 2000 campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 108,4209, 10.1029/2002JD002513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. and Kahl, J. 1994. Analysis of 10 days isentropic flow patterns for Barrow, Alaska: 1985-1992. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25 845-25 855.
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Gasso, S., Nance, J. D. and Rangno, A. L. 1996. Aerosol measurements in the Arctic relevant to direct and indirect forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23 349-23 363.
   Google Scholar
• Heidam, N. Z. 1984. The composition of the Arctic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 18, 329–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintzenberg, J. 1981. The chemical composition of Arctic haze at Ny-Alesund, Spitzbergen. Tellus 33, 162–171.
   Google Scholar
• Heintzenberg, J., Strom, J. and Ogren, J. A. 1991. Vertical profiles of aerosol properties in the summer troposphere of central Europe, Scan-dinavia and the Svalbard area. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 621–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber, A., Thomason, L. W., Gernandt, H., Leiterer, U., Nagel, D. et al. 2002. Continuous day and night aerosol optical depth observations in the Arctic between 1991 and 1999. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (010) 10.1029/2001JD000536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Gloria, M. and Chiu, Y. 2002. Characterization of selected volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons and carbonyl compounds at a roadside monitoring station. Atmos. Environ. 36, 57–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfer, J. F., Worthy, D. E., Barrie, L. A. and Trivett, N. B. 1994. At-mospheric observation of aerosol black carbon, carbon dioxide and methane in the high Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3047–3054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC 2001. Climate Change: the Scientific Basis 2001, Chapter 5. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeschke, W., Salkowslci, T., Dierssen, J. P., Truembach, J. V., Krischke, U. et al. 1999. Measurements of trace substances in the Arctic tro-posphere as potential precursors and constituents of Arctic haze. J. Atmos. Chem. 34, 291–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokinen, V. and Mäkelä, J. M. 1997. Closed-loop arrangement with crit-ical orifice for DMA sheath/excess flow system. J. Aerosol Sci. 28 (4), 643–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, K. A. 1981. Relative importance of North America and Eurasia as sources of Arctic aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1447–1455.
   Google Scholar
• Khattatov, V. U., Tyabotov, A. E., Alekseyev, A. P., Postnov, A. A. and Stulov, E. A. 1997. Aircraft lidar studies of the Arctic haze and their meteorological interpretation. Atmos. Res. 44, 99–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson, E. O. and Whitby, K. T. 1975. Aerosol classification by electric mobility: Apparatus, theory and applications. J. Aerosol Sci. 6, 443–451.
   Google Scholar
• Koepke, R, Hegg, M., Schuh, I. and Shenle, E. P. 1997. Global Aerosol Data Set, MPI Report 243, 1-44. Max-Planck Institut fur Meteorolo-gie, Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Krasnova, T. M., Skouratov, S. N. and Vinnichenko, N. K. 1997. Height dependent absorption of solar radiation in the Arctic atmosphere. At-mos. Res. 44,61–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriews, M. and Schrems, O. 1998. Aerosol sampling depending on pre-cipitation at Spitsbergen. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 685–686.
   Google Scholar
• Leck, C., Nilsson, E. D., Bigg, E. K. and Bäcklin, L. 2001. Atmospheric program on the Arctic Ocean Expedition 1996 (AOE-96): an overview of scientific goals, experimental approach, and instruments. J. Geo-phys. Res. 106 (023), 32 051-32 067.
   Google Scholar
• Leiterer, U., Nagel D. and Stolte R. 1997. Typical vertical profiles of aerosol spectral extinction coefficients derived from observations of direct solar radiation extinction during the aircraft experiments Arctic Haze 94/95 and Merisec 93/94. Atmos. Res. 44, 73–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiterer, U., Weller, M. and Herber, A. 1992. Global changes of aerosols-ground-based monitoring of the optical thickness in po-lar regions and central Europe. Ber Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 377–380.
   Google Scholar
• Luedke, C., Hoffmann, E., Skole, J. and Kriews, M. 1999. Determina-tion of trace metals in size fractionated particles from Arctic air by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spec-trometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1685–1690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, R. W., Barrie, L. A., Bidleman, T. F., Diamond, M. L., Gregor, D. J. et al. 2000. Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways. Sci. Total Environ. 254, 93–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, D., Herber, A., Thomason, L. W. and Leiterer, U. 1998. Vertical distribution of the spectral aerosol optical depth in the Arctic from 1993 to 1996. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (02), 1857–1870.
   Google Scholar
• Nakajima, T., Tonna, T., Rao, R., Boi, P., Kaufman, Y. et al. 1996. Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions. Appl Opt. 35, 2672–2686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilson, E. D. and Rannilc, U. 2001. Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic ocean. 1. Dry deposition over sea and pack ice. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (023), 32 125-32 137.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, A. L., Barrie, L. A., Toom-Sauntry, D., Sirois, A., Krouse, H. R. et al. 1999. Sources of aerosol sulphate at Alert: apportionment using stable isotopes. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (015), 19 045-19 057.
   Google Scholar
• Ottar, B., Pacyna, J. M. and Berg, T. C. 1986. Aircraft measurements of air pollution in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 20, 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacyna, J. M. and Ottar, B. 1989. Origin of natural constituents in the Arctic aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 23, 809–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parungo, F. P., Clarence, T., Sheridan, N. and Sheridan, P. 1990. Aerosol characteristics of Arctic aerosols sampled during AGASP-II. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 937–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., Paatero, P., Kaufmann, Y. J., Haal, D. K. et al. 1999. The aerosol at Barrow, Alaska: long-term trends and source location. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2441–2458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pueschel, R. F. and Kinne, S. A. 1995. Physical and radiative properties of Arctic atmospheric aerosols. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161,811–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. K., Miller, T. L. and Bates, T. S. 2002. A 3-year record of simul-taneous measured aerosol chemical and optical properties at Barrow, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (011), 10.1029/2001JD001248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raatz, W. E. and Schnell, R. C. 1984. Aerosol distribution and arctic aerosol front during AGASP: Norwegian Arctic. Phys. Res. Lett. 11, 373–376.
   Google Scholar
• Radke, L. F., Lyons, J. H., Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V. 1984. Airborne observations of Arctic aerosols. I: characteristics of Arctic Haze. J. Geophys. Res. 11, 393–396.
   Google Scholar
• Rahn, K. A., Borys, R. D. and Shaw, G. E. 1977. The Asian source of Arctic haze bands. Nature 268, 713–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn, K. A. and McCaffrey, R. J. 1980. On the origin and transport of the winter Arctic aerosol. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 338, 486–503.
   Google Scholar
• Ricard, V., Jaffrezo, J. L., Kerminen, V. M., Hillamo, R. E., Sillanpaa, M. et al. 2002. Two years of continuous aerosol measurements in northern Finland. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (011), 10.1029/2001JD000952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinke, A., Lynch, A. H. and Dethloff, K. 2000. Intercomparison of Arctic regional climate simulations: case studies of January and June 1990, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 29 669-29 683.
   Google Scholar
• Rolph, G. D. 2003. Real-time Environmental Applications and Dis-play System (READY). http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner, B. 1995. Fundamentals of Biostatistics (4th Edition.) Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher, R., Neuber, R., Herber, A., Rairoux, P. and Schrems, O. 2001. Extinction profiles measured with a Raman lidar in the Arctic troposphere. In: Advances in Laser Remote Sensing. Proc. ILRC 2000, Vichy, France (eds. A. Dabas, C. Loth and J. Pelon). Ecole Polytech-nique, Palaiseau, 229–232
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. 1996. Applied Multivariate Techniques. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. E. 1975. The vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols at Barrow, Alaska. Tellus 27, 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. E., 1995. The Arctic haze phenomenon. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 2403–2413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. E., Stamnes, K. and Hu, Y. X. 1993. Arctic haze-perturbation to the radiation field. Meteorol Atmos. Phys. 51, 227–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiobara, M. 2000. Arctic cloud and aerosol observations using a micro-pulse lidar in Svalbard, Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Space-borne Cloud Profiling Radar Tsukuba, Japan, 179–182.
   Google Scholar
• Sirois, A. and Barrie, L. A. 1999. Arctic lower tropospheric aerosol trends and composition Alert, Canada: 1980-1995. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11 599-11 618.
   Google Scholar
• Skouratov, S. 1997. Vertical profiles of arctic haze aerosol in spring 1994 obtained by using spectrophotometric measurements. Atmos. Res. 44, 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolinski, A., Walczak, B. and Einax, J. W. 2002. Hierarchical clus-tering extended with visual complements of environmental data set. Chemometr Intell. Lab. Syst. 64, 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Spinhirne, J. D. 1993. Micro pulse lidar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31, 48–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl, A. 1998. Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories: a review and bibliography. Atmos. Environ. 32, 947–966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ström, J., Umegard, J., Toseth, K., Turnved, P., Hansson, H. C. et al. 2003. One year observation of particle size distribution and aerosol chemical composition at the Zeppelin Station, Svalbard, March 2000-March 2001, J. Phys. Chem. Earth 28, 1181–1190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabanick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. 1996. Using Multivariate Statistics. Harper Collins College, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Thomason, L. W., Herber, A. B., Yamanouchi, T. and Sato, K. 2003. Arctic study on tropospheric aerosol and radiation: compar-ison of tropospheric aerosol extinction profiles measured by air-borne photometer and SAGE II. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1328–1331, 10.1029/2002GL016453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wåhlin, P. 2003. COPREM—a multivariate receptor model with a phys-ical approach. Atmos. Environ. 37, 4861–4867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P. H., Kent, D. G. S., Veiga, R. E., Yue, G. K., Poole, L. R. et al. 1999. A method for identifying the aerosol-only mode of SAGE II 1.02-um extinction coefficient data at altitudes below 6.5 km, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9609–9615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller, M., Schulz, E., Leiterer, U., Naebert, T., Herber, A. et al. 1998. Ten years of aerosol optical depth observation at the Lin-denberg Meteorological Observatory. Contr. Atmos. Phys. 71, 387–400.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y. L., Hopke, P. K., Paatero, P., Barrie, L. A. and Li, S. M. 1999. Lo-cations and preferred pathways of possible sources of Arctic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2229–2239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar